Location: Ludwigsburg, 12 km (7.5 mi) North of Stuttgart Map
Constructed: 1704 by Duke Eberhard Louis
Residenzschloss
Schlosstrasse 30
Tel. (07141) 18 20 04
Open: mid- March- Nov: 10am- 5pm
Dec- mid- March 10:30am, 11:30am, 12pm, 1- 4pm
Ludwigsburg Palace is located in Ludwigsburg, 12 km (7.5 mi) North of Stuttgart in Germany. The official residence of Ludwigsburg Palace was constructed in 1704 by Duke Eberhard Louis. Ludwigsburg Palace initially started as a hunting lodge, but over time it grew in size and complexity. It was one of the most important palaces in the Kingdom of Württemberg until 1918 then the monarchy was abandoned and site of Ludwigsburg Palace was nationalized by the state.
Before the Reformation, the
largest farm of the Bebenhausen monastery was located on the site of
today's castle. At the beginning of the 15th century, Abbot Heinrich
von Hailfingen ordered the construction of a facility in which the
farmers' tithe levies were stored. The surrounding lakes and forests
were also managed from the so-called Erlachhof. Because of the
constant military threats in the course of the Hussite Wars, the
courtyard had to be secured by defensive structures such as a moat
and a drawbridge based on the model of castles. “A 9 m high and
almost 3 m thick wall with battlements” enclosed the complex.
Nevertheless, Franz von Sickingen's succession of knights burned the
courtyard largely to the ground on June 9, 1519. As a result, the
facility was uninhabitable for several years.
After the
Bebenhausen monastery was dissolved, the Erlachhof became the direct
property of the Wuerttemberg dukes. They converted the facility into
a hunting estate. The decision was made by the large “abundance of
game” in the neighboring forests and several “fish-rich lakes” such
as the Schafhofseen and the Eglosheimer See. A first zoo was
established under Duke Ludwig, in which mainly fallow deer were
hunted. On the occasion of a big swine hunt in October and November
1625, around 800 hunting dogs were housed in the yard. In addition,
numerous horses and the ducal entourage had to be cared for in the
facility. This made structural extensions necessary. The edict of
restitution of 1629 meant a deep turning point. It enabled Catholic
monks to move into the Bebenhausen monastery and claim the Erlachhof
for themselves again. Ducal hunts could no longer be held. In
addition, the complex was looted and burned down again on October
19, 1634 by imperial Habsburg troops. Only a barn, the horse stable
and the cellar remained.
After the Thirty Years War, Duke
Eberhard III. von Württemberg rebuild the Erlachhof. Following the
trend of other farms, he replaced the hunted hunt that was common up
to now with parforce hunts. However, the wars of the French Sun King
ended the construction work again. Duke Wilhelm Ludwig was forced to
give priority to the financing of his army, so that further
expansion of the court could not be realized. In the Palatinate War
of Succession, French troops penetrated deep into the Duchy of
Württemberg in 1693 and burned the Erlachhof down for the third time
in its history.
The Württemberg Duke
Eberhard Ludwig - himself a passionate hunter - pushed for the rapid
reconstruction of his hunting estate. Originally he only planned a
single-storey facility for this, because the finances of his duchy
had been shattered due to the Palatine War of Succession, which had
just ended. Bernhard Ilsenflamm, appointed by the Duke to manage the
estate, wanted to move into an official apartment in Erlachhof, for
which he asked for a two-story main building. Eberhard Ludwig
advocated this. In 1697 and 1698 two barns and another official
residence were built on the complex. In 1699 Eberhard Ludwig paid
four visits to the Erlachhof. The estate developed into one of his
favorite places to stay around Stuttgart. The Duke therefore soon
planned to expand it into a small hunting lodge with three floors. A
corner tower that was left standing in the Palatinate War of
Succession was integrated into the castle. In part, the duke had
stones from the damaged Hohenasperg fortress used for the
construction. In 1702 the palace was completed, but Eberhard Ludwig
did not like it.
The Duke was finally able to gather
impressions of many European courts during his Grand Tour. He had
toured the Netherlands, England and probably also the Kingdom of
France. In the summer of 1700 he visited the palace and park of
Versailles, a baroque model for all residences in Europe. The
impression strengthened Eberhard Ludwig in expanding his castle in
Ludwigsburg even further. The building, which was similar to the
Prinzenbau in Stuttgart, no longer met its requirements. A larger
building project required the experience of an architect who did not
exist in the Duchy of Württemberg. The Duke sent his mathematically
versed theologian Philipp Joseph Jenisch on two educational trips
(1701 and 1702). Jenisch may also have explored Italy, where he
familiarized himself with baroque architecture. After his return,
the duke commissioned him with more complex planning.
