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Stary Oskol is located in the Belgorod region. It is located in the northeast of the region near the border with the Kursk region. It is the second most populous city (more than 220 thousand inhabitants) city of the region. It is the administrative center of Starooskolsky district. Stary Oskol is the city of military and labor glory, the economic and industrial center of the region.
Starooskolsky local history museum.
House-Museum of V.Ya.
Eroshenko.
House-Museum of F. I. Nasedkin - Znamenka Museum.
Starooskolsky Art Museum.
Mineralogical Museum of the KMA.
Museum of Paleontology Stoilensky GOK.
Memorial Museum of OEMK
named after Alexey Ugarov.
Museum of National Education.
Ethnographic Museum "Heritage".
Historical Museum "Oskolie".
Art Gallery "Blik".
House crafts.
House of the artist.
Center for arts and crafts.
Starooskolsky theater for children and youth.
Starooskolsky zoo.
Starooskolsky dendrological park.
Stary
Oskol Golf Club (big golf and mini-golf)
The memorial complex "Atamansky Forest" (Southern bypass road, words. Yamskaya). It was built in memory of those killed during the defense of Stary Oskol and the liberation of the city from the German-Hungarian invaders during the Second World War.
Ensemble of Victory Square (m. Zhukov)
G. K. Zhukov (1988) -
the first monument to G. K. Zhukov in the USSR
Walk of Fame
Starooskoltsev - Heroes of the Soviet Union (2008—2009)
Stela
"City of Military Glory" (2011)
The sculptural composition "After
the battle" (2012)
New Road Ensemble
Sculptural
composition "June 22, 1941" (intersection of Shukhov St. and
Prospect Molodyozhny) (2011)
Railway women in memory of the
construction of the Road of Courage (2008) - the intersection of ul.
March 8 and st. I. Prjadchenko
To the fathers-founders of the city: Ivan Myasny, Ivan
Solntsev-Zasekin and Mikhail Nechaev (2009) - square. October
N.
F. Vatutina at the entrance to the Vatutin Stadium (words:
Kazatskaya, Lenin St.) (1993)
Ulyanov-Lenin V.I. (Lenin Street)
(1961)
Soldiers-internationalists - st. January 9 / st.
Proletarskaya (2009)
A memorial sign in honor of the dead sailors
of the Russian fleet - the city center on the embankment (Old Mill
quarter, Komsomolskaya str.). (2005)
"First ore" (st. January 9 /
st. Lenin) (1968)
Monument to the deputies of the Cossack village
council, shot during the Nazi occupation (Mira str., Cossack
hillocks) (1944)
Kuptsu Simonov (Akhtyrskoe cemetery, per.
International) (1910)
Zheleznodorozhny district
Railway
workers who died during the Great Patriotic War (Victory Street)
(1965)
Labor glory of railway workers (1979) - st. Victory
17 heroes - armored soldiers (traveling
Nabokino, St. Textile)
A.S. Pushkin in Pushkin Park (XXV
Part-Congress St., md. Koroleva)
Memorial plaque in honor of A.S.
Pushkin on the building of the Pushkin Library (A. Ugarov Ave.,
Zhukov Microdistrict) (1999)
V.Ya. Eroshenko - crossroad of st.
Eroshenko, st. Peace, st. Stalevarov, st. Rozhdestvenskaya (near the
shopping center Stroymarket, md Korolev)
Ugarov Aleksey
Alekseevich (Asenovgrad square, Solnechny microdistrict)
Russian
cosmonauts in the Cosmonautics Park (md. Korolev, prosp. A. Ugarova)
Aleksey Ugarov - Aleksey Ugarov Avenue, 216 (near the plant
management department of OEMK)
Georgy
Dimitrov (md. International, Dimitrov str.)
