Krasnoyarsk is the easternmost millionaire in
Russia: a city on the Yenisei, the gateway to Eastern Siberia and
the center of one of the largest Russian regions. Whatever part of
the Krasnoyarsk Territory you go to, your path will almost certainly
pass through Krasnoyarsk. The city itself is interesting not only
for its history - and this is one of the oldest settlements in
Eastern Siberia - but also for its location on the northern spurs of
the Eastern Sayan Mountains, which form a unique relief in the
vicinity of Krasnoyarsk, including the famous Krasnoyarsk Pillars on
the right bank of the Yenisei.
A powerful impetus to the
development of the city's infrastructure, these days, was given by
the Winter Student Universiade, which was held in March 2019. In
addition to the sports infrastructure, the airport was reconstructed
in the city, new road junctions appeared, the city became more
hospitable.
Krasnoyarsk was founded in 1628 as a Cossack
prison with a "talking" name. If there are a lot of yarovs in the
city, then no one really remembers which one is red. The first time
of its existence, Krasnoyarsk was a minor city in the shadow of the
provincial Yeniseisk, located 350 km to the north. However, the
center of local life was steadily shifting south, and the Siberian
tract - the first overland Siberian route - passed through
Krasnoyarsk, crossing the Yenisei where the railway now does. There
is not much information about old Krasnoyarsk, but it is known that
the first stone building of the city was built here in the first
half of the 19th century. The picture of the middle of the century,
reproductions of which are now shown in any local history
exposition, depicts a very small city against the backdrop of
mountains, above which the heads of stone temples rise.
The
impetus for the development of the city was given by the
Trans-Siberian Railway, which came to Krasnoyarsk in 1897 and
crossed the Yenisei along the first stationary bridge in the history
of this region only three years later (by the way, there is not a
single bridge across the Yenisei below Krasnoyarsk). In the 20 years
remaining before the revolution, dozens of stone houses grew in the
city, including those that are in no way inferior to those in the
capital. The first urban industry was the railway workshops, and
even now you will see that the patrimony of the Russian Railways
stretches for several blocks from the station. In 1964, an aluminum
plant (KrAZ) was opened in Krasnoyarsk, which, along with the
related industries of Achinsk, became the core of the economy in the
southern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and provided Krasnoyarsk
with a stable place in the list of the most polluted cities in the
world.
The population of Krasnoyarsk reached the million mark
in 2013. Recently, the city has begun to seriously invest in its
image, and now the center of Krasnoyarsk looks much more
well-groomed than in many other Russian millionaires, and in its
general atmosphere, Krasnoyarsk is much more reminiscent of
intellectual Novosibirsk than, for example, industrial Chelyabinsk.
The center of Krasnoyarsk stretches from west to east
along the banks of the Yenisei. In the east, it goes to the mouth of the
Kacha River, where the Krasnoyarsk prison once was, and in the west it
is limited by the railway. On the north side, the center is pressed
against the river Karaulnaya Gora with the famous chapel depicted on a
ten-rouble bill. In the very center there are three main streets -
Lenin, Mir and Karl Marx - and several squares at once, although it is
difficult to say which of them is the main one. In general, the center
of Krasnoyarsk is somewhat shapeless: the logic of the old buildings was
violated in the Soviet era, but a new front city in the Stalinist style
did not appear in Krasnoyarsk. This, however, does not mean that there
is nothing to see in the center - there are more than a hundred old
buildings here, and fragmentation gives them a pleasant variety.
Outside the center, travelers are interested in the Vzlyotka area, which
is northeast of the center: there is a bus station. Behind the railway
is Nikolaevskaya Sloboda, an area of old wooden buildings. Even further
- Akademgorodok with research institutes. On the right bank of the
Yenisei is the same regular Soviet architecture that the center lacks,
and right behind it the mountains begin, including the famous
Krasnoyarsk Pillars.
It will easily take a full day to explore
the center of Krasnoyarsk and visit museums, and at least another day
can be spent on Stolby or walking around non-central areas.
By plane
There are at least 8 flights a day from
Moscow to Krasnoyarsk. Most of them fly towards Krasnoyarsk at night and
return early in the morning. There is a daily flight from St.
Petersburg, several times a day planes fly to Novosibirsk. There is a
flight to almost all major cities beyond the Urals up to
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk at least once every two days. International flights
are very rare and are only in the direction of Central Asia, as well as
Vietnam and China.
The Krasnoyarsk airport (previously used the
name Yemelyanovo, but it is being systematically disposed of) is the
base for the NordStar company (formerly Taimyr, as well as the heir to
the bankrupt KrasAir), which operates local flights in the Krasnoyarsk
Territory. Another local carrier, Krasavia, is based at nearby
Cheremshanka Airport, although some of its flights also operate from the
larger airport.
1 Krasnoyarsk International Airport (formerly
Yemelyanovo, now named after Dmitry Hvorostovsky) (the old name should
not be misleading: the airport is located 10 km from the village of
Yemelyanovo). ☎ +7 (391) 255-59-99. The new, spacious Terminal 1 was
built in 2017 and now serves almost all flights, the old Terminal 2 now
serves business aviation. The arrivals and check-in areas are actually a
single hall. In the arrivals area of the main terminal, there is a taxi
stand, a good round-the-clock coffee shop and dumplings. In the
registration area is the Gifts of Siberia store, where they sell smoked
fish, venison, pine nuts and everything that the Krasnoyarsk land is
rich in at heavily inflated prices. There is also a shop with a huge
number of aircraft models and souvenir shops and a restaurant. On the
ground floor there is a waiting room and a 24-hour luggage room (400
rubles/day).
The departure area consists of two floors. The second is
the restaurant and the main waiting area, the third is the exit to the
clean area. The clean area is spacious with lots of shops, restaurants
and coffee shops. All terminals have free Wi-Fi. The bus stop is located
in front of Terminal 1, slightly to the right of the exit.
100 meters
from the airport there is a hotel (tel. +7 (800) 755-47-57) with a
round-the-clock buffet, where the food is rough, but very inexpensive
for an airport. The hotel rooms of different categories from 1200 rubles
per person. There are a couple of small grocery stores nearby.
2 Cheremshanka Airport. Airport of local lines, now almost unused.
Krasavia flights fly from here - usually no more than once a day. From
the side, an abandoned control tower catches the eye, and the airport
itself is more like the Zone.
Yemelyanovo and Cheremshanka are 2 km
apart and 30 km northwest of the center of Krasnoyarsk. All or almost
all intercity buses of the western direction pass through Emelyanovo
(Achinsk, Kedrovoe, Kemerovo), as well as long-distance flights to the
south - at least to Kyzyl and Shushenskoye, but not to Abakan, there is
also a separate bus 202 to the airport, also considered intercity.
Travel time from the bus station is 40-50 minutes, the fare is 100-150 ₽
(2022). It is absolutely impossible to understand the schedule of all
these buses: the information on the website of the bus station and even
at the bus stop itself at the airport is mutually contradictory. Count
on the fact that buses from the airport to the city run twice an hour on
average (every two hours at night), but not always evenly. Tickets are
sold at the ticket office in the arrivals hall (passport may be
required), luggage requires a separate ticket. In the morning,
passengers of several arriving Moscow flights can create a large queue
at the box office, or even buy up all tickets for the next couple of
hours.
A taxi ride to the center takes 40 minutes. Official taxi
(desk in the arrivals hall): 1300 rubles (2022). If you order a taxi in
advance, prices start from 600 rubles.
By train
Krasnoyarsk is
on the Trans-Siberian, 12 hours from Novosibirsk and 18 hours from
Irkutsk. Without exception, all trains pass through the city, following
the Yenisei from west to east: an average of 7-8 trains per day in each
direction. A trip from Moscow to Krasnoyarsk takes from 2.5 to 3 days.
In addition to the Trans-Siberian trains, there is a daily night train
to Abakan.
From Tomsk to Krasnoyarsk there is a trailer car
Tomsk-Vladivostok and direct buses. In addition, planes fly that are
more convenient than any transfer options, although if you wish, you can
take a train with a transfer at the Taiga station, or you can leave
Tomsk by bus towards Yurga or Mariinsk and transfer to the train there.
