Pushkinskie Gory (Pushkin Mountains) - urban
settlement (since 1960) in the west of the Pskov region of Russia.
It is the administrative center of Pushkinogorsky district, as well
as the municipality "Pushkinogorye" (with the status of "urban
settlement"). City is located 112 km south-east of Pskov, 57 km
south-east of the Ostrov railway station (on the Pskov-Rezekne
line).
Pushkinskiye Gory is a small urban-type settlement in
the Pskov Region. Known primarily due to the AS Memorial
Museum-Reserve located on its territory - "Mikhailovskoye", estate
of the famous Russian poet Pushkin. In addition to the Svyatogorsky
Monastery with the poet’s grave, there are several estates on the
museum’s territory, including the family estates of the ancestors of
A.S. Pushkin Mikhailovskoye and Petrovskoe. Pushkinskie Gory is one
of the most picturesque places of the Pskov Region with stunning
views, where it is possible to spend a whole week immersing yourself
in the atmosphere of Russian life of the beginning of the XIX
century.
Holy Dormition Svyatogorsky Monastery , Pushkinskaya
St., 1. ☎ +7 (81146) 2-37-85. from 06.30 to 21.00. It was founded in
1569 by decree of Tsar Ivan the Terrible by Pskov governor Yuri
Tokmakov. The fortified monastery, located on the mountain, also served
as an outpost in the Voronich defense system.
The Svyatogorsk
monastery was among the most revered in Russia, kings and nobles
bestowed rich gifts on it. However, since the middle of the XVIII
century, the monastery has been weakening, which is associated with the
expansion of the western borders and the loss of the importance of the
border fortress. After the decree of Catherine II on secularization, the
monastery falls into the lists of third-rate ones; in the Pushkin
period, only twenty monks already lived here. In 1924, the monastery was
closed, and its buildings were occupied by secular institutions,
including a school and the editorial office of a local newspaper. The
monastery buildings were seriously damaged during the Great Patriotic
War. In addition to the main cathedral, an ancient stone fence with two
gates and a gatekeeper's light, the viceroy's house (built in 1911) have
been preserved. Next to the main Holy (Pyatnitsky) gates there used to
be the Pyatnitskaya Church (not preserved), next to the Anastasievsky
ones - the Anastasievskaya Chapel (not preserved), next to the inner
Nikolsky gate separating the Holy Courtyard from the Black (economic)
one - the Nikolskaya Church (lost during the Second World War).
The architectural dominant of the monastery is still the Assumption
Cathedral of the XVI century, built by Pskov craftsmen; two steep stone
stairs lead to it. Two warm chapels, Pokrovsky and Odigitrievsky, were
built in 1770 and 1776 at the expense of parishioners, the bell tower -
in 1820. Inside the cathedral there is an entrance to a small monastic
cell, which is now called "Pimen's cell". While working on Boris
Godunov, Pushkin often visited the ancient monastery, studied monastic
books and even stayed overnight here. A year before his death, the poet
buried his mother in the family necropolis of the monastery and even
then bought a place for himself. According to this will, he was buried
here. A memorial plaque has been preserved on the wall of the cathedral:
on the night before the burial in the Odigitria chapel there was a
coffin with the body of A.S. Pushkin. The Anastasievsky gate of the
monastery, the top of which is painted in mourning black, also reminds
of this event. The grave of A.S. Pushkin and the necropolis of the
Hannibals-Pushkins are located near the walls of the Assumption
Cathedral.
In 1941, protecting the historical monuments of the
Pushkin Mountains from destruction, units of the Red Army left this area
without fighting and retreated to Novorzhev. However, after that, the
Nazi troops bombed the monastery; in 1943 they twice undermined the
Assumption Cathedral, bringing down its bell tower with ancient bells,
and in 1944, during the retreat, they carefully mined the grave of A. S.
Pushkin and the approaches to it. In addition to mines and
high-explosive shells, the latest, extremely complex mechanisms were
used on the grave itself, which were defused. In the process of mine
clearance, nine young sappers of the 12th engineering brigade of the
RVGC fell to the death of the brave, as the fraternal grave at the
monastery walls reminds. A commemorative plaque dedicated to the feat of
Soviet sappers was installed in 2014.
Monument to A.S. Pushkin,
Corner of Pushkinskaya, Novorzhevskaya and Lenin streets (At the
Anastasievsky gate of the Svyatogorsky Monastery). The bronze monument
to Alexander Pushkin is one of the visiting cards of the Pushkin
Mountains. Its opening took place on June 14, 1959, during the
celebration of the 160th anniversary of the poet's birth. Author: E. F.
Belashova (1906-1971), People's Sculptor of the USSR, laureate of the
USSR State Prize, author of a number of sculptural portraits of Pushkin.
