Location