Bryansk is a city in the Russian Federation, the administrative center of the Bryansk region; city of regional importance, that forms the municipality of the city of Bryansk with the status of the urban district. Located on the western edge of the Central Russian Upland, on both banks of the Desna River, at the confluence of the Bolva and Snezheti. Population - 405,723 people. (2018). On March 25, 2010 by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev, Bryansk was awarded the honorary title “City of Military Glory”.
Administratively, the city is divided into four districts:
Bezhitsky
Volodarsky,
Sovetsky - Soviet
Fokinsky
Until
1956, Bezhitsky district was an independent city of Bezhitsy. It
partially preserved buildings of the beginning of the XX century in
the Art Nouveau style.
Gagarin Boulevard - a pedestrian street in the historic center of
the city. It goes from the Embankment Square in the direction of the
modern center of the city (Lenin Square, the Dynamo Stadium, Tolstoy
Park), rising up along its entire length.
Buildings and
constructions
City building Bezhitsy, st. Institutskaya,
Ulyanova.
Mansion of the merchant Avraamov.
Temple
architecture
1 St. Pokrovsky Cathedral, Pokrovskaya Gora, 2.
Built in 1698 on the site of an older wooden church, mentioned in
documents since 1603.
2 Spaso-Grobovskaya Church, Lenin Avenue,
98. Psevdorusskaya church with elements of modern, built in 1904.
3 Vvedenskaya church. The only surviving monument of the Peter and
Paul Monastery, founded, according to legend, as early as the second
half of the 13th century by Bryansk Prince Oleg Romanovich, buried
here around 1289 (the grave was not preserved). Built in 1702-1705,
made in the traditions of Moscow architecture of the seventeenth
century. In 1930 it was partially disassembled, and in the late
1980s it was restored.
Monuments
4 Mound of
Immortality, Nightingale Central Recreation Park. Monument to the
fallen in the fight against the Nazi invaders, which became one of
the symbols of the city of Bryansk. It is an earthen mound in the
form of a pentahedral hill with a height of 12 meters, which is
crowned by an 18-meter five-pointed star.
5 Monument to the
liberators of Bryansk, pl. Partizan. Established in 1966, later
became one of the unofficial symbols of the city.
Planetarium.
Circus. Circus for 1945 places.
Museums
Park Museum them. A.K. Tolstoy. In the park under the open sky there
are several dozen wooden sculptures, including a wooden fountain.
Bryansk Museum of Regional Studies, Partizan Square, 6.
Bryansk
Literary Museum.
Museum of the Tkachev brothers.
Memorial
Museum D. N. Medvedev.
Theaters
Bryansk Regional Drama
Theater named after A. Tolstoy, ul. Fokina, d. 26. ☎ +7 (4832)
74-39-38. The oldest theater of the Bryansk region, founded in 1926.
Bryansk regional theater of the young spectator, st. Gorky, 20. ☎ +7
(4832) 74-23-49.
Bryansk Regional Puppet Theater.
City
Children's and Youth Theater "Adults and Children."
Children's
Music Theater "Orpheus".
Cinemas
Cinema "Salute".
Cinema "Victory"-"Pobeda".
Cinema "Panorama" (SEC BOOM City).
Cinema «Cinema Club» (Timoskovyh shopping center).
Cinema
"Paradise Park" (SEC "Mill").
Cinema "Luxor" (SEC "Aero Park").
Concert halls
Concert Hall of the Regional Philharmonic
"Friendship".
Concert Hall of the Palace of Culture BMZ.
The city was first mentioned in the Ipatiev Chronicle as Debriansk under 1146, later in the Resurrection, Laurentian, Trinity Chronicles and other sources. The name of the city of Bryansk, apparently, comes from the old Russian word Dbryansk, derived from the word dbr. The Old Russian word dbr / debr means a mountain slope, gorge, moat, valley or lowland, overgrown with dense forest and shrubs. According to the law of falling weak er, the er between d and b fell out, and the complex combination of db was simplified to b. According to V. A. Nikonov, the etymology of the toponym remains unclear, since until the end of the 12th century the city was called Bryn and it is not clear which form is more primary: Bryn or Dbryansk. The dropping of the initial d- is possible, but does not represent a phonetic law.