The idea of creating the monument belongs to S.S. Geichenko, the
legendary director of the Pushkin Museum-Reserve. The sculptor depicted
the poet sitting, reciting his poems. According to Geichenko's memoirs,
Belashova was extremely fascinated by the work on this monument.
"Pushkin is inexhaustible, my whole life is in him," she said.
Mikhailovskoye Estate (A.S. Pushkin Museum-Reserve "Mikhailovskoye"). ☎
8(81146) 2-23-21. From 10.00 to 17.00, except Monday and the last
Tuesday of the month (sanitary day).. Entrance to the estate and the
park is free of charge; visits to exhibitions from 120 rubles.
Petrovskoye Manor (Petrovskoye Manor Museum and Petrovsky Park). From
10.00 to 17.00, except Monday and the last Tuesday of the month
(sanitary day).. Entrance to the territory and the park is free of
charge; visiting expositions from 120 rubles. There are two manor houses
in Petrovsky (historical reconstructions): the house of Abram Petrovich
Hannibal and the house of his son Peter Abramovich. The arrangement of
the park with formal and secluded alleys, grottoes, gazebos and flower
beds was started by the first owner and then continued.
The house of
A.P. Hannibal. In 1742, the lands of Mikhailovskaya Bay with 569 souls
were granted to A. P. Hannibal "for eternal use" by Empress Elizabeth,
who returned the famous godson of Peter I from exile, where he was
during the reign of Anna Ioannovna. A brilliant mariner and fortifier,
Abram Petrovich chose a place for his own estate on the shore of the
large lake Kuchane and renamed the village of Kuchane to Petrovsky in
honor of his patron. The modest "Dutch house" on a stone plinth was
built by the owner of the estate himself - the building, its interiors,
life and customs of the Abram Petrovich family are characteristic of the
Petrovsky period. Until 1762, he continued to serve, managed the
engineering part of the army, inspected and strengthened fortresses.
Since 1759, Abram Petrovich also owned the Suida estate near Gatchina,
where he died and was buried. The Gatchina estate was inherited by the
eldest of his sons, Ivan Abramovich.
Bust of A.P. Hannibal.
Author: sculptor E.A. Kosova. The bust was installed in 1986, next to
the house of A.P. Hannibal, at the beginning of one of his favorite
alleys of the park.
The house of P.A. Hannibal. The large manor
house in the classical style was built after 1782, when Peter
Abramovich, a retired major general of artillery, the great-uncle of
A.S. Pushkin, became the owner of the estate. Unlike his father, Peter
Abramovich lived for forty years without leaving the estate, engaged in
its arrangement. After leaving for Petrovsky, he informed his wife and
children in writing that they should live separately on the allowance
allocated to them. In his younger years, Pushkin often visited here,
talked with Peter Abramovich himself and with old servants, wanting to
learn more about his great great-grandfather and his era. These
impressions helped him in writing the historical story "The Blackamoor
of Peter the Great", the poems "How the old Blackamoor planned to get
married", "My family tree", "The Family Tree of Hannibals and Pushkins".
The features of Petrovsky Park also appear on the pages of the
adventurous novel "Dubrovsky" - in the description of the old-fashioned
park of the Pokrovskoye estate, owned by the rich Troekurov.
Petrovsky Park. The foundations of the park ensemble were laid by A.P.
Hannibal, as recalled by the French regular nature of the original
layout: geometrically regular alleys and ponds, artificial planting of
homogeneous trees. Petrovsky Park acquired its final appearance at the
end of the XVIII century, when English landscape parks were already in
fashion; they preserved the natural relief and individual old trees, and
gazebos allowed admiring picturesque views. The park is relatively
small, only 9 hectares, linden, oak, maple, birch grow from the trees.
The three oldest trees of the park, a linden tree and two elms that grow
near the second manor house, remember the first owner of the estate.
In 1822, Petrovsky passed into the possession of Benjamin Petrovich
Hannibal, and after his death in 1839 - to other landowners, who mostly
preserved the layout of the estate. In 1918, the estate was burned down
by peasants, and in subsequent years there was an agricultural artel.
Petrovsky was included in the area of the museum-reserve later than
other estates - in 1936, and the restoration of houses and the park
began in the mid-60s. The house of A.P. Hannibal was built on the
preserved old foundation. Among the exhibits of the museum houses, you
can see authentic things of the Hannibals-Pushkins.
Trigorskoye
Park (Museum-estate "Trigorskoye" and Trigorsky Park). From 10.00 to
17.00, except Monday and the last Tuesday of the month (sanitary
day).. Entrance to the estate and the park is free; visit to the house
museum from 120 rubles. A linen factory was once located in the manor
house of the village of Trigorsky. In 1813, Praskovya Alexandrovna
Osipova-Wolf became the mistress of the estate, who decorated the house
and adapted it for housing. In 1824, while in exile in Mikhailovsky, A.