The logic of getting to Krasnoyarsk from Kemerovo is about the same
- with the only difference that there is usually neither a trailer car
nor direct planes.
3 Railway station (Krasnoyarsk-Passenger). It
takes about half an hour to get from the center to the train station.
The huge station building, visible from afar, has both a free waiting
room on the ground floor and paid waiting rooms of different levels of
comfort on the first and second floors. Manual luggage storage in the
basement: 180 rubles/day, on the first floor in the waiting room there
are automatic lockers for 220 rubles/day. Inside the station, there are
several food stalls, as well as the Big Yorker chain cafe (8:00–24:00),
where, in addition to burgers, they serve brewed coffee. A cramped but
tolerable pancake shop and a classic station eatery with belyashes and
salads of dubious freshness are open around the clock - both
establishments in the basement. On the forecourt to the right of the
station there is an unnamed cafe offering business lunches (9:00–21:00).
Apparently, there are no other food outlets in the vicinity of the
station. Suburban railway station - on the north side of the building.
The station building is a "transitional" monument of architecture.
It was built in the early 2000s around an old, post-war building whose
interiors are clearly visible in the central waiting room. There are
fountains and a column with a heraldic lion, the symbol of Krasnoyarsk,
on the station square. Leaving the station building, on the right hand,
pay attention to the luxurious mosaic depicting the revolutionary events
of 1905: railway workers actively participated in the Krasnoyarsk
uprising. To the north of the station, there are preserved
(unfortunately, in a closed area) workshop buildings with traces of
bullets, and at the station itself there is a large depot from the time
of the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway. You can see all this
from the train window or from the pedestrian bridge located on the north
side of the station.
By bus
Intercity buses to Krasnoyarsk are
usually arranged so as not to duplicate trains. There are no direct
buses from Novosibirsk or Irkutsk, but there are (1-2 times a day) from
Tomsk and Kemerovo - the journey there takes 11-12 hours. There are much
more buses from the south. It is about 7 hours from Abakan on a very
beautiful road, and buses run there every 1-2 hours: there are direct
flights to Minusinsk, Sayanogorsk, Shushenskoye. All long-distance buses
depart from the bus station.
4 Intercity bus station, st.
Aerovokzalnaya, 22 (in the Soviet district, 10-15 minutes drive from the
center). ☎ +7 (391) 220-11-72. The bus station is located quite far from
the center - in the Vzletka microdistrict. You can get there by any
transport that follows Karl Marx Street and does not turn onto the
Communal Bridge. There is a spontaneous and not very pleasant market
around the building, and inside there is a 24-hour storage room (with
half-hour technical breaks) and three cafes: a cheap pancake shop like
the one at the railway station, a Pizza cafe similar in price and
content, and a small but a slightly more decent cafe "Sakura" with rolls
and sushi. Poor brewed coffee is served in all three. If you walk a
little further to the intersection of Vzletnaya Street and Vesna Street,
you will get to the Vzletka Plaza shopping center, where there is a
24-hour cafe "Peppers" with a restaurant menu. There is also a 24-hour
Krasny Yar supermarket and other useful things. Next to the bus station
is the old airport building and the Polet hotel, which has remained from
the airport, where there is also a 24-hour cafe.
5 Auto cash desk at
the railway station. Mon–Fri 6:30–22:30, Sat–Sun 6:30–23:30. Buses to
Zheleznogorsk, Sosnovoborsk, Zelenogorsk - tickets are sold only for
these routes. The ticket office has a tiny waiting room.
6 Bus
station on the Bridge Square (right bank). From the patch at the
southern end of the Communal Bridge, minibuses leave for Divnogorsk.
7 Vostochny bus station (bus station "Vostochnaya"), at the beginning
of the street. Glinka. An intermediate stop on the right bank of the
Yenisei for all buses of the eastern direction. Some suburban buses also
leave from here.
By car
Taking into account the vast Siberian
distances, going to Krasnoyarsk by car is not the best idea. The Siberia
highway P255 passes near the city: 800 km to Novosibirsk, 580 km to
Tomsk, 530 km to Kemerovo, 1100 km to Irkutsk.
In the southern
direction, there are roads along both banks of the Yenisei. The main
highway - P257 "Yenisei" - runs to Abakan (410 km) along the left bank
and then passes to the right, reaching Kyzyl (810 km), and then the
border with Mongolia.
In the northern direction all year round
you can get to Yeniseysk (330 km), and further - depending on the
weather, season and the cross-country ability of your car. In order to
come to Krasnoyarsk from the north, you must first go through
Krasnoyarsk and go there.
On the ship
Regular traffic along
the Yenisei is reduced to motor ships running about once a week to
Dudinka, for more details see Krasnoyarsk Territory. Since the travel
time downstream is about half as long as upstream, it is more convenient
to go on a motor ship from Krasnoyarsk for sightseeing purposes than to
arrive in the city along the river from the north.
8 Pier, st.
Dubrovinsky, opposite d. 56. Ticket offices: 8:00–19:00. The building of
the river station is a luxurious monument of the Stalinist style,
standing at the end of the street. Paris Commune - No longer applies to
the fleet. Cash desks of the Yenisei River Shipping Company are located
100 m to the east, on the ground floor of the shopping center opposite
berth 8, from which a few passenger ships depart. On the pier itself
there is a small waiting room with an inspection post.
Ground transport
The main city transport is the
bus. There are five trolleybus routes on the left bank of the Yenisei,
and four tram routes on the right bank. There are no minibuses except
suburban ones. Transport starts after 6 am and ends around 10 pm.
Travel: 32 rubles on a bus and 28 rubles on trolleybuses and trams
(2022). In transport conductors, you can pay by credit card. Passes are
for a month only.
Route information is available on the official
website of Krasnoyarskgortrans, and Yandex can be used as a planner.
Buses usually have a diagram of the corresponding route, and at the
central stops there are even displays with the time of arrival.
Taxi
Although Krasnoyarsk is represented in Yandex Taxi, Yandex has a
small fleet of cars here, and it is better to order a car through
systems like rutaxi or Maxim. The local taxi "Thank you" also works
well. A trip around the center will cost within 100 rubles, and from the
center to the not too distant outskirts - 200 rubles.
By car
All interesting places in Krasnoyarsk are accessible by public
transport, although it is convenient to move around the outskirts by
car. In the center, it’s better to forget about the car right away (at
least on weekdays), since there is absolutely not enough parking space
there. On weekdays in the center, parking is paid from 8 am to 6 pm, 30
rubles per hour, payment in vending machines.
During the day and
especially on weekdays, traffic in the city is quite dense. In the
morning and evening, during rush hours, Krasnoyarsk is in traffic jams.
At this time, it is better not to go anywhere at all, but to take a
leisurely stroll through the center.
If you had to travel around
Krasnoyarsk by car, keep in mind that almost all the streets in the
center are one-way, but due to this they are wide: 4-5 lanes each. There
are dedicated lanes for public transport on Lenin and Karl Marx, but
there are none on the more democratic (and also two-way) Prospekt Mira.
These lanes are not accompanied by cameras, but in general there are a
lot of cameras around the city, and it is better to observe the speed
limit.
To get to the right bank, to Roev Creek and Pillars, it is
more convenient to drive along the embankment (Dubrovinsky Street) and
cross the Yenisei on the new automobile bridge, which is next to the
railway one, than on the central Communal Bridge, which is busier and
will take you to the narrow Svedlovskaya Street with slow motion.
The main exotic Krasnoyarsk is, perhaps, the very location of the city on a large river, behind which real mountains rise. If you came to Krasnoyarsk for just a day, and the weather is conducive to this, it makes sense to go to Stolby first of all, and also enjoy the panorama that opens from Karaulnaya Mountain. In bad weather, you can spend a day in museums with interest. The center of Krasnoyarsk is very pleasant and good at any time of the year. This is one of the best historical cities in Siberia.
The most interesting buildings are on Mira Street, and
closer to the station, Soviet buildings predominate, then - luxurious
merchant buildings (early 20th century), and even to the east - low-rise
buildings, including buildings built before the arrival of the railway
in Krasnoyarsk. Wooden houses are most often found along Lenin Street.