The exact date of the founding of Bryansk is unknown.
Archaeological data obtained during excavations of the old
settlement on the Chashin Kurgan in 1976-1979 indicate that the city
on the territory of present-day Bryansk arose in the last quarter of
the 10th century. Based on these data, 985 is considered the
conditional year of the foundation of Bryansk. Dense Bryansk forests
for a long time separated the Dnieper center of Russian civilization
from the so-called Zalesye. Only under the Kiev prince Vladimir
Monomakh, a “straight road” was laid through them, which contributed
to the strengthening of the Slavic colonization of North-Eastern
Rus'.
In the XIII century (perhaps after the attack of the
Mongol-Tatars) the city was moved from Chashin Kurgan to Pokrovskaya
Gora.
Ancient Bryansk was part of the Chernigov Principality.
After the destruction by the Mongols in 1239 of Chernigov,
Novgorod-Seversky and other cities of the Chernigov principality,
the center of the diocese and the capital of the principality in
1246 moved to the surviving Bryansk. Thus the Bryansk principality
was formed. His first prince was Roman Mikhailovich, whose heir was
to be his son Oleg. However, after the latter was tonsured a monk,
Bryansk, according to the khan's label, was unexpectedly transferred
to the Smolensk princes. This is how the Golden Horde prevented the
excessive strengthening of the Chernihiv land. Bryansk for some time
was a key point on the way from Southwestern to Northeastern Rus':
in 1299, Metropolitan Maxim moved there from Kiev with an
intermediate stay in Bryansk. In 1310, the city was devastated by
the Tatars, brought by Prince Vasily Alexandrovich against his uncle
Svyatoslav Glebovich.
In 1356, the Lithuanian prince Olgerd
annexed Bryansk to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In 1408, during the
first Standing on the Ugra, Bryansk was briefly occupied by a Tatar
detachment in the service of the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily I. In
1500, the city was taken without a fight by the troops of Ivan III
and annexed to the Russian state. At the beginning of the 16th
century, a new war broke out with Lithuania, during which Bryansk
acted as a stronghold of Russian forces. For many years Bryansk was
a bone of contention between the Commonwealth and the Russian
kingdom. The name of the city was present in almost every peace
treaty.
In 1607 the city was attacked twice by False Dmitry
II. For the first time, the city was burned down so as not to get to
the "thief", by the end of the same year it was rebuilt almost anew
and successfully withstood the siege by the impostor's troops.
Despite the constant military threat, the city grew, the population
increased. In 1616, the population of the city numbered 497 people,
and in 1622, the voivode, Prince Dolgorukov, wrote that there were
already 1,069 able to carry weapons in the city.
Since the
17th century, Bryansk has been at the crossroads of the most
important trade routes that connected Kyiv with Moscow; from that
time began the rapid development of trade. Under Peter I, the city
was re-fortified. The Bryansk shipyard was laid on the Desna, where
ships of the Bryansk flotilla were built for the campaign against
Turkey. In 1783, the Bryansk Arsenal was founded to manufacture
siege and field artillery.
In 1709, the city became part of
the Kiev province, since 1727, as part of the Sevsk province, it was
transferred to the Belgorod province, and since 1778 it became part
of the newly formed Oryol viceroy (from 1796 - the province). In the
19th century, Bryansk became the center of the so-called Bryansk
industrial region; in 1873, the Joint Stock Company of the Bryansk
Rail-Rolling, Iron-Making and Mechanical Plants was founded; in the
last quarter of the 19th century, a large railway junction was
formed near Bryansk.
In October 1919, the Drozdov division
fought for Bryansk with the Red Army, trying to capture the city. On
November 5, the Drozdovites retreated from Bryansk.
In
1920-1929 it was the center of the Bryansk province, since 1930 - as
part of the Western region.
During the Great Patriotic War,
on October 6, 1941, the city was occupied by German troops. In the
Bryansk forests, partisan detachments with a total number of up to
60,000 people operated. A significant part of the civilian
population was exterminated (mass graves in Lesnye Sarai,
concentration camp No. 142 in Raditsa).
On September 17,
1943, Bryansk was liberated by Soviet troops, currently this date is
celebrated as City Day.