S. Pushkin became especially close friends with the inhabitants of the
estate. He placed them on the pages of Eugene Onegin: Praskovya
Alexandrovna's two daughters are considered prototypes of the heroines
of the novel Tatiana and Olga. Each character in the novel is endowed
with the character, hobbies, and nature of a real person, mostly from
these places. The poet often recalled how in the evenings the entire
Trigorsky society gathered in the living room of the manor house, going
about their business. He also devoted many other poems to this wonderful
place: "Imitation of the Koran", "Excuse me, faithful oaks", "Maybe it
won't be long for me ...", "Flowers last a mile ...".
The museum
complex "Bugrovo" (Mill in the village of Bugrovo). From 10.00 to 18.00,
Monday and Tuesday are days off. Visiting expositions from 100 rubles.
(with an excursion). Historical reconstructions in Bugrovo include
village buildings of Pushkin's time: a river dam, a working watermill
with an authentic ancient mechanism, a miller's house and a peasant
farmstead, an inn, a well with a crane.
The former watermill operated on the Lugovka River from 1764 to 1878.
It was built for the needs of the Svyatogorsky monastery, and since 1809
it has been leased to the owners of the Trigorsky. The Bugrov mill,
which A.S. Pushkin often walked and rode by, was also reflected in his
work. As a rule, it is associated with a negative, the nature of which
can only be guessed. Perhaps it's not a matter of personal sympathies,
but the fact that mills have always been considered a dark, magical
place by the people. Here the poet "sent" Onegin and Lensky to the fatal
duel, here the heroine of the drama "Rusalka" "lived" with her father,
the miller, who ruined the seducer prince with the help of a mermaid
daughter. Nov 2020 edit
The ancient settlements of Savkino and
Voronich. There are a number of ancient settlements in the Pushkinogorye
area, which were part of the system of border fortifications of Ancient
Russia. Savkino and Voronich are located on the territory of the
reserve, and personal transport will be required to explore the remote
Velje (35 km) and Vreva (about 23 km). The settlements of the reserve
are interesting not only for their history, but also for their influence
on the work of A.S. Pushkin.
Savkina hill. Settlements on the
Savkino settlement were already in the IX-XIII centuries. A spiral road
typical of medieval fortresses leads from the foot of the hill to its
top. Most likely, it was here that the Mikhailovsky Monastery was
located, which gave the name of the area - Mikhailovskaya Bay. The
wooden chapel, which stood on the hill a hundred years ago, was restored
in the 70s of the last century, and the stone with the worship cross is
more than 500 years old (1513). Russian grave stone was placed on the
mass grave of Russian soldiers who fell in battles with the enemy. The
preserved ancient Slavic inscription reads: "Leta 7021 put a cross to
Sava pop." After the legendary priest, the hill itself and the nearby
village began to be called Savkino. During the Livonian War (1558-1583),
during one of the Polish-Lithuanian campaigns against the Pskov lands,
the Polish king Stefan Batory placed his headquarters on the rise of
Savkina Hill, who managed to nullify the conquests of Tsar Ivan the
Terrible in Livonia. Only the unsuccessful siege of Pskov prompted the
king to make peace with Moscow. From the height of Savkina Hill, a wide
panorama of the Soroti River and the surrounding lands with roads to
Pskov opens up - this was one of A.S. Pushkin's favorite walking places.
Moreover, his plans included buying Savkin's hill and the village for
his own estate, which he negotiated with the owners of the land through
the mediation of the owner of Trigorsky P.A. Osipova. These plans were
thwarted by the poet's death.
Voronich settlement. Looking at
the current hill with the lonely St. George's Church, it is hard to
believe that once there was the largest suburb in the defense system of
the southern borders of Pskov, a commercial and spiritual center. The
first mention of Voronich in the Pskov chronicle is dated 1349. It was
destroyed in 1581 by the Polish army of Stefan Batory. And before that,
in 1547, Ivan the Terrible stayed here for one night, during whose era
Voronich flourished. By the end of Grozny's reign, the settlement
numbered over four hundred courtyards, and the fortress contained up to
two hundred "siege cages" with stocks of weapons, gunpowder, cannonballs
and food. According to legend, there were 77 churches and monasteries in
the city and its surroundings. Voronich settlement attracted A.S.
Pushkin with its vivid and tragic stories. On the title page of the
completed tragedy "Boris Godunov" the author made an inscription in the
Old Slavic style: "It was written by Aleksashka Pushkin in the summer of
7333 at the Voronich settlement."