At the beginning of 1704 Jenisch presented his
draft to the Duke. The plan envisaged the later so-called “Alte
Corps de Logis” in the center. Two wings adjoined this main building
in the east and west. The east wing was already built on the site of
the later huge building; the west wing on the site of the later
order building. With their gables and corner towers, both wings were
based on the model of the Stuttgart residential buildings and were
to be demolished a little later. At the same time Eberhard Ludwig
served as an officer in the War of the Spanish Succession. On May 6,
1704, however, the Duke left his camp to visit the palace
construction site. The next day, May 7, 1704, he committed a
symbolically significant act: on the occasion of the laying of the
foundation stone of the Old Corps de Logis, Eberhard Ludwig hit a
corner stone three times with a silver hammer.
Nevertheless,
the construction of the main building had to be completely stopped
by March 15, 1705. The Duke first had to generate more income,
establish a more efficient building management and recruit
experienced builders before further progress could be made. Even the
procurement of building materials turned out to be a problem. After
a military success in the War of the Spanish Succession near
Höchstädt, in which Eberhard Ludwig had a share, the duke wanted to
re-plan again in the summer of 1704. Jenisch was probably forced to
change his designs again. Meanwhile, the construction of the wings
continued.
The Duke named the palace Ludwigsburg on May 11,
1705.
As early as 1706, the new and more talented court
architect Johann Friedrich Nette designed more generous plans. These
provided for a three-wing system that was common at the time. In the
years that followed, the mighty main building in the north of the
complex, later known as the “Alte Corps de Logis”, was built.
Shortly afterwards, the main building was expanded on both narrow
sides with the hunting and play pavilion and connecting galleries. A
side wing was added to each of these galleries at right angles to
the main building (religious building in the west, giant building in
the east), so that a three-wing complex was created with a courtyard
open to the south. In 1709, when the construction was only slightly
advanced, the duke moved his permanent residence to Ludwigsburg.
Further expansion dragged on until the 1730s. After the death of the
master builder Johann Friedrich Nette, the previous plasterer Donato
Giuseppe Frisoni was appointed court master builder.
From
1715 he planned to significantly enlarge the existing facility. The
three-wing complex was expanded with additional wing structures, the
two cavalier buildings. Behind the wing buildings, the castle church
was built in the east and the symmetrical counterpart (which was
later used as an order chapel) in the west. In parallel to the
Kavaliersbauten, the permanent building was built in the west and
the theater building in the east. The three-wing system was thus
completed. Despite these immense expansions for the ballrooms and
rooms of the court, the palace complex did not yet meet the growing
demands. There was a lack of rooms that would enable smooth
operation and the ducal apartments themselves. The Duke's apartment
was still in the "Old Corps de Logis" at this time. The size of the
apartment corresponded to the originally intended function as a
hunting and pleasure palace and did not meet the contemporary
requirements of a ducal representative apartment. Further
enlargements were needed.
Frisoni initially planned an
extension by sheathing the main building, similar to what was
implemented in the Versailles Palace. In Ludwigsburg, this solution
would only have been possible with great effort and expense due to
the formation of the terrain. Therefore, a decision was made in
favor of a different variant, a completely new and significantly
larger structure, the “New Corps de Logis”. This was built in the
south of the three-wing complex, opposite the "Old Corps de Logis".
Two long galleries (ancestral and picture gallery) connect the
cavalier buildings of the existing complex with the new main
building and close the previous three to four wing complex. A large
garden was laid out in the south of the new building, which can be
reached from the inner courtyard (through the so-called “deer walk”)
under the building. When the Duke died in 1733, the exterior of the
"New Corps de Logis" was completed, while the interior was still
incomplete.
Ludwigsburg was considered one of the most
magnificent European courts and comprises 452 rooms, two churches, a
theater and a large inner courtyard (courtyard). In the extensive
castle gardens there are artificial waterfalls and rock grottos.
The marble saletta in the hunting pavilion is now considered a
room in which the baroque design has best preserved. The room in
which the castle's first furnishings were preserved at the beginning
of the 18th century testifies to the extremely high-quality
furnishings. The pilasters here are ornamented with colored bands.
The wall panels show the cross of the hunting order of St. Hubertus
and the monogram of the order's founder and builder, Duke Eberhard
Ludwig of Württemberg. The two strikingly framed chimneys, which
contribute significantly to the spatial effect with their high
mirrors, have been preserved.