Soviet-Bulgarian
Friendship Monument (1979) - Druzhby Boulevard
To the inhabitants
of the Gumnas settlement who died during the Great Patriotic War
(1945)
Ensemble of the Park of Military Glory (Lenin Street)
St. Alexander Nevsky (2010)
Chernobyl (1996)
Border Guards
(2005)
"Grieving Mother" (1985) - in memory of the shooting of
civilians by the fascist invaders
BMP-1 (st. January 9th)
T-55 (street Khmeleva / Moscow highway)
By plane
The city has an airport of the same name, capable of
receiving small aircraft. In the summer season of 2011, flights were
made to the airport by Ak Bars AERO airlines from Moscow (Domodedovo)
and Anapa; in the winter season, flights were canceled. Bus routes No. 2
and 10a go from the airport to the city.
By train
The railway
station is located in the city center, address: st. Pobeda, 22. On
trains traveling from Moscow to Donetsk, Valuyek. Or on regional trains,
for example Belgorod-Novosibirsk.
By car
The city is located
on the Belgorod-Voronezh highway, 28 km from the European West-East
Highway E-38. The road network is well developed, with expressways built
around the city and to the regional center.
By bus
Stary Oskol
bus station (located in the North-Eastern part of the city). It serves
intercity bus routes with Belgorod, Voronezh, Kursk, Moscow, Ryazan,
Penza, Volgograd, Rostov-on-Don, Lipetsk, Donetsk, Dnepropetrovsk,
Kharkov, Lugansk, Saratov, Gubkin, Alekseevka, Valuyki, Novy Oskol,
Krasny, Shebekino , Kastorny, Ksheny, Pot, Tim.
There is a hypothesis that the name Oskol is derived from the name of
the Kyiv prince Askold, who left Novgorod along with Prince Dir and a
clan of Varangians called Kholki (translated from Old Scandinavian - an
experienced warrior) to Kiev. In Novgorod they were warriors of Prince
Rurik, in Kyiv they founded their own separate state. In 882, Askold and
Dir were killed by the Novgorod prince Oleg (voivode of Rurik), who
moved the capital of Rus' to Kyiv. The Varangians from the Kholki clan
refused to serve the new prince and went east to the lands of the
Northern tribes and Don Slavs. On the river, which they named in honor
of the murdered Prince Oskol, they inhabited the fortress that existed
at that time, which they called Kholki; later, after the situation with
the nomads worsened, the Oskol fortress was founded north of Kholki,
which was located on the site of the current Stary Oskol. There is no
chronicle evidence of this hypothesis, but it is indirectly confirmed by
the names of the Kholki River and the village of the same name on the
site of an ancient settlement, as well as the similarity of the names
Oskol and Askold. There is a version that in ancient times Askold was
read as Askol. Something similar happened in this area at a later time,
so Prince Svyatoslav in the 10th century founded the city of Svyatoslavl
(now the village of Karash) in the upper reaches of the Seversky Donets.
In 1599, by order of Tsar Boris Godunov, the city of Tsarev-Borisov was
founded on the Oskol River, and in 1637, by order of Tsar Alexei
Mikhailovich, Tsarev-Alekseev was founded, now known as the city of Novy
Oskol. It is unknown what the tradition of royalty to build cities in
their own honor in a given area was connected with.
There are
other theories about the origin of the word Oskol. The Turkic version
says that Oskol literally means: “Os” - Russian, “Kol” - river or
reservoir. This name was given by the Turkic-speaking Iranian and Alan
tribes, and indicated that this river was the border between Russia and
the Steppe. Another version is associated with a derivative from the
Slavic word “oskalina”, “to grin”, since the river bed is rocky. And the
latest version is connected with the Scythian tribe that lived in the
Oskol River basin.
True, it is not entirely clear whether this
term is a hydronym or a toponym. Since the Oskol River itself is 472 km
long and is too stretchable a landmark for meeting the troops of the
12th century. Historian and archaeologist S.A. Pletnyova did not exclude
the possibility that the meeting took place in the area of the village.