Krasnoyarsk did not get a beautiful embankment, so a walk along the
banks of the Yenisei gives less aesthetic pleasure than it would be
possible, although the view of the mountains is still wonderful.
1 Organ Hall (Church of the Transfiguration). Early 20th century
Neo-Gothic building. You should definitely look at this building up
close, and even visit an organ music concert.
2 Church of the
Intercession of the Holy Mother of God, st. Surikov, 26.
✦ Fountains. A large number of fountains (more than 200), many are
located in the center of Krasnoyarsk.
3 Peace Square. It houses the
CIC (Cultural and Historical Center), where various exhibitions are
regularly held, as well as the Large Concert Hall. The people called
this place "the arrow" from the confluence of two rivers - the Yenisei
and the Kacha, and here the Krasnoyarsk Ostrog was built, from where
Krasnoyarsk began to grow.
4 Pedestrian bridge. A wonderful panorama
of the Yenisei, Otdyha Island, Otdyha Island opens from the pedestrian
bridge. Tatyshev and the Left Bank. Passing through the pedestrian
bridge you get to about. Tatyshev is a huge green recreation area. In
spring, autumn and summer, you can ride a bike, rollerblade, scooter.
There are several bike and rollerblade rentals on the island. Or in
summer, in the shade of trees or in an open meadow, you can have a
picnic and sunbathe.
5 River station, st. Dubrovinsky, 1. Nov 2022
6 Paraskeva Pyatnitsa Chapel (From the Central Market you can go up on
foot along Karaulnaya Hill, or from the Khimchistka stop (on Surikov
St.) by bus 32 to the Kakhovskaya stop). The symbol of Krasnoyarsk, a
monument of architecture and history (depicted on a ten-ruble banknote
of Russia). Every day at 12 o'clock a cannon fires from there.
7 Trinity Cemetery. The oldest surviving grave in the city. Opened for
burial in 1842. The cemetery is located in the Soviet district. The area
is about 16 hectares. Broken into 11 sectors. It has many graves of
famous people.
To begin with, you should go around all the sights,
starting from the city center, the embankment. Take a look at the park.
Gorky, which is located on the street. K. Marx. Look into the Museum of
Local Lore, CIC, walk or drive along about. Tatyshev, and then go to the
Stolby Nature Reserve or the Roev Ruchey Zoo. If you don’t have much
time to visit both the zoo and the reserve, then preference should be
given to the rocks, because there are not so many of them on the
territory of our country that are as accessible as the Krasnoyarsk
reserve. Hike to the "Stolby" will definitely leave a very pleasant mark
in your memory. And in the evening it is worth taking another walk along
the brightly and colorfully lit city center and the picturesque
embankment.
1 Zoo "Roev Ruchey", next to the Reserve Stolby
(stop "Roev Ruchey"). Entrance for adults is 300 rubles, for pensioners
150 rubles, for children from eight years old - 100 rubles, and for very
young visitors - free of charge. The zoo is located next to the Preserve
Stolby on the slope of the mountain, from where a wonderful view of the
Yenisei and the Left Bank of Krasnoyarsk opens. The zoo is one of the
largest in Russia. It is also easy to get to from the city center. 6000
species of animals live in the zoo on the territory of 31 hectares. The
Swarm Creek contains the only significant collection of mammals and
birds from Africa in Siberia - giraffes, white lions, zebras, oryxes,
wildebeest, meerkats, chimpanzees, penguins.
2 Funpark "Beaver Log",
st. Siberian, 92. ☎ 256-86-86. from 10.00 to 22.00 without days off. On
average, 1000 rubles per person is enough to have a good day.
3 Central Park (Gorky Park).
Museums
4 Local Lore Museum, st.
Dubrovinsky, 84. 10:00–18:00 except Mon, Thu 13:00–21:00. 150 rub. The
main museum of the Krasnoyarsk region dates back to 1889. Archeology,
ethnography, history and nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are
presented on three floors. In places, the exposition "captures"
Khakassia and even Tuva. It is worth visiting this museum for the sake
of outstanding archaeological finds, demonstrating the amazing skill of
the steppe peoples who lived more than two thousand years ago in the
south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, and also in order to see a very rich
ethnographic collection, which probably has no analogues anywhere in
Russia. You can spend a couple of hours in the museum with interest,
which is also facilitated by an inexpensive cafe and a good gift shop.
The museum building, one of the most prominent in the center of
Krasnoyarsk, attracts attention with paintings on Egyptian themes and is
generally stylized as an ancient temple. It was built in 1913-29, i.e.
it was designed (with all the show-off inherent in the era) before the
revolution, and it was completed (surprisingly, in the originally
planned form) ten years after its end. The symbolism of Egyptian
paintings in the context of Krasnoyarsk history has not found a rational
explanation so far.
5 State Art Museum. V. I. Surikov - Department of
Art of the XX - XXI centuries, Mira Ave., 12.
6 State Art Museum. V.
I. Surikov - Department of Russian Art of the 18th - early 20th
centuries, st. Paris Commune, 20.
7 Museum-estate of V.I. Surikov,
st. Lenina, 98. 10:00–18:00 except Mon. 50 rub. Vasily Ivanovich Surikov
was born in Krasnoyarsk in 1848. At the age of 20, he left for St.
Petersburg and no longer lived in Krasnoyarsk, but regularly came to his
homeland, scooping plots for his paintings here. Surikov's house was
built in the 1830s. The father of the artist is a log two-story house,
traditional for Siberia, which almost no longer exists in the cities.
For a long time, the younger brother V.I. lived here. Surikov, Alexander
I. In the early 1930s the house was handed over to the state and
eventually turned into a museum. Although the living situation has not
been preserved (and, as usual, was “recreated” later), the museum is
unique in that it contains many personal belongings of Surikov,
transferred by the heirs. There are several buildings in the estate, but
only one of them is allowed in - the main house. Also pay attention to
the beautiful wooden gates: there are only a few of these left in
Krasnoyarsk.
8 Museum Center Peace Square (KIC), Peace Square, 1.
9 City Exhibition Hall, Metallurgov Ave, 13 A.
Art Gallery "Modern
Art of Krasnoyarsk", st. Youth, 19.
10 Victory Memorial, Krasnoyarsk
Historical Museum, st. Dudinskaya, 2a.
Museum of Geology of Central
Siberia, Prospekt Mira, 37.
11 Steamboat-museum "Saint Nicholas" ,
Peace Square, 1, embankment. 10:00–20:00 except Mon. 70 rub. The paddle
steamer of 1886 has survived to this day due to the fact that in 1897 it
carried Lenin into exile. On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of
the birth of the leader of the world proletariat, the steamer was
restored and turned into a museum, and then another important episode
was remembered: in 1891, Tsarevich Nikolai (future Emperor Nicholas II)
returning from an Eastern journey rode on this steamer. Lenin's cabin,
mechanic's cabin, and galley were recreated on the ship. The rest of the
premises are given over to temporary exhibitions. From the captain's
bridge there is a good view of the right bank of the Yenisei.
12
Literary Museum. V.P. Astafieva Wikidata element, st. Lenina, 66. 🕑
10:00–18:00 except Mon, Thu 13:00–21:00. 100 rub. The exposition is
designed in accordance with the latest trends in museum business. It
presents the history of the city, the customs of local peoples and many
other things that have nothing to do with literary life. Only in the
last rooms you will see something related to literature: Siberian
literary almanacs, famous writers of the region (including Rasputin and
Shukshin) and even the history of local printing. All this is not
insanely interesting, but it’s worth visiting the museum for the sake of
the preserved interiors of the wooden mansion of the merchant Zuckerman,
a wonderful monument of Art Nouveau with a touch of neo-Gothic.
Museum complex in Ovsyanka.
13 House-Museum of P. A. Krasikov, st.
Lenin, 124.
14 Museum of the History and Development of Shipping in
the Yenisei Basin, st. Bograda, 15.
15 Museum of the artist Boris
Ryauzov, st. Lenin, 127.
Forest Museum, Academgorodok.
Museum of
Communications, st. Karl Marx, 80.