Ludwigsburg Palace is one of the state's own monuments and is looked after by the State Palaces and Gardens of Baden-Württemberg. In addition to tours through the castle rooms, the castle offers visitors:
Over 150 selected masterpieces of German and Italian painting of the 17th and 18th centuries from the collection of the Staatsgalerie Stuttgart are exhibited here. They offer a cross-section of European baroque painting. These include five outstanding works by Johann Heinrich Schönfeld with the famous "Treasure Graves", one of Schönfeld's main works, portraits by Balthasar Denner and Christian Seybold.
Events are held in the baroque palace theater from 1758 to this day.
In 1998 the palace theater was reopened after more than five years
of restoration. Since then, the architectural and theater-historical
monument has offered up to 350 spectators different events, e.g. B.
the Ludwigsburg Palace Festival.
The stage technology, which
is largely true to the original, is unique, with a central
corrugated tree under the stage for the exchange of two series of
slide sets aiming at depth. They are moved by a simple mechanism.
There are still eight sets of different original backdrops (garden,
halls, village). The restoration and the inventory are documented in
a separate small theater-museum.
The
Württemberg State Museum in Stuttgart is exhibiting its extensive
porcelain, faience and ceramic collection on the upper floor of the
new southern main building of the palace. Significant pieces from
the large porcelain manufacturers in Meißen, Nymphenburg, Berlin,
Vienna and Ludwigsburg as well as contemporary ceramics are on
display here on more than 2000 m².
The Porcelain Manufactory
Ludwigsburg has been operating in the castle as Schlossmanufaktur
Ludwigsburg GmbH since 1967.
The Fashion Museum, a branch museum of the State Museum of Württemberg, in the former permanent building of the castle shows European clothing from a good two centuries. Around 700 original costumes and accessories from the 18th to 20th centuries for women, men and children can be seen on two levels on 750 square meters of exhibition space. The historical fashion show is structured chronologically and shows fashion as the most obvious expression of social change.
Construction of the
palace chapel began in 1716. The two-story church was created by the
Italian architect Donato Giuseppe Frisoni. It is a central building
in the form of a circular building, in the tradition of the great
burial churches since ancient times. The ruling family was able to
get directly from their living quarters into the ducal box, while
the members of the court took their seats in the side galleries. In
the central dome of the chapel there is an imposing ceiling
painting, which shows the "Glorification of the Holy Trinity" and
was created by the painter Carlo Carlone. The duke had a crypt
installed under the church for the princely family. There are among
others the coffins of Duke Eberhard Ludwig, Duke Carl Eugen, and
King Friedrich I.
In 1724 the chapel received its first organ
from court organ maker Joseph Friedrich Baumeister, which was sold
to St. Eberhard (Stuttgart) when the successor organ was installed
in 1789 and later installed in Schöntal Abbey.
In 1798 the
court organ maker Johann Jakob Pfeiffer installed the organ of the
chapel opposite in the palace chapel. The instrument was built in
1747 by the organ builder Georg Friedrich Schmahl (Ulm). In 1916 the
organ building company Walcker (Ludwigsburg) rebuilt the instrument,
changed the disposition and fitted the instrument with pneumatic
action. The slider chest instrument has 18 stops on two manuals and
pedal. The action mechanism is pneumatic, the stop action mechanism
is mechanical.
Old main building (Corps de
Logis): Aurora room. Part of Eberhard Ludwig's former apartment,
painted by Johann Jakob Stevens von Steinfels (1651–1730) between
1709 and 1711 with frescoes on the theme of sunrise.
The four
game rooms and the connection to them with plastic stucco figures
The counterpart is the “Jagdhaus” with its three showrooms, which
were used as a cabinet of rarities.
Order hall with illusionistic
ceiling fresco by Pietro Scotti and Giuseppe Baroffio, 1731
Catholic and Protestant chapel
In the new main house, decorations
from classicism and empire stand out, especially in the central
marble hall, in the king's audience room, in the king's library and
in the queen's bedroom.