St. George's Church and the
Vyndomsky necropolis-Wolf. The wooden church on the Voronich settlement
was restored in 2005-2007. On the initiative of the Pushkin
Museum-Reserve, construction was carried out on the stone foundation of
the former church of the XVIII century, destroyed during the Great
Patriotic War. The construction of the church in 1760 also took place on
the foundation of an even older church burned by the Poles. Next to the
church is the family necropolis of the owners of Trigorsky. A.M.
Vyndomsky, P.A. Osipova-Wolf, her husband and one of her sons are buried
here. The former director of the Pushkin Nature Reserve S.S. Geichenko
and his wife, the famous Russian restorer S. Yamshchikov, are also
buried here.
The Resurrection Chapel and the Resurrection
cemetery in the village of Voronichi. A village remained of the ancient
Voronichi settlement, in the center of which a wooden Resurrection
Church was erected in 1789 (burned down during the Great Patriotic War).
The stone foundation and part of the church cemetery have been
preserved, now there is a Resurrection chapel. The parishioners of the
church were the landowners of the surrounding estates: Petrovsky,
Mikhailovsky, Deriglazovo; A.S. Pushkin also visited this church during
his exile. The poet's grandfather O.A. was buried in the church
cemetery. Hannibal (the grave has not been preserved), V.P. Hannibal,
the priest of the church Illarion Rayevsky, who knew Pushkin himself and
his family, are buried here.
In addition to walking around the picturesque surroundings and
sightseeing, you can visit the Scientific and Cultural Center located in
the village itself (1 S.S. Geychenko Boulevard; opposite the Bus
Station). Art exhibitions are organized in the center's premises, and in
the evenings there are concert programs and theatrical performances by
touring theaters.
In early June, conferences, literary readings
and cultural and entertainment events dedicated to the birthday of
Alexander Pushkin (June 6) are held annually on the territory of the
reserve, and in late January and early February, events dedicated to the
days of his death (January 29) and the burial of his body in the
Svyatogorsk Monastery (February 6). The dates are indicated according to
the new style.
The most intense cultural and entertainment
program for children and adults can be attended during the celebration
of New Year and Christmas: a variety of excursions, festive festivities,
Christmas divination and performances of folklore groups, literary and
musical evenings in the estates. You can get acquainted with the poster
of the main events on the website of the museum-reserve, entertainment
for its guests is arranged by hotels located on the territory of the
reserve.
Пушкинские горы стоят на ответвлении трассы М20 в сторону Великих
Лук. Это одна из основных дорог Псковской области, где проходят автобусы
на Новоржев, Бежаницы, Локню и собственно Великие Луки: впрочем,
последние также обслуживаются маршрутами через Опочку-Невель. В среднем
отправления каждые 2 часа, до Пскова 2 ч 15 мин. Вполне можно съездить
на один день, хотя есть риск не успеть в одну из усадеб.
На
Санкт-Петербург один прямой автобус и несколько проходящих. При желании
можно проехать поездом до станции Сущево на Витебской дороге (город
Бежаницы) и оттуда автобусом или взять такси. Из Москвы лучше всего
ехать ночным поездом до Пскова или Великих Лук и дальше автобусом.
Два раза в день ходят прямые автобусы в Опочку (1.5 ч). В другое
время можно проехать с пересадкой в деревне Новгородка, что на основной
трассе у поворота на Пушкинские горы.
Автостанция, ул.
Новоржевская, 30. Telephone +7 (81146) 2-16-82. 5:30 – 20:10. Старое
здание, которое помнит если не Пушкина, то Довлатова точно. Это памятник
советской эпохи с характерными деревянными лавками и зачем-то
поставленными вдоль стены креслами из школьного актового зала: одним
словом, Заповедник. На автостанции есть камера хранения и кафе "Смак" —
кафетерий с одним столиком, пирожками, кипятком и неожиданно большим
выбором безалкогольных холодных напитков.
The possibilities of local transport in the Pushkin Mountains are
limited, and this creates problems, since the distances between the
estates are large. The local bus to Petrovskoye and Trigorskoye runs
several times a day from the turn to the Pushkinogorye recreation center
(you need to find out the departure time on the spot). The trip to one
of the estates takes about 15 minutes, there is enough time before the
next flight for a quiet tour of the estate and museum exhibitions. The
bus runs in a circle from Petrovsky to Trigorskoye, so it makes sense to
drive from Petrovsky to Trigorskoye, and then walk back to
Mikhailovskoye: this estate and the village of Bugrovo are located in
the center of the reserve and stay away from the bus route.
Alternatively, you can take a bus to the turn to Bugrovo, and then walk
through Bugrovo to Mikhailovsky.