On July 5, 1944, the Bryansk region
was formed; Bryansk became its administrative center.
In
1950, the working settlement of Uritsky and the village of Karachizh
were included in Bryansk, and in 1956 - the city of Bezhitsa.
To Bryansk by plane
Direct flights to St. Petersburg (3 flights per week)
and Simferopol (1 flight per week and only in summer).
1
Bryansk Airport (IATA: BZK), p. October, st. Aviators, 1. ☎ +7
(4832) 64-44-20.
Getting there: Located 10 km southwest of
the city. You can get there by bus No. 132B, but only 6 flights a
day.
To Bryansk by train
From Moscow, from the Kievsky railway
station, on the direct train “Ivan Paristy”, or on trains that
transit Bryansk, to settlements in Ukraine, Moldova, Bulgaria. The
journey takes about 6 hours.
2 Bryansk-Orlovsky (Bryansk I).
The main passenger railway station of the city. Through the station
there are trains in the direction of cities: St. Petersburg, Kaluga,
Moscow, Kiev and also Brest, Gomel.
3 Bryansk-Lgovsky
(Bryansk II). You can get there by buses No. 13, 103 and fixed-route
taxis, heading towards Kovshovka.
To Bryansk by bus
There are bus
connections to Belgorod (1 flight daily, 10 hours), Gomel (2
flights, 6 hours), Kaluga (3 flights, 5 hours 30 minutes), Kursk (3
flights, 5 hours 30 minutes), Moscow (6 flights, 7-8 hours ),
Novozybkov (about 10 flights, 4 hours), Orel (about 10 flights, 3
hours), Tula (1 flight, 8 hours 20 minutes).
4 Bus Station,
st. Peresvet, 1A. ☎ +7 (4832) 41-43-20, +7 (4832) 41-96-04, +7
(4832) 41-72-23.
5 Bus station in Bežice, st. Ulyanova, 56A.
☎ +7 (4832) 51-42-20.
To Bryansk by car
From Moscow on the federal
highway M3 "Ukraine".
Bryansk is located in the MSC time zone (Moscow time). The applied time offset relative to UTC is +3:00. In accordance with the applied time and geographic longitude, average solar noon in Bryansk occurs at 12:43.
The climate is moderate continental. Winter is characterized by unstable weather: from severe frosts to prolonged thaws; summers are humid and warm, but extreme heat is rare.
Within the boundaries of the city there are four institutions of the
Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia in the Bryansk region.
Detention center No. 1 is housed in buildings along Sovetskaya Street in
the city of Bryansk. Ranked among the monuments of architecture. Regime
buildings built in the 18th and early 20th centuries. At the end of the
eighteenth century, the first buildings appeared. In 1780 the first
building of the prison was built. The second regime building was built
in 1905. Construction workshops, a boiler house were erected in 1953.
Today, no more than 600 people are kept here, some buildings have been
repaired.
Correctional colony of strict regime No. 1 is
territorially located on the isthmus between Lake Chertovitsa and the
Desna River. On the basis of the production workshops for wood
processing, this institution was formed in April 1945. Before that,
German prisoners of war were kept here. After the formation of the
colony, both men and women were mixed. The production of furniture and
consumer goods was established. Currently, 1,400 convicted men are being
held here. The assembly of ritual goods, metalworking, and a woodworking
site have been established.
Correctional colony of strict regime
No. 2 is located in the Fokinsky district of the regional center, on
Kotovsky Street. In 1961, there was nothing on the site allocated for
the territory of the institution, except for the old vegetable
warehouses. It was necessary to quickly accommodate 550 convicts.
Quickly, within a year, two dormitories, a bath and laundry plant, a
checkpoint with a meeting room, and a boiler room were built. Metal
products (pipe cutters, pipe clamps) were made here. During the entire
existence of the colony, the regimes changed several times. Since 2007,
it has been a strict regime colony, on the territory of which the
regional prison hospital is located.
An educational colony for
minors in the city of Bryansk, in which about eighty teenagers are
serving their sentences. Founded in 1956 and located in the center of
the Soviet district. Children are educated in an evening shift school,
and two vocational schools No. 40 and No. 41 also operate.