16 Museum of the History of the
Krasnoyarsk Railway, Mira Ave., 101 (Stop "Gorky Street"). ☎ +7 (391)
229-22-35, +7 (391) 229-22-28. 🕑 Mon–Sat 9:00–18:00 (schedule from
November 1, 2017).. 30 r. entrance, 100 r. excursion. The Museum of the
History of the Krasnoyarsk Railway opened on June 20, 1987. The fund has
about 14,000 items. In August 2017, the museum was located at Prospekt
Mira, 101. All expositions have been updated, 5 halls have been opened:
Passenger, Movement, Infrastructure, Social and Cinema-lecture. The
museum presents materials on the history of Russian railways, the
Trans-Siberian Railway, on the technology of construction and operation
on the Krasnoyarsk Railway.
Museum of the Siberian Aerospace
University named after Academician M. F. Reshetnev.
Museum of railway
transport.
Museum of the History of the Krasnoyarsk Electric Car
Repair Plant, st. Trade unions, 39.
17 Museum of Fire Protection, 68
Mira Ave.
Museum of Pharmacy, Prospect Mira, 75.
Anatomical
Museum.
Museum of the History of Medicine.
Plumbing Museum,
Posadny Island.
Museum of the Central Bank of Russia in the
Krasnoyarsk Territory.
Museum of Prison Medicine.
Museum of the
Krasnoyarsk Children's Railway, Park of Culture and Recreation. M.
Gorky.
Museum "Krasnoyarsk Prison Castle".
Necropolis - cultural
and historical museum, st. Dudinskaya, 2.
Museum-library. Gennady
Yudin.
18 Regional Philharmonic Society, Prospekt Mira, 2B.
19 Entertainment cinema complex "Luch", st. Karl Marx, 149. ☎ +7 (391) 260-0000. Open: around the clock. from 30 rubles for a movie session to 250 rubles for a dish of restaurant cuisine.
Krasnoyarsk souvenirs are wood products and local
northern products: fish, venison, pine nuts and butter. Although you can
buy something in ordinary stores, local residents advise going to the
villages on the Yenisei for fish: for example, along the highway towards
Divnogorsk. Pine nuts will also be cheaper outside the city. The usual
souvenir products are in museums and, less often, in street ruins, which
are located near the Communal Bridge and at the beginning of Peace
Street. Something is sold in shopping centers.
✦ Red Yar. A
network of grocery supermarkets, whose stores are found throughout the
city. Many of them are around the clock. They sell their own pastries
and culinary products, including a good selection of salads.
1 st.
Karl Marx, 133. Around the clock.
2 Prospect Mira, 52. Around the
clock.
The Siberian chain Komandor and the international SPAR are
also represented in the city.
3 SEC "Planeta", st. May 9, 77.
4 SEC "June", st. Partizan Zheleznyak, 23.
5 TC "Kvant", st. Red
Army, 10.
6 "Vzletka-Plaza" shopping center, st. Springs, 1.
7 TC
"on Svobodny", st. TV, d.1, pp. 4, 2, 90.
The center of Krasnoyarsk is full of catering
establishments for every taste. There are especially many of them along
Prospekt Mira in the interval between Revolution Square and Surikov
Street. In other parts of the center, the choice is significantly less,
and in the sleeping areas, cafes, as usual, are located in shopping
centers. There are many canteens in the city center where you can eat
well for 200-250 rubles. During the day on weekdays, a business lunch in
a cafe will cost about the same. Canteens are open 7 days a week and
usually until 20-21 hours.
There are many gifts of the forest
even in everyday Krasnoyarsk food. Mushrooms are present in salads and
hot dishes. From cranberries, lingonberries, sea buckthorn make fruit
drinks offered in every dining room. The higher level establishments
also have more exotic things: for example, salads with the addition of
pine nuts and pickled fern. You will also meet dishes from venison (try
carpaccio) and northern fish - chum salmon, muksun, grayling. There are
no themed "Siberian" restaurants in the city, and the largest selection
of local dishes is in country restaurants (see, for example,
Divnogorsk).
Cheap
✦ Dining room "Elephant Removal". The
largest network of urban canteens. All its branches are decorated in
very sharp colors and look a bit like a cafe for a children's party, but
they do an excellent job with the task of inexpensively feeding the flow
of citizens scurrying about their business. Canteens of this network are
found in almost every district of the city. A full meal will cost you
200-250 rubles. If necessary, you can eat for half the amount. Aug 2016
edit
1 st. Lenina, 113. Mon–Sat 8:00–20:00, Sun 8:00–18:00.
2 st. Karl Marx, 95. Around the clock.
3 st. Robespiera, 7.
Mon–Sat 8:00–20:00, Sun 8:00–18:00.
✦ Cafe-dining room
"Kalinka-Malinka". Behind the signs marked with Soviet symbols, there
are quite cozy rooms, and the food here looks more appetizing than in
the average canteen - it’s not for nothing that the name has the prefix
“cafe”. The prices indicated for 100 g are somewhat confusing, but in
the end, lunch will cost you about the same 200 rubles.
4 st. Red
Army, 10. 11:00–24:00.
5 Prospect Mira, 91 (corner of Dzerzhinsky
St.). Mon–Fri 10:00–21:00, Sat–Sun 11:00–21:00.
✦ Big Yorker. Local
variation of McDonald's. Red lamps hanging over the tables give the cafe
some coziness, although hamburgers here are quite ordinary and cost from
50 rubles. There is brewed coffee.
6, Mira Ave., 60. 🕑 8:00–3:00.
7 st. Kirova, 23. 🕑 8:00–2:00.
8 Dining room "Citizen", 80 Mira
Ave. 🕑 9:00–22:00. Good city diner. The narrow and long hall is more
like a cafe, which makes the place cozy.
Average cost
9 Jumbo
& Bleak link=https://vk.com/hipster_buffet [dead link] , Mira Ave., 81.
Mon–Thu 11:00–24:00, Fri 11:00–1:00, Sat 12:00 – 1:00, Sun 12:00 –
24:00. Salads, burgers: 200-300 rubles. Moderately creative institution
calls itself a "hipster buffet", although, to be honest, few hipsters go
here: perhaps due to their low resistance to cold climates and therefore
the general scarcity in the expanses of Siberia. Along with the menu,
they bring a leaflet on which you can mark out the composition of the
burger with a pencil, making the strangest combinations like a fish cake
in a Greek pita. If burgers do not interest you, the menu includes
salads and regular hot dishes. Unobtrusive music plays, interrupted from
time to time by the recitation of poetry. WiFi.
10 Wine bistro
“Probka”, 91 Mira Ave. 11:00–1:00. Fine cuisine at reasonable prices. In
addition to a decent wine list, you will be offered a huge selection of
appetizers and hot dishes of the French, Mediterranean, and in some
places Siberian sense. Prices vary in a very wide range, but, say, a
plate of pasta with a glass of good wine can be obtained for 500-600
rubles.
11 Peppers restaurant, 10 Mira Ave. 11:00–1:00. Pasta:
200-300 rubles Chain restaurant with an emphasis on Italian and
Mediterranean cuisine. There are several establishments of the same
network in the sleeping areas of Krasnoyarsk, including those near the
bus station.
12 KFC, 45 Mira Ave.
13 Traveler`s Coffee, 54 Mira
Ave.
14 Traveler`s Coffee, 85 Mira Ave.
15 Traveler`s Coffee, st.
Karl Marx, 135.
Expensive
16 Restaurant "Balkan-Grill", st.
Perenson, 9. 12:00–24:00. Hot dishes: 800-1500 rubles. One of the most
expensive restaurants in the city is distinguished by impeccable service
and a Yugoslav-inspired menu dominated by meat dishes, grilled fish and
various types of baked squid. Food is prepared right in the hall, the
work of the chef can be observed through the glass. The wine list
contains such exotics as Serbian and Montenegrin wines - however, at
prices indecently high.
17 Shkvarok Restaurant, 102a Mira Ave.
12:00–24:00. Hot dishes: 400-800 rubles. Good Ukrainian cuisine in a
national, moderately lubok interior. One of the employees greets dear
guests in Ukrainian and sings wonderfully without accompaniment. Good
homemade tinctures.
18 Bar "Bulgakov", st. Surikov, 12/6.
19
"Surikov" restaurant, 129 Mira Ave.
20 Okean Grill, st, Red Army, 10
st5.