Velikiy Perevoz (12 km south of Stary Oskol), since in the area of the
crossing of the Oskol River a significant number of military items from
the era of medieval Rus' were found. In turn, it is incorrect to speak
unambiguously about a certain city and its location, since the chronicle
provides too little information, but later sources of the Golden Horde
and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russia give an unambiguous answer
about the existence of a certain city of Oskol on the banks of the river
of the same name and then destroyed during the Batu era invasions
1237-1240.
The first mention of Oskol as a city is contained in the Lithuanian
“List of Cities of Svidrigailo” dated 1432. Oskol is mentioned in this
list in 64th place, right after Voronezh and Yelets. Also mentioned in
this list are neighboring Kursk, Rylsk, Putivl and Milolubl. Lithuanian
sources make it clear that Oskol was revived after the Mongol-Tatar
devastation during the reign of Vytautas (1392-1430) as the center of
the Oskol volost of the Putivl povet of the Kyiv land as part of the
Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Most likely, Oskol was rebuilt between 1387
and 1399, since it is not mentioned in the “List of Russian cities near
and far” dated 1387, and on August 12, 1399, Vytautas’s army was
defeated in the Battle of Vorskla by the Horde and further colonization
of the Black Earth Region was impossible.
According to Lithuanian
sources, between 1438 and 1440, the territory between the rivers Oskol,
Seversky Donets, Seim and Psel was inhabited by the Tatars of the
Yagoldai Darkness, which included the cities of Oskol, Muzhizh and
Milolubl. The center of the principality was the Yagoldaevo settlement,
which is associated with the site of modern Stary Oskol according to D.
I. Bagalei’s “Paintings of Polish roads (from the time of Fyodor
Ivanovich)” published:
“..Yes, from Liven to Oskol to the
Yegoldaev settlement through the Muravskaya road and across the Oponki
river it takes 2 days. And from the Yegoldaev settlement to the
Muravskaya road to the top of Oskol I drive about 40 versts, and the
upper reaches of Oskol are near the Muravskaya road.”
Most
likely, the Tatar Murza Yagoldai Saraevich, who went into the service of
the Lithuanian princes and converted to Orthodoxy, renamed the largest
city in the area - Oskol in his honor and placed his headquarters in it.
This theory is supported by the preserved voivodeship report of Ivan
Andreevich Rzhevsky in 1639, which is localized in the central part of
this city as “Goldaivo Settlement.” In any case, the descendants of
Yagoldai retained control over the city until 1494, since the daughter
of Roman Yagoldaevich (d. 1493) and her husband, Prince Yuri Borisovich
Vyazemsky, fled to Moscow, fearing new unrest. This was taken advantage
of by the Kyiv boyars, who in 1497 divided the darkness between Debra
Kalenikovich, Mikhail Gagin, Fedko Golenchich and Kuntsa Senkovich. As
evidenced by the response of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Alexander dated
March 19, 1497:
“... they said that their uncle, Prince Roman
Yagoldaevich, had one daughter in himself, and that daughter of his was
with Prince Yury Borisovich Vyazemsky, and Prince Roman wrote down to
that daughter his ancestral estates in the Putivl povet - Muzhech,
Milolubl, Oskol, in Kiev - Yadreevtsy and Berkovo ... "
Horde
sources, around the same time, mention both Oskol and the chronicle
Khotmyzhsk in the khan's labels along with such cities of Kievan Rus as
Kyiv, Chernigov, Putivl, Kursk. Most likely, Oskol was destroyed again
in the first decade of the 16th century, during the raids of the troops
of the Crimean Khan or the last raid of the Golden Horde, and was
abandoned for almost a century. The last mention in Horde sources about
Oskol is contained in the label of the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey to
Sigismund I from 1507 about the transfer of the lands of the former
Golden Horde to the rule of Lithuania.