Without a bus, a full "circle"
to explore Trigorsky, Mikhailovsky and Petrovsky with all the
intermediate objects will easily take 25 kilometers for a pleasant but
long walk. If you don't have your own transport or enough time, limit
yourself to one thing: for example, take a walk to Mikhailovskoye,
stopping by Bugrovo and the Dovlatov Museum on the way - it's 10
kilometers, no more. Hiking trails between the estates: from Petrovsky
to Mikhailovsky 3.5 km, from Trigorsky to Mikhailovsky 3.0 km (via
Voronich and Savkina Gorka). It is easier to walk between the estates,
but from the Pushkin Mountains you can drive up to the estates. Don't
count on taxis during the season: there are few of them in the village,
so even if you call, no one will come for you right away, and it's good
if they come at all. On the other hand, there are a lot of tourists with
cars in the reserve in summer, so you will be happy to get a ride if, of
course, you choose the right road: for example, the walking and car
routes to Mikhailovskoye do not coincide.
Motorists will also
have to take a little walk, as travel through the reserve is limited. In
the same Mikhailovsky, it is more than a kilometer from the barrier of
the reserve to the estate, but you can buy a pass for 200 rubles (2014)
and drive much closer. There is no organized parking in front of the
barriers (that is, for people without a pass), but there are no
forbidding signs either. In the low season, all the barriers are usually
open, no one takes money for travel.
Taxi: +7 (911) 351-10-22, +7
(921) 218-02-77, +7 (921) 217-43-71
Bicycle rental: it seems to
be available at the Pushkin Mountains campsite and at the Arina R
Literary Hotel, but it is not known what exactly they give there. As the
name suggests, there are mountains in Pushkinogorye, that is, hills that
are high by the standards of the Pskov region, so cycling will require
some effort.
Ski rental: in winter, the Literary hotel "Arina R"
offers. On skis, you can not only take walks along the picturesque
alleys of parks, but also move quickly enough between the tourist sites
of the reserve.
In the Pushkin Mountains, you can eat in several cafes: Svyatogor
(near the Lukomorye hotel), in the restaurant at the hotel, Korzinka
(Bugrovo village), Cuttlefish (near the bus station), at the bus
station. And also in the village of Altun (near the Pushkin Mountains).
If you are lucky enough to be in Pushkinogorye at the end of summer
and the year turns out to be fruitful for apples, you can enjoy fine
local apples for free. Apple trees grow freely along the street (on the
way from the Bus Station to the Svyatogorsky Monastery), no one forbids
picking apples. There is a rich apple orchard on the territory of the
Petrovskoye estate.
Recreation center "Pushkinogorye". around the clock. The recreation
center is a 20-25 minute walk from the bus station with suitcases in
hand. From it to Mikhailovsky 45-60 minutes on foot along the forest
trail (tourist trail), where in August you can taste cranberries and
blueberries. There is a bus from the campsite to Trigorskoye and
Petrovskoye: a 15-minute drive for 30 and 25 rubles, respectively. You
can walk on foot, but it will be a very long hike. But on a bicycle,
which can be rented at the campsite (1 hour - 150 rubles, a day - 400
rubles) you can drive around the whole neighborhood in a day. But it is
better to divide it into three days.
There are three residential
buildings with rooms of different classes on the territory of the
recreation center. In the building of the economy categories (up to four
seats) and standard (no more than two seats), useful household
appliances (refrigerators, microwaves, irons, etc.) are concentrated in
a specially designated place for them. In buildings with double rooms of
the comfort class, household appliances are located in the room. Coolers
are installed in all buildings, Wi-Fi is working, although there are
problems with mobile communication. It is possible to rent heated
cottages with a fireplace, kitchen and bathroom. On the territory of the
base there is a spacious dining room with homemade food (you need to
order in advance at the reception) and a cafe open in the afternoon. All
the pleasures are accompanied by a Russian sauna and a Finnish sauna
with a swimming pool.
Literary hotel "Arina R", d. Bugrovo, house
1A. ☎ +7 (81146) 2-11-00. Single/double: from 1800/2500₽, cottage: from
4000₽ (more expensive during the season and holidays). In the main
building there are double rooms "standard" and a two-room superior room,
there are also 4 cottages with studio rooms. The hotel has its own cafe
"Basket" with an interior in the style of "a la Russe" of the early
twentieth century and a quite decent kitchen, as well as a lobby bar
decorated in the style of a Russian village light of the XIX century,
and a sauna. Sports equipment rental: bicycles, skis, badminton, table
tennis, billiards. Wi-Fi.