21 Planet land, st. May 9, 77.
Bakeries and coffee shops
22 Cupcake and pretzel, 89 Mira Ave. 10:00–22:00. A democratic cafe
with rather crude cakes and freshly made pancakes.
23 Coffee house
"Culture" , Mira Ave., 56. 8:00–22:00. European style coffee shop. The
tiny tables are just big enough to hold two cups of coffee. The standard
assortment of lattes, cappuccinos and coffee cocktails, as well as
simple pastries like croissants. Although the establishment has Wi-Fi,
it is inconvenient to work here, as the laptop practically hangs off the
table.
24 Bakery "Hlebny Dvor" st. Lenina, 67 (corner of Weinbaum
St.). 8:30 a.m.–7:30 p.m. Housed in an old wooden house (look out for
the gorgeous carvings), this little bakery offers original and
inexpensive pastries, including delicious savory pies and brewed coffee.
Nice place for a little snack.
1 Craft Bar, 65 Mira Ave. Mon-Thu 18:00-24:00, Fri-Sat 16:00-2:00, Sun 16:00-24:00. Snacks: 150-250 rubles, beer: 150-250 rubles per 0.4 l. The only bar with craft beer in the center of Krasnoyarsk is more like a decent English pub, diluted in Russian with loud music, rather than an informal basement where you can sit, work or talk in the evening. Draft beer is only Russian, mainly from Siberian producers, and is unlikely to please you with its taste, so feel free to take bottled beer. There are cold and hot snacks, prices are close to Moscow.
There are not very many hotels in Krasnoyarsk, but in
the very center there are several large and, for a city with a million
people, not insanely expensive hotels. Krasnoyarsk residents themselves
are convinced that wherever you go, it is better to stay in the center.
There are also cheap hostels and options for daily rent of apartments.
All this is easily searched and booked via the Internet.
Cheap
1 Hostel "Air", st. Karl Marx, 155a. ☎ +7 (950) 405-33-44. Single room
with private facilities: 1150 rubles. Hostel with inexpensive (but very
tiny) single and double rooms, some of which are even equipped with
private facilities. The shower, however, is shared and withstands
criticism. WiFi.
Average cost
2 Polet Hotel, st. Airport
terminal, 16. ☎ +7 (391) 220-10-47. The hotel of the old Krasnoyarsk
airport has retained the features that are in demand at the nearby bus
station: for example, a 24-hour cafe with the opportunity to have
breakfast starting at midnight (although a buffet is served only when
there are more than 20 potential customers). The linoleum on the floor
needs to be updated, but otherwise the hotel is quite decent. WiFi.
3 Ibis Krasnoyarsk Center, st. Karl Marx, 123. ☎ +7 (391) 204-13-00.
The new hotel in the city center is designed to replenish the segment of
inexpensive ones. When booking via the Internet, prices for a single
room start from 2300 rubles. Good feedback.
Cellular communications are represented by the Big Three operators (MTS, Beeline, Megafon) and local UTCs (KF OJSC Rostelecom). 3G network covers the whole city. Since December 2012, the Yota 4G network has been operating. Fixed telephony, mainly represented by Rostelecom and Iskra, as well as IP-telephony services (most providers). The ISP market is oversaturated, both federal (Rostelecom, TTK, Dom.ru, Beeline, etc.) and local (Game-Service, OrionNet, 4LINE, Maxima, Multima, AversTelekom and many others) operate, thanks to such competition - average and even low prices and high quality of communication. Many public places, libraries, especially in the central part of the city have free Wi-Fi access.
A big problem is traffic congestion, so try to avoid traveling in the center during rush hour. In some outlying areas - an unfavorable criminogenic situation. Considering that there are no special attractions there, it is better to avoid trips to such areas.
According to the laws of onomastics, the name of a
settlement should give spatial orientation. The first names of new
settlements were tied to the names of rivers or reservoirs; for example,
Yeniseisk after the name of the Yenisei River, Tomsk after the name of
the Tom River, etc. The new prison was to be called the Upper Yenisei
prison, or Kachinsky prison. At first, in the documents, the prison was
called the New Kachinsky prison. Probably, earlier on the river Kacha
there already existed a winter hut, or a place for collecting yasak.
Nikolai Latkin wrote that in 1608 there was already a prison in the
valley of the Kacha River, built by people from the Ket prison.
Gerhard Miller in "History of Siberia" uses the names "New Kachinsky
prison" and "New Kachinsky Red prison".
Since the middle of the
17th century, the name “Krasny Yar” has already begun to be used.
"Krasny Yar" - from the name of the place of its construction - "Khyzyl
char", which in the language of the Kachin people meant "yar (high bank
or hill, cliff) of red color".
In Russian, “red” in those days
also meant “beautiful”: “The place is nice, high and red. It is possible
to build a sovereign de jail on that place, ”Andrei Dubensky wrote in a
letter to the tsar. The name "Krasnoyarsk" was given upon obtaining the
status of a city.
The Krasnoyarsk tract is a very convenient place to live; Man has
been developing the territory of the city since ancient times. The
settlements of ancient people on the territory of the present city
were discovered quite a long time ago, back in the 19th century, and
were attributed to the Upper Paleolithic era (about 35 thousand
years ago). There is information about more ancient sites on the
territory of the future city. In the first centuries of our era, the
ancestors of the Ket-speaking peoples came here - Assans, Kotts,
Kalmazhs, who completely disappeared by the beginning of the 18th
century. Life continued here uninterruptedly throughout this time.
Later, in the interfluve of the Yenisei and Kacha, such peoples as
the Arins and Kachins lived. Their settlement was called
"Kyzyl-yar-Tura", that is, "the city of the red coast." On the
territory of Krasnoyarsk, ancient people lived in the Stone, Bronze
and Iron Ages.
Before the arrival of the Russians, the
territory of modern Krasnoyarsk was part of the Yezer principality
of the Yenisei Kyrgyz. Mount Kum-Tigei was probably a sacred place
for the Kachins. In the summer of 1927, an expedition of the Museum
of the Yenisei Territory, led by the Siberian archaeologist S. A.
Teploukhov, discovered on Karaulnaya Hill, where the Chapel of
Paraskeva Pyatnitsa is now located, a rich burial site of the
13th-14th centuries. The wealth of items found in the burial ground
may indicate that members of a noble princely family were buried on
the mountain, who probably ruled this territory.The area on which
Krasnoyarsk was subsequently built became known to Russians as early
as 1608. This year, the Cossacks from the Ket prison, led by the
Yenisei-Ostyak princes Urnuk and Namak, set off up the Yenisei with
the intention of finding "new lands" and then attaching them to the
possessions of the Moscow Tsar. Sailing up the Yenisei, the Cossacks
met the land owned by the Arin prince Tyulka, and called it "Tyulka
land". This name was retained until the construction of the
Krasnoyarsk prison and the departure of the Arintsy. The Arins,
supported not only by the Kachins, but also by the Yenisei Kirghiz,
for a long time did not agree to pay yasak to the Russians and took
all measures to remove the latter from their place. To this end,
they almost constantly disturbed them with raids, which, in the end,
became so dangerous that the Cossacks decided to turn to the Yenisei
governor with a request for help and protection.
There is
every reason to attribute the accession of the Russians in this
territory to an earlier period than is now commonly believed. There
is also an opinion that Krasnoyarsk was founded not in 1628, but
about a quarter of a century earlier than this officially recognized
date: after all, if it was called the Novokachinsky prison, then
there was also Starokachinsky or simply Kachinsky. The supposed
location of the prison is the confluence of the Bugach into the
Kacha. This can be confirmed by archaeological excavations.
The first emblem and seal of the city was the personal seal of Ivan
IV the Terrible.
The Yenisei governor Yakov Khripunov, having
at his disposal "for various assignments and sendings to distant
lands" the nobleman Andrei Dubensky, whom he brought with him from
Moscow in 1623, sent him to inspect the land occupied by the
Cossacks and, having found a convenient place on it, ordered build a
fort to protect against attacks by local tribes. Dubensky found a
convenient place to build a prison, drew up a plan, and with him
went to Moscow to view and approve it. The presented plan was
approved in Moscow and allowed to proceed with the construction of
the prison.