In 1571, according to the decree of Ivan IV the Terrible, at the
confluence of the Ubli River and the Oskol River, the Ust-Ublinsky fort
(now the village of Anpilovka) was founded to protect the southern
borders of Rus' from Tatar raids. It existed for 15 years and was
subsequently abolished, but until 1593, servicemen were sent to carry
out patrols on this line.
Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich gives an order
to Godunov and Shchelkanov to establish cities on the lands of the
Slavic tribes of the Polyans and Northerners. At the same time, the
chronicle also mentions the Yelets principality, destroyed by the
Mongol-Tatars (Agoryans) in the 13th century and whose fiefdom included
the cities of the present Black Earth Region, including Oskol. This
information is consistent with earlier Lithuanian and Horde sources. The
discharge book (1475-1598) reports on the direction of the expedition to
find convenient places for establishing fortresses.
According to
the voivodeship report of 1639, the “Goldaivo Settlement” is located in
the central part of this city.
During the Time of Troubles, Oskol
was actively built up, as it was located away from the main events. The
suburban settlements of Yamskaya, Gumny, Streletskaya, Pushkarskaya,
Ezdotskaya, Troitskaya, Sokovaya, Vorotnikovo appeared. At this time,
the government also did not forget about the peasant war of the early
17th century and called the Oskol region a “rebellious region.” At the
royal court there were proverbs and sayings like: “He’s as tall as a
Falcon, but he ran to Oskol for freedom.”
In 1617, the city was
burned by the Poles and restored by the governor M. Skuratov, who
defeated the Poles near Bolkhov. In 1625, 1642 and 1677, the Crimean
Tatars approached the city, but were unable to take it.
In 1655,
the city was renamed Stary Oskol in connection with the renaming of the
city of Tsarev Alekseev to Novy Oskol.
Since the 17th century,
Stary Oskol has been known as the district center of Stary Oskol
district.
The city was part of: Kyiv province (1708-1719), Belgorod province
(1727-1779), Kursk governorate (1779-1797) and Kursk province
(1797-1928).
In 1780, the coat of arms of Stary Oskol was
approved.
From October 20, 1721 to September 1, 1917 - part of
the Russian Empire.
In 1911, a power station was built in the
city.
From September 1 (Old Style) to October 25 (Old Style), 1917 - as
part of the Russian Republic.
Since October 1917 as part of the
RSFSR. In September-November 1919 it was occupied by units of the Don
Army of the AFSR. November 22, 1919 captured by troops of the 1st
Cavalry Army and the 42nd Rifle Division of the Red Army
On
December 5, 1919, a meeting of the headquarters of the First Cavalry
Army was held in the city.
In 1920, a special commission was
created to study the KMA, headed by Ivan Mikhailovich Gubkin.
Since December 1922 - part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist
Republic (USSR).
Since 1928, it has been the administrative
center of the Starooskolsky district, which was part of the Central
Black Earth Region.
In 1929-1930 the city was also the
administrative center of the Starooskolsky district.
In 1931, the
Stary Oskol department of KMAStroy was created, and iron ore deposits
were discovered at the Korobkovsky site.
On April 27, 1933, the
first ore was mined at mine No. 1.
Since 1934, Stary Oskol was
part of the Kursk region, which, along with the Voronezh region, was
formed by the division of the Central Black Earth Region.
In
October 1941, the evacuation of the population and the most valuable
state and public property began. Stary Oskol turned out to be a transit
point on the evacuation route.
In July 1942, the entire territory
of the modern Belgorod region found itself in the occupation zone. Stary
Oskol was in the occupation zone from July 2, 1942 to February 5, 1943.
During the Great Patriotic War, over 6,000 soldiers died in the region,
whose ashes are kept in 30 mass graves.
In 1954, the city became
part of the newly formed Belgorod region. The USSR leadership chose
between Belgorod and Stary Oskol as the regional center of the newly
formed region. In the 1952 project, the center indicated Stary Oskol as
the future center of metallurgy and KMA. As a result, Belgorod, located
40 km near Kharkov and on the Moscow-Simferopol railway, became the
center; Khrushchev lobbied for this decision.