As part of the Russian state
The history of the village dates back
to 1569, when, at the direction of Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible, the Pskov
governor Yuri Tokmakov founded the Svyatogorsky Monastery on the
Sinichye Mountains (not far from the Pskov suburb of Voronich), which
later played the role of a military outpost of the Russian state. The
monastery was surrounded by a powerful wooden wall, which was replaced
by a stone one at the end of the 18th century. Soon after the founding
of the monastery, the Blue Mountains were renamed into the Holy
Mountains, and the settlement of Tobolenets (named after the name of the
lake) arose at the monastery.
Starting at least from the 1690s,
fairs were held at the Svyatogorsk Monastery, gathering merchants not
only from all over the area, but also from distant cities. Svyatogorsk
fairs were famous for their crowds and fun, surpassing all other fairs
held in the Opochets district in terms of turnover and abundance of
goods presented.
Peter I, by his decree of December 18 (29),
1708, introduced a new administrative division into provinces and
districts. At the same time, Voronich, which had fallen into disrepair
in the 17th century, received the status of a suburb of Opochka, but
lost its significance so much that the center of the Voronich (Voronet)
volost of the Opochetsky district of the Ingermanland province (in 1710
it was renamed St. Petersburg) became the settlement of Tobolenets. A
new decree of the tsar dated May 29 (June 9), 1719, introduced the
division of provinces into provinces, and the settlement, together with
the entire Opochetsky district, became part of the Pskov province of the
St. Petersburg province.
As part of the Russian Empire
By
decree of Empress Catherine I of April 29 (May 10), 1727, the settlement
of Tobolenets, together with the Pskov province, was ceded to the newly
formed Novgorod province. In accordance with the Decree of the Senate of
October 23 (November 3), 1772, the Pskov province - together with the
Velikolutsk province and the territory of the former Polotsk voivodeship
annexed to Russia according to the first partition of Poland - became
part of the newly established Pskov province; at the same time, Opochka
became a provincial city. However, by decree of Catherine II of August
24 (September 4), 1776, the Polotsk province was separated from the
Pskov province, and the center of the Pskov province (in 1777-1796 - the
Pskov governorship) was transferred to Pskov.
During his stay in
Mikhailovsky exile (from August 1824 to September 1826), A. S. Pushkin
often visited the Svyatogorsk Monastery - both in order to testify to
the abbot Jonah his trustworthiness, and in order to use the monastery
library and rummage through archives (here, in particular, he found
materials that he used when writing the tragedy "Boris Godunov").
Pushkin also liked to visit the Svyatogorsk fairs, where he listened to
the bright and figurative folk speech, memorized and wrote down the most
interesting and characteristic “from nature”.
The Svyatogorsk
Monastery became Pushkin's last earthly shelter. On February 5 (17),
1837, the body of the poet was brought here from St. Petersburg, and on
February 6 (18), 1837, after the memorial service served by
Archimandrite Gennady, it was interred near the altar wall in the
southern aisle of the Assumption Cathedral of the monastery. Close
relatives of the poet are also buried on the territory of the monastery:
grandfather Osip Abramovich Gannibal, grandmother Maria Alekseevna,
mother Nadezhda Osipovna and father Sergey Lvovich Pushkin.
In
Pushkin's time, the settlement of Tobolenets was a small village, mainly
inhabited by monastic servants and patrimonial peasants. But merchants
also settled here, mainly engaged in buying up flax. The export of
agricultural raw materials was facilitated by the construction of the
Kyiv highway, completed in 1849, connecting St. Petersburg with
Dinaburg.
In the 2nd half of the 19th century, the settlement of
Tobolenets was a modest volost center with its own board, a fire
brigade, a small hospital, an almshouse and a reading room. The volost
government was located on the Volostnaya mountain (today it is known as
Sunset Mountain). The fire station stood in the center of the
settlement, opposite it on the hill was a hospital. Below were shops and
a tavern, closer to the monastery - the houses of merchants and priests.
In addition to the Svyatogorsk monastery, there were three churches and
two chapels. Back in the early 1830s, AI Raevsky opened the first free
school in the settlement, where 30 children studied; in the 1840s, the
Ministry of State Property established its own school here. In 1875, a
two-class Svyatogorsk school was added to it, opened in the settlement
of Tobolenets.
In 1877, a post office was opened in the
settlement, and in 1886 a telegraph line ran from Novgorodka to
Bezhanitsy. Telephone communication first appeared in 1910. In 1912, the
first telephone exchange with 10 numbers was installed, which made it
possible to have a permanent connection with Opochka and five villages.
During the First World War, all communication lines were destroyed. In
1912, in the Holy Mountains, for the first time, kerosene incandescent
lamps were used to illuminate the streets (lanterns hung at the house of
the volost government, at the tavern and shops; electricity appeared
after the October Revolution of 1917). In 1916, the Pskov-Polotsk
railway line was built, and the Trigorskaya railway station appeared 2
km from the settlement of Tobolenets (destroyed by the Germans in 1942).