Sovereign Mikhail Fedorovich decided to build a
prison in Tyulkina Zemlitsa, at the confluence of the Kacha River
with the Yenisei River. The tsar assigned an important and
responsible task to the son of the boyar Andrei Dubensky, a
subordinate of the Tobolsk governor, who gave Dubensky the
appropriate order. It starts like this:
1627 June 1. Order of
the Tobolsk voivode Prince Andrey Khovansky and his comrades to
Andrey Dubensky, who was sent to build a prison on Krasny Yar.
On the 1st day of June 7135, according to the decree of the Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Mikhail Fedorovich of All Russia, the governors Prince Andrei Andreevich Khovanskoy, Ivan Vasilyevich Volynskoy and clerks Ivan Fedorov, Stepan Ugodtskoy ordered Andrei Onufrievich Dubensky to go to the sovereign service in Kachinskaya Zemlyitsa, in up the Yenisei River, to Krasnoy Yar for this: the sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Mikhailo Fedorovich of all Russia in that Kachinskaya land, up the Yenisei River, on Krasnoy Yar, indicated to again put a prison, and for that guarded setting it was ordered to send him Andrei Dubensky, and with him and Andrei, the sovereign ordered the service people to tidy up again in Tobolsk and in other Siberian cities, atamans and Cossacks, and ordered them to make salaries for the sovereign's monetary and grain salary, and give his sovereign's monetary and grain salary for 2 years, and giving monetary and a grain salary, he ordered Andrei with those service people with an outfit to go to the Yenisei prison, and from the Yenisei prison to the Kachinskaya land, and put a prison on the Red Yar on the Yenisei River, and dig ditches, and make gouges and strengthen all sorts of fortresses, and new bring people's lands under the tsar's high hand with kindness and tell them that they serve and straighten the great sovereign tsar and Grand Duke Mikhail Fedorovich of all Russia, and yasak from those lands is ordered to imati, as it will be more convenient, so as not to harden them, and start arable land. And if people lie down at that Krasny Yar, where the prison is to be set up, some of the lands, and under the royal high hand of those lands, people will not want to be and will not give yasak from themselves, and those will be the new instrumental service people of those new lands under the sovereign’s high hand it is impossible to bring, and Andrey Dubensky was ordered to ask about those lands, how many of those lands of people who will be disobedient and will not learn to give yasak, and how far which land is from Tovo Krasny Yar, on which place the prison should be set up, and how many in which lands of such people and with how many service people those lands can be brought under the sovereign's high hand and receive tribute from them. And it will be that many people of the land have come to that Red Yar, but they won’t want to be under the sovereign’s high hand and will not be allowed to put a prison on the Red Yar, and Andrey Dubensky with the newly-instrumented service people of those lands will bring a high hand to the sovereign and a prison on that Red Yar without frills it is not possible to appoint service people, and Andrei was ordered to write about everything to Tobolsk, and to Andrey from the cities of the heads, and with them service people were ordered to send in addition. And one-handedly, on that Red Yar, the jail would put those lands of people under the sovereign’s high hand into direct servility and have tribute from them. And according to the sovereign tsar and the Grand Duke Mikhail Fedorovich of All Russia, by decree for the construction of a new prison building, 3 atamans, 300 Cossacks were tidied up in Tobolsk and other Siberian cities, and salaries were paid to them: ataman 30 rubles each, foreman 5 rubles each. half, an ordinary Cossack, 5 rubles a person, and a grain salary: an ataman, 10 quarters of flour, 4 quarters of cereals and oatmeal, a pentecostal and a foreman, and an ordinary Cossack, 5 quarters of flour and cereals and oatmeal, a quarter of a person; and then the sovereign's grain and monetary salary was given to them for 2 years: June from the 1st of the current year 135 to June on the 1st of the 137th year according to their salary in full; and who was ordered to be a servant with Andrei Dubensky in the sovereign service at Krasny Yar, and he was given a list of their names with a deacon's signature. And the order to repair with Andrey for that service was sent from Tobolsk. And Andrei Onofreevich Dubensky with service people to go to the sovereign’s service in the Kachinskaya zemlyanitsa for the new guardianship of the Ob and Ket by the river on the Yenisei prison with great haste, day and night, without delay anywhere for an hour ....
Upon returning from Moscow, Dubensky, taking with him three
hundred Cossacks, set off from Yeniseisk at the end of 1627 to lay a
new prison. On August 19 (29), 1628, a “small” prison was built by
the Russians and named Krasny Yar, according to the red color of the
marl, which makes up the thickness of the left high bank of the
Kacha River, below Krasnoyarsk, opposite Tatyshev Island. This day
is considered the day of foundation of Krasnoyarsk.
In 1631,
the territory around the Krasnoyarsk (or, as it was called in the
early years, Novokachinsky) prison was transformed into a county,
and the Krasnoyarsk prison became the center of the county. The
county was ruled by a governor sent from Moscow, to whom the Cossack
army was subordinated through the Cossack head and atamans of horse
and foot Cossacks. Initially, the most important function of the
prison was to defend the main Russian settlements in Siberia from
the south. The Yenisei Kirghiz and the tribes subordinate to them
repeatedly attacked the Krasnoyarsk prison and the villages located
next to it. The most devastating raids were made in 1630, 1634,
1635, 1636, 1640, 1665, 1667 and 1679.
In 1659, the "big"
Krasnoyarsk prison was erected. The construction of a new prison,
which almost immediately became the center for collecting yasak,
caused dissatisfaction with the local population, which consisted
mainly of tributaries, "Kyshtyms" of the Yenisei Kyrgyz, whose
rulers, in turn, were vassals of the state of Altan Khans
(North-Western Mongolia). In 1667 and 1679, the fortress was twice
besieged by the strong army of the Kyrgyz commander Irenek Khan.
In 1673, Krasnoyarsk under the name "Krasnayar" (Krasnagair) was
first mentioned in Western European literature - in the "Description
of Siberia" by the German author Albrecht Dobbin.
In 1690,
the Krasnoyarsk prison received the status of a city. The growing
social inequality of the population and the growth of voivodship
abuses led to the popular indignation of 1695-1700, known as
"Krasnoyarsk unsteadiness".
Servicemen and their families
remained the main residents of Krasnoyarsk for a long time. In 1671,
out of 242 households, the Cossacks owned 227, and in 1713 - 292 out
of 317 households. In 1708, the population of the city was 849
people, and in 1713, 1295 men and 1217 women lived in it. In 1722,
Philipp Johann Tabbert-Stralenberg and Daniil Gottlieb Messerschmidt
first determined the exact geographical position of the city using
astronomical observations. In 1733-1734, Vitus Bering lived in
Krasnoyarsk, preparing provisions and equipment for his expedition.
The gradual growth of Krasnoyarsk began with the arrival in the
city in 1735 of the Siberian tract (now the federal highway P255
"Siberia"), which connected Krasnoyarsk with Achinsk, Kansk and
other parts of the country. However, back in 1772 the population of
the city was only about two thousand inhabitants, and Krasnoyarsk
remained a small county town.
In 1734-1743, the German
naturalist and traveler Johann Georg Gmelin lived and worked in
Krasnoyarsk, who left an interesting description of the life and
customs of the locals:
“We were in a hurry to arrive in the city
in the afternoon, and through the villages of Berezovka and Lodeika
in the evening at about five o’clock we happily arrived in
Krasnoyarsk. Servicemen live here very well and for the most part
prosperously, ”the academician wrote about the city and its
inhabitants. Then the musk deer was described, the Biryusinskaya and
Ovsyanskaya caves were explored.
In 1756, an iron-working
plant of the merchant N. Vlasevsky was founded not far from
Krasnoyarsk. In 1759, a school was opened in the city to teach the
children of the clergy in Latin.
In 1771-1773, Krasnoyarsk
was visited three times and, in total, spent a whole year there by
the famous Russian scientist Academician Peter Simon Pallas, who
discovered a 680-kilogram fragment of a meteorite, later called the
Pallas Iron or Krasnoyarsk. Here Pallas wrote two of the three books
of his work "Journey through Siberia", which included a detailed
natural and economic essay on the state of the city and county. In
1772, the meteorite was sent to St. Petersburg.
After a
strong fire in 1773, which left only thirty houses in Krasnoyarsk,
geodesy sergeant Pyotr Moiseev was sent from Tobolsk, who drew up a
new linear layout of the St. Petersburg type for the city. This was
the beginning of modern Krasnoyarsk. In 1784, the first county
public library in Russia was opened in the city.
Alexander
Radishchev, being in Krasnoyarsk in 1791, returning from exile,
wrote: “A stone ridge opens on the right side, of which sharp and
bare ends are visible in other places. On the left side, the banks
are mountainous, and finally, towards Krasnoyarsk, they are treeless
and, with their redness, show abundant iron ore. The Yenisei flows
between the mountains, leaving in the hollows adjacent to it,
abundant places. Krasnoyarsk has a position like some cities in the
Alps. The right bank runs high and the mountains are uneven. The
left bank is high, but its surface is flat.
In 1805, a wooden
chapel was built on Karaulnaya Hill in memory of the Cossack
watchtower that stood there. In 1819, a district school was opened
in the city with a full course of primary education.
Since
1822, Krasnoyarsk has become the center of the Yenisei province
formed at the same time. In 1828, one of the first literary and
artistic magazines in Siberia, the Yenisei Almanac, was published in
Krasnoyarsk. In 1833, the Znamensky glass factory was founded near
Krasnoyarsk. In 1853, a faience factory was built at the factory,
producing dishes, plates, bowls, cups, washbasins, gravy boats and
other household items. In 1834, the City Garden, now Central Park,
was founded in the city.
In 1845, the laying of the largest
in Siberia Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary took
place on Novobazarnaya Square, designed by architect Konstantin Ton.
In 1846, a public library was opened, which still exists today.
In 1855, a stone chapel was erected on Karaulnaya Hill instead of a
wooden chapel. In 1858, the first earthquake was recorded in the
city.
During the Russian Empire, the city was one of the
places of political exile. Eight Decembrists were exiled to
Krasnoyarsk after the suppression of the 1825 uprising. From
December 1860 to March 1864, the organizer of the St. Petersburg
revolutionary circle of "Petrashevites" M. V.
Butashevich-Petrashevsky lived and worked here.
In 1863,
steamship traffic along the Yenisei was opened. At the same time, a
telegraph station began to work in the city. In 1889, a city public
museum was opened in Krasnoyarsk, and the first paramedical school
in Siberia was opened. In 1890, a department of the Imperial Moscow
Society of Agriculture was solemnly opened here.
Anton
Chekhov wrote in his travel essays “On Siberia” in 1890: “If the
landscape on the road is not the last thing for you, then, traveling
from Russia to Siberia, you will miss the Urals to the Yenisei ...”
“Nature, which foreigners idolize, respected by our fugitives and
which in time will serve as an inexhaustible gold mine for Siberian
poets, original, majestic and beautiful nature begins only from the
Yenisei. “On this coast, Krasnoyarsk is the best and most beautiful
of all Siberian cities, and on that coast, the mountains, which
reminded me of the Caucasus, are just as smoky and dreamy.”
In 1891, the heir to the Russian throne, later Emperor Nicholas II,
stayed in Krasnoyarsk. At the same time, electric lighting appeared
for the first time in the city in the shop of the merchant Gadalov.
In 1892, the first telephone exchange was launched in Krasnoyarsk.
In 1894, the first technical railway school in Siberia was opened in
the city.
Further growth of the city was associated with the
discovery of gold mines in the province and the arrival of the
railway in 1895. The supply of rails for the construction of the
Trans-Siberian Railway was carried out by the Northern Sea Route.
After the conclusion of a trade agreement with Great Britain by the
Russian government in 1893, a joint Russian-English caravan left
Scotland under the command of the English captain Wiggins. The
caravan, loaded with railroad tracks, crossed the Arctic Ocean, the
Kara Sea and safely reached the mouth of the Yenisei. From the
village of Golchikha, the rails were transported along the Yenisei
to Krasnoyarsk. This expedition was the first to pave the northern
route from Europe to Siberia.
In 1895-1896, the construction
of the Main Railway Workshops was carried out. In 1895-1896, the
Minister of Railways of the Russian Empire, Prince M. I. Khilkov,
repeatedly stopped and worked in the city, in honor of which a
memorial plaque was installed in the city.
In 1901, the
Krasnoyarsk department of the Russian Geographical Society was
opened.
In December 1905, the Krasnoyarsk Republic existed in
the city.
In 1912, a 450 kW water and power station gave
electricity. In 1913, the first city water supply system was built
in Krasnoyarsk. In the same year, the famous Norwegian polar
explorer Fridtjof Nansen stayed in Krasnoyarsk. In the book "To the
Land of the Future" he later recalled:
“So we reached
Krasnoyarsk, the goal we had been striving for for so long... We
visited the city park, which is reputed to be the best in all of
Siberia... The streets in the city are wide and straight, on the
main streets there are stone houses, but most of the buildings are
made of wood. Krasnoyarsk is beautifully located on the left bank of
the Yenisei, in a valley surrounded by mountains…”
In 1920,
Maria Bochkareva, the creator of the first female battalion in the
history of the Russian army, was shot in Krasnoyarsk.
In
1920-23, Krasnoyarsk was the center of the East Siberian Military
District. In 1932, a city bus was launched in the city, and in 1935,
a steam tram. During the Soviet years, Krasnoyarsk became one of the
largest cities in Siberia and the RSFSR. In 1928, an airfield
appeared in the city. In 1934 Krasnoyarsk became the administrative
center of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
During the Great
Patriotic War, many factories from European Russia were evacuated to
the city.
On August 31, 1951, by decision of the Government
of the RSFSR, Krasnoyarsk was classified as a city of republican
subordination, but on June 3, 1958, it again became a city of
regional subordination. In 1952, the building of the river station
was built. In 1958, an electric tram was launched, in 1959 - a
trolleybus.
After the collapse of the USSR, the city
experienced some depopulation, but at the end of the 20th century it
began to grow again. In 1995, the construction of the Krasnoyarsk
metro began. In 2006, the first of the Russian federal universities,
the Siberian Federal University, was organized in the city.
Until 2010, Krasnoyarsk had the status of a historical settlement,
however, by order of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian
Federation dated July 29, 2010 N 418/339, the city was deprived of
this status.
On April 10, 2012, Krasnoyarsk became the
fourteenth millionaire city in Russia. In November 2013, the city
was chosen as the venue for the XXIX World Winter Universiade 2019.
On October 29, 2015, the Nicholas Bridge was solemnly opened. On
December 26, 2017, a new passenger terminal of Krasnoyarsk Airport
was put into operation.
From March 2 to March 12, 2019, the
XXIX World Winter Universiade-2019 was held in the city. From
December 24 to December 29, 2019, the Russian Figure Skating
Championship 2020 was held in Krasnoyarsk.
The coat of arms of Krasnoyarsk, which turned one hundred and sixty
years old in 2011, has the richest heraldic history of all Siberian
cities: at the level of Russian cities, the coat of arms of Krasnoyarsk
can compete only with the coat of arms of Smolensk. However, Smolensk
has a very rich history, which is reflected on the coat of arms. On the
other hand, the Krasnoyarsk coat of arms has a richer heraldic history
than that of the coat of arms of Moscow, heraldists note. The full coat
of arms of Krasnoyarsk was entered into the state heraldic register
under No. 6263 in 2010. The coat of arms depicts a right-handed lion -
we see it directed to the left side, and among heraldists this is called
"right-handed". The right side is the most honorable, significant. If
you turn the lion in the opposite direction, then he will become
escaping, "cowardly." The most remarkable detail of the coat of arms of
the city is the unicorn. On the full version, the shield holders of the
coat of arms are a unicorn and a horse. The unicorn is considered the
most significant symbol of heraldry. In addition, this animal was
depicted on the seal of the Krasnoyarsk prison. The emblem and flag of
Krasnoyarsk depict a lion, it is a symbol of Krasnoyarsk. In the paws of
the lion there is a spade (shovel) - a symbol of large gold mining, and
a sickle - at the time of receiving this symbol, the Krasnoyarsk region
was one of the largest granaries of Russia.
The current coat of
arms was adopted on November 28, 2004; it included a slightly modified
coat of arms from 1851 and a five-pointed crown of the capital of the
federal subject.
In 2004, a new Regulation on the flag was adopted, in which (among other things) the description of the coat of arms depicted on the flag was changed.
Approved by the decision of the Krasnoyarsk City Council No. V-18
dated May 29, 2008.
In 2010, the symphony orchestra conducted by
Mark Kadin and the Tebe Poem ensemble took part in the recording of a
new version of the anthem. Words by Anatoly Tretyakov, composer Oleg
Prostitov.
Geographical position
Krasnoyarsk is the largest cultural and
economic center of Central and Eastern Siberia, the administrative
center of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (the second largest region in
Russia). The city is located on both banks of the Yenisei at the
junction of the West Siberian Plain, the Central Siberian Plateau and
the Sayan Mountains, in a basin formed by the northernmost spurs of the
Eastern Sayan. Height above sea level - 287 meters. It is the largest
city in Eastern Siberia and the Far East. The Yenisei, on which
Krasnoyarsk stands, divides Siberia into Western and Eastern, the city
itself is roughly divided in half, and the last Sayan Range also entered
the boundaries of Krasnoyarsk. Economically, geographers attribute
Krasnoyarsk to Eastern Siberia - the city is the center of the East
Siberian economic region.
Krasnoyarsk is one of the most compact
million-plus cities in Russia. From west to east, the length of the city
is (along the shortest route along the streets) about 41 kilometers,
from north to south - almost 37 kilometers.
The left-bank part of
Krasnoyarsk is home to 742 thousand 342 inhabitants, the right-bank part
- 445 thousand 429 inhabitants.
In the soils of Krasnoyarsk, as
well as in its satellite cities, Zheleznogorsk, Divnogorsk and
Sosnovoborsk, permafrost, including island character, is completely
absent, which creates favorable conditions for construction, including
underground.
The relief of the city is hilly; around the mountain, the Krasnoyarsk
Stolby National Park, part of the Central and Zheleznodorozhny districts
are in a lowland, Akademgorodok is located on the Sayan Range, the
Soviet and Oktyabrsky districts are on a hilly hill.
The average
altitude within the city above sea level is 287 meters; the highest
point is 527 meters, the lowest point is 125 meters. The height
difference is 402 meters.
Right-bank regions: Sverdlovsky region
is located on the border of the Stolby nature reserve in the foothills
of the Eastern Sayan; most of the Kirovsky and Leninsky districts are
located in the lowland, lying between the channel of the Yenisei on the
north side and the hills on the south, among which the most famous is
Chernaya Sopka (Karatag), located a few kilometers from the border of
the city, which is clearly visible from many areas of the city.
Krasnoyarsk is in the MSK+4 time zone. The offset of the applicable time from UTC is +7:00. In accordance with the applied time and geographic longitude, the average solar noon in Krasnoyarsk occurs at 12:49.
The climate of Krasnoyarsk is continental according to Alisov's
classification (Dfb according to Köppen); softened by large water masses
(Krasnoyarsk reservoir), the Yenisei, which does not freeze in winter,
and the surrounding mountains. Winter is snowless, with frequent thaws.
The Decembrist M.F. Mitkov, who arrived in Krasnoyarsk in 1836, was
the first to begin meteorological observations on the Yenisei. He kept
daily observations for ten years.
Average annual temperature:
+1.6 °C
Absolute minimum air temperature: -52.8 °C (1931)
Absolute
maximum air temperature: +40.1 ° C (1901)
Average annual wind speed:
2.3 m/s
Average annual air humidity: 69%
The city is located in the forest-steppe zone and in mountainous areas; pine, cedar, larch, birch, and aspen predominate.
Like all major cities in the world, Krasnoyarsk is subject to a
negative impact on the environmental situation. Its deterioration is
facilitated by the fact that the city is the largest transport hub in
Eastern Siberia; the presence of a number of large enterprises of the
metallurgical, machine-building and chemical industries aggravates the
situation. A significant share in the total volume of gross emissions
and a high level of air pollution is made by road transport, the number
of which is growing every year. The main substances that create very
high or simply high levels of atmospheric pollution are benz (a) pyrene,
formaldehyde, hydrochloride, suspended solids, nitrogen dioxide.
In terms of airborne pollution, the concentration of the most harmful
particulate matter of 2.5 microns (PM2.5) in Krasnoyarsk is 64% higher
than the Russian average. According to recent studies, the average
long-term concentration of PM2.5 in Krasnoyarsk is 23 µg/m³, and in some
areas it can reach 30 µg/m³. These figures exceed the maximum values
recommended by the World Health Organization. PM2.5 peaks in late winter
(February) and midsummer (July). Summer peaks are observed due to the
impact of forest fires, which can cause short-term, anomalously high
PM2.5 concentrations in the atmosphere over Krasnoyarsk (> 150 µg/m³).
The list of enterprises providing the highest rates of air pollution
is headed by Krasnoyarsk Aluminum Plant JSC, Krasnoyarsk Cement LLC,
Krasnoyarsk CHPP-1, CHPP-2, large and small heating coal-fired boiler
houses. In addition, in the summer season Krasnoyarsk is to a certain
extent affected by forest fires, from the territory of which aerosol
particles (soot) are transferred towards the city.
In 2016, the
number of days with adverse meteorological conditions in Krasnoyarsk was
fifty-eight days. In 2017, Krasnoyarsk lived in similar conditions for
43 days. In 2018, NMU regimes were introduced more than thirty times.
According to the 2020 All-Russian Population Census, as of October 1,
2021, in terms of population, the city was in 8th place out of 1,118
cities in the Russian Federation.
Back in the days of the USSR,
the imminent birth of a millionth resident of the city was assumed.
Officially, in the post-Soviet period, the city experienced a
decrease in population: from a maximum number of 925 thousand
inhabitants in 1992 to 876 thousand in 2001. The closed cities (at that
time Krasnoyarsk-26 and Krasnoyarsk-45, and now Zheleznogorsk and
Zelenogorsk, respectively), which until that time were numerically
included in Krasnoyarsk, became independent units.
At the
beginning of the 21st century, the population of the city began to grow
again (up to 927,000 in 2007 and above): the rate of depopulation
decreased, and the influx of migrants increased. Local authorities have
developed the Million program, which includes the accelerated
construction of housing and infrastructure facilities.
On April
10, 2012, the millionth resident of the city was registered by the
current statistics.
For 2033, Krasnoyarsk is forecasted to have
three population options: the maximum is 1,378,000, the baseline is
1,300,000, and the minimum is 1,289,000 people.
The course
towards a new industrialization of Siberia, proclaimed in the second
half of the 1950s, was in many ways a continuation of the
war-interrupted policy pursued by the state in the east in the 1920s and
1930s. But even against the backdrop of the first five-year plans, a
significant migration increase was still given to Siberian cities by the
outbreak of the war. The factor of external migration in the early
1940s. turned out to be a key one for Siberian cities - the war
significantly increased the demographic pressure on large cities due to
continuously arriving evacuees. A circumstance that is well illustrated
by the example of Krasnoyarsk, whose rise as primus inter pares (“first
among equals” (lat.)) among the cities of Eastern Siberia took place
largely due to the war. Ever since the 1930s. in Krasnoyarsk, as in a
number of other Siberian cities, large-scale industrial construction
began. In 1934, on the right bank of the city, a machine-building plant
(Krasmash) was laid, in the summer of 1935 a shipbuilding plant, and a
year later, the pillars of the future pulp and paper mill began to be
erected. Until 1941, Krasnoyarsk grew by 2,000 people annually. The
outbreak of war dramatically changed the growth rate: from 1940 to 1943
alone, the regional center received almost 100,000 additional people. It
was during the first half of the war that the influx of new urban
population turned out to be the most significant and massive. According
to statistics, by January 1, 1946, the population of Krasnoyarsk
amounted to 240.6 thousand people - thus, the total population growth
during the war years was 60%.
The end of the war did little to
change the overall picture - a significant part of the evacuated objects
remained in Siberia. Of course, there was a re-evacuation of the
population to the west, but the demobilized participants of the Great
Patriotic War also returned in the opposite direction. In the same
Krasnoyarsk, for example, by 1948 more than 80 thousand front-line
soldiers returned.