In the late 60s -
early 70s of the XX century, in connection with the active development
of the KMA, the city gained importance as a major center of ferrous
metallurgy.
In 1961, construction of the Stoilensky mine began,
and on November 5, 1968, the first ore was mined there.
On
February 1, 1963, the Council of Workers' Deputies of the city of Stary
Oskol was transferred to the subordination of the Belgorod Regional
Council of Workers' Deputies.
In 1976, in connection with the
construction of OEMK, the construction of the first house in the
North-Eastern region began. Development began in the Zhukov
microdistrict in February 1976. In 1978, the Makarenko microdistrict
began to be built up, where a complex of educational institutions
training specialists for OEMK was concentrated, as well as the
Olimpiysky microdistrict, which housed healthcare facilities, clinics,
pharmacies and other facilities.
On May 8, 1988, in honor of
Victory Day over fascism, a monument to Marshal Zhukov was unveiled in
the north-eastern part of the city near the Byl cinema (the first in the
world, cast in Kyiv in 1973).
In 1989, a new building of the
central bus station was built, in the 1990s the Northern district grew
around it (microdistricts Lesnoy, Yubileiny, Severny, Budyonny).
On April 30, 1992, the Stary Oskol Television program went on air for
the first time (on the channel of the 2nd Russian program).
In
April 1993, construction began on the 16th microdistrict of the New
City, which in 2000 received the name Severny.
In August 1993,
the city celebrated its 400th anniversary since its founding.
In
September 1993, construction began on an underground passage across
Metallurgov Avenue to the Yubileiny market.
In 1995, the Council
of Deputies renamed Naberezhnaya Street to Oskolskaya, and a new
Naberezhnaya Street was built in the Ugly microdistrict.
In the
spring of 1998, long before the Moscow events, the installation of
intercom intercoms began in the entrances of residential buildings in
the North-Eastern part of the city.
In 2003, the Business Center
trade and financial complex was opened in the Olimpiysky microdistrict.
In 2005, the Walk of Fame was opened in the area of the Byl cinema.
In 2007, based on the results of a referendum on July 22, a single
municipal entity was created on the lands of the city and Starooskolsky
district - Starooskolsky urban district of the Belgorod region.
Previously, the city and a number of villages in the suburban area (in
particular, the central estates - Neznamovo and Obukhovka) were part of
the urban settlement of the same name.
In 2011, the Council of
Deputies of the city district assigned the name “Victory Square” to the
area near the Byl cinema and renamed Metallurgov Avenue in honor of the
honorary metallurgist of the Russian Federation Alexei Ugarov.
On
January 16, 2012, the head of the district, Pavel Shishkin, presented
for public discussion a project to rename the street of the 25th Party
Congress in honor of the Stary Oskol Regiment; in 2020, the street was
renamed Pobeda Avenue without public hearings or a referendum.
In
2012, construction began in the Central and Uyutny multi-storey
residential districts, as well as in the Proleski and Promagro
individual housing districts.
In 2013, construction began on a
new microdistrict of the New City between the Nadezhda and Stepnoy
microdistricts (since 2018 - the Maysky microdistrict).
In 2020,
construction began on the Garden Quarters on the site of an unfinished
children's hospital on Alexei Ugarov Avenue.
Located on the banks of the Oskol River, its tributaries Oskolets,
Ublya, Kotel, Atamansky Stream, 153 km northeast of Belgorod, near the
border with the Kursk region. It neighbors the city of Gubkin, located
20 km to the east. The second largest city in the region and, along with
Gubkin, the northernmost.
There is Lake Blunya on the territory
of the city.
The climate of Stary Oskol is moderate continental, with snowy but relatively warm winters and moderately hot summers.