The graves of the following members of the Württemberg ruling family
are in the castle chapel:
Hereditary Prince Friedrich Ludwig
(December 14, 1698 - November 23, 1731), son of Eberhard Ludwig
Eberhard Ludwig, Duke of Württemberg (1676–1733)
Karl Alexander,
Duke of Württemberg (1684–1737)
Duchess Friederike (February 19,
1750 - March 12, 1751), daughter of Duke Carl Eugen
Marie-Auguste
von Thurn and Taxis, Duchess of Württemberg (1706–1756), wife of
Karl Alexander
Johanna Elisabeth von Baden-Durlach, Duchess of
Württemberg (October 3, 1680 – July 2, 1757), wife of Eberhard
Ludwig
Elisabeth Friederike Sophie von Brandenburg-Bayreuth,
Duchess of Württemberg (1732–1780), wife of Carl Eugen
Princess
Sophie Dorothea (December 24, 1783 - October 3, 1784)
Augusta
Elisabeth, Princess of Thurn und Taxis (October 30, 1734– June 4,
1787), daughter of Karl Alexander
Carl Eugen, Duke of Württemberg
(1728–1793)
Ludwig Eugen, Duke of Württemberg (1731–1795)
Friedrich Eugen, Duke of Württemberg (1732–1797)
Friederike
Dorothea Sophia von Brandenburg-Schwedt, Duchess of Württemberg
(December 18, 1736– March 9, 1798), wife of Friedrich Eugen
Sophie Albertine von Beichlingen, Duchess of Württemberg (December
15, 1728– May 10, 1807), wife of Ludwig Eugen
Prince Paul (March
7, 1809– May 28, 1810), son of Prince Paul
Friedrich I, King of
Württemberg (1754–1816)
Charlotte Auguste of Great Britain, Queen
of Württemberg (1766–1828), wife of Friedrich I.
Katharina, Queen
of Westphalen (1783–1835), daughter of Friedrich I.
Princess
Charlotte of Sachsen-Altenburg (June 17, 1787– December 12, 1847),
wife of Prince Paul
Prince Paul of Württemberg (1785-1852), son
of Friedrich I.
Théodelinde de Beauharnais, Duchess of Urach
(April 13, 1814– April 1, 1857), wife of Duke Wilhelm I of Urach
Countess Eugenie von Württemberg (September 13, 1848– November 26,
1867), daughter of Duke Wilhelm I of Urach
Duke Wilhelm I of
Urach (July 6, 1810– July 17, 1869)
Prince Friedrich von
Württemberg (February 21, 1808 - May 9, 1870), husband of Princess
Katharina (1821–1898)
Sophie Dorothea von Thurn und Taxis (March
4, 1800– December 20, 1870), wife of Duke Paul Wilhelm von
Württemberg (divorced in 1835)
Pauline, Queen of Württemberg
(1800–1873), wife of King Wilhelm I.
Prince August von
Württemberg (1813–1885), son of Prince Paul
Duke Maximilian
(September 3, 1828– July 28, 1888), son of Duke Paul Wilhelm and
Sophie Dorothea
Florestine of Monaco (October 2, 1833– April 24,
1897), wife of Wilhelm I of Urach
Princess Katharina (August 24,
1821– December 6, 1898), daughter of King Wilhelm I.
Princess
Maria Gabriela von Urach (June 22, 1893– March 19, 1908), daughter
of Duke Wilhelm II of Urach
Amalie in Bavaria, Duchess of Urach
(December 24, 1865– May 26, 1912), wife of Duke Wilhelm II.
Duke
Philipp von Württemberg (July 30, 1838– October 11, 1917), son of
Duke Alexander II.
Prince Karl Joseph von Urach (February 15,
1865– December 5, 1925), son of Duke Wilhelm I.
Duke Wilhelm II
of Urach (March 3, 1864– March 24, 1928), son of Duke Wilhelm I of
Urach
Hermine von Schaumburg-Lippe (October 5, 1845– December 23,
1930), wife of Duke Maximilian
Events such as the KSK Music Open take place in the courtyard.
In
2004, Deutsche Post commemorated the laying of the foundation stone
of Ludwigsburg Palace in 1704 with a stamp. The stamp shows a bird's
eye view from the south of the entire palace complex with the New
Corps de Logis in front, the courtyard of honor in the middle and
the Old Corps de Logis in the back.
As part of the castles
and palaces special stamp series, a 70 cents stamp with Ludwigsburg
Palace was issued in February 2017.
In 1718, also under the direction of Frisoni, the Jagdschlösschen
Favorite, directly opposite the Residenzschloss, was completed, the
construction of which began in 1707.
In the years 1760 to
1765, the second small pleasure palace, the Monrepos lake palace,
was built under the architect Philippe de La Guêpière, thus
completing the Ludwigsburg palace ensemble.
In addition, the
Residenzschloss was connected to Solitude-Allee, a 13-kilometer-long
connecting axis, which was built between 1764 and 1768 and is still
largely recognizable in the landscape as an exact straight line,
with the Solitude Hunting Lodge located west of Stuttgart on a
ridge, which was run by Duke Carl between 1763 and 1769 Eugen von
Württemberg was built.