Completely dismantled after its completion.
As part of the USSR
Interwar years
Soviet power on the
territory of the Voronets volost was established in March 1918; the
leading role in this was played by Bolshevik workers D. A. Alekseev from
the Izhora plant and V. E. Egorov from the Stary Lessner plant, who
arrived from Petrograd at the direction of the Central Committee of the
RSDLP (b).
In the first years after the October Revolution, the
settlement of Tobolenets continued to be part of the Opochetsky district
of the Pskov province, being the administrative center of the Voronetsky
volost. On April 10, 1924, by decree of the All-Russian Central
Executive Committee, a new Pushkin volost was created from the Voronets
volost and parts of the Polyanskaya and Matyushkinskaya volosts; its
center - the settlement of Tobolenets - was renamed the village of
Pushkinskiye Gory by a decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian
Central Executive Committee of May 25, 1925. However, on August 1, 1927,
the Decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive
Committee came into force, according to which, as part of the
administrative-territorial reform being carried out in the USSR (which
provided for the elimination of the division into provinces and
counties), the Pskov province, Opochetsky district, and Pushkinskaya
volost were abolished. The village became part of the Pskov district of
the newly formed Leningrad region and became the administrative center
of the Pushkin district (it was formed from Pushkin and part of the
Veleiskaya volosts).
The new district center received another
impetus for development. In 1927, a secondary school named after A. S.
Pushkin appeared in the village, the building of which had 13 rooms and
was designed for the education of 480 children; then a 7-year school was
added to it. A new hospital (later the House of Soviets), a pharmacy,
and a restaurant were built near the Pushkin School. Since 1930, the
Pushkinsky Kolkhoznik newspaper began to be published in Pushkinskiye
Gory. There were seven streets in the village, three of them were paved
and lit with electric lamps. In the pre-war years Pushkinskie Gory began
at the monastery wall and ended at the secondary school.
The
administrative division in 1927-1941 changed quite quickly: on July 23,
1930, by the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and
the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Pskov District was
abolished, and the Pushkin District became directly subordinate to the
Leningrad Region. By a decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian
Central Executive Committee dated January 29, 1935, the Kalinin region
was formed, where the Pushkinsky district was transferred, and on
February 5 of the same year, this area and 10 more districts in the
western part of the newly formed region were merged into the
Velikoluksky district. On May 11, 1937, by a new decree of the Presidium
of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Opochetsky border
district was created, which included the Pushkinsky district, renamed
the Pushkinogorsky district. Finally, on February 5, 1941, by the Decree
of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, this district was
abolished, and the Pushkinogorsk district became directly subordinate to
the Kalinin region.
Years of the Great Patriotic War
With the
beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the time of severe trials came for
the Pushkinogorsk residents. Already on July 3, 1941, the first bombs
were dropped on the Pushkin Hills (the Svyatogorsky Monastery was badly
damaged: the dome of the cathedral was smashed to the ground). From July
5, 1941, intense defensive battles unfolded in the Pushkinogorsk
direction. The 181st Rifle Division held back for several days the
onslaught of the 8th Panzerwaffe Panzer Division near Krasnoe,
Platishino and Velie.
On July 8, 1941, the 24th Rifle Corps of
Major General K.M. On July 9-10, the village changed hands during fierce
battles. On July 10-11, 1941, one of the first successful counterattacks
of the Red Army took place here, during which the village was liberated,
and the 8th Wehrmacht Panzer Division was driven out across the Velikaya
River. The 24th Rifle Corps in the Pushkinskiye Gory area successfully
held the defense until July 17, when it was surrounded by superior enemy
forces between the Sorotya River and the Opochka-Novorzhev Highway. On
July 17, 1941, Soviet troops left the village of Pushkinskiye Gory,
leaving for a breakthrough from the encirclement.
The dark days
of the occupation began, lasting three years; the commandant's office
was now located in the school building and the policemen lived, the
Gestapo was located in the hospital building, and the prison was in the
House of Culture. More than once in the Pushkinskiye Gory, the occupiers
and their accomplices arranged executions of partisans who, throughout
the entire period of occupation, were actively operating in the
territory of the Pushkinogorsk region; a terrible page in the history of
the village was the destruction of the gypsies living in the area (83
gypsies, including infants, were shot by the Nazis). The suffering of
the people was exacerbated by an epidemic of typhoid fever, which mowed
down Pushkinogorsk residents during the years of occupation.
At
the beginning of 1944, the front line came close to Pushkinsky Gory, but
the offensive of the Soviet troops was held back by the fascist Panther
defensive line, which stretched from north to south for 400 kilometers.
Finally, on July 12, 1944, units of the 53rd Guards Rifle Division,
Major General I.I. Burlakin and the 321st Rifle Division, Colonel V.K.
Chesnokov, operating as part of the 54th Army of the 3rd Baltic Front,
during the -Dvina offensive operation liberated the village of
Pushkinskiye Gory.
By the time of liberation, the village was
almost completely destroyed; the building of the secondary school
survived, since the occupiers did not have time to blow up the land mine
laid under it. Gradually, the Pushkinskie Gory were rebuilt, and this
process was accompanied for several years by work on demining the
village and its environs. Only during the initial demining of the
territory of the Pushkinsky Reserve from July 12 to July 22, 1944, more
than 14 thousand mines, 36 land mines, three explosive charges with
surprises and 2107 other explosive objects were defused. The grave of A.
S. Pushkin was barbarously mined: at the foot of the grave hill, the
Germans dug a 20-meter tunnel, into which they laid 10 aerial bombs of
120 kilograms each and special mines with chemical fuses, logically
believing that this place would become an object of mass visits by
fighters and commanders Red Army and the explosion will cause a large
number of casualties. Then the entrance to the tunnel was carefully
disguised. The fighters of the 17th engineer-sapper brigade saved the
poet's grave, but 9 sappers were killed when clearing the surrounding
objects, all of them were buried with military honors near the fence of
the Svyatogorsky Monastery.
On August 23, 1944, the Pskov region
was formed by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the
USSR, which included the village of Pushkinskiye Gory and the
Pushkinogorsk region.
Postwar years
By decision of the Pskov
Regional Executive Committee No. 87 dated February 29, 1960, the
Pushkinskiye Gory settlement was classified as a workers' settlement,
thereby receiving the status of an urban-type settlement. Pushkinsky
village council was transformed into a village council. At the same
time, from February 1, 1963 to December 30, 1966, Pushkinskiye Gory was
not a district center (since the Pushkinogorsk district was temporarily
abolished) and was part of the Novorzhevsky district of the Pskov
region.
On September 25, 1971, next to the building of the
secondary school named after A. S. Pushkin, a bust of the young poet by
sculptor M. K. Anikushin was solemnly opened.
post-soviet time
In 1999, the 200th anniversary of Pushkin's birth was widely celebrated.
By that time, the Scientific and Cultural Center had been built in the
village, the main gas pipeline had been laid, new buses had been
purchased to serve the guests of the holiday.
In February 2005, a
municipal formation was formed - the urban settlement "Pushkinskiye
Gory", the status and boundaries of which were determined by the Law of
the Pskov Region dated February 28, 2005 No. 420-OZ "On the
establishment of boundaries and the status of newly formed
municipalities on the territory of the Pskov Region". At the same time,
the village became the administrative center of the Pushkinogorsk
volost.
At a referendum on October 11, 2009, residents of the
urban settlement "Pushkinskiye Gory", as well as Pushkinogorsk and
Zaretsk volosts, spoke in favor of their merging into one municipal unit
- the urban settlement "Pushkinogorye". In accordance with the results
of the referendum on June 3, 2010, the three mentioned municipalities
were merged into a new municipality by the Law of the Pskov Region No.
984-OZ - the urban settlement "Pushkinogorye".
The most significant enterprises of the Pushkinskiye Gory are CJSC
Pushkinogorsk Butter and Cheese Factory, a regional consumer society,
CJSC Pushkinogorskaya PMK, OJSC Stroitel, and a recreation and health
institution Pushkinogorie. In addition, a bakery, two road
organizations, a printing house operate in the village, and the
municipal housing and communal services enterprise is working steadily.
Another economically important enterprise is the State Memorial
Historical-Literary and Natural-Landscape Museum-Reserve of A. S.
Pushkin “Mikhailovskoye”.
In Pushkinskie Gory there is a Cultural and Leisure Center (8
branches); central district library (13 branches) with a methodological
center; children's school of arts. S. S. Geichenko.
The most
outstanding creative team of the Pushkin Mountains is the Russian Song
Choir, under the direction of M. E. Fedorova. The choir has existed for
more than thirty years, has been active in concert activities, performs
in the region and region. In 2005, the choir took part in the
All-Russian holiday - Pushkin's Day in Russia. In 2006, the head of the
choir was awarded the honorary title "Soul of the Pskov Land".
The largest cultural events in the Pushkin Mountains are held annually:
Pushkin Poetry Festival/Svyatogorsk Fair (first Sunday in June);
Day of liberation of the region from Nazi invaders (July 12)
Regional
theatrical festival "Russian Winter"
All-Russian Folklore Festival
"Pskov Pearls" (2nd decade of July)
All-Russian Pushkin Theater
Festival (February)
International informal Pushkin theater festival
"Laboratory of Arts Cordon-2" (1st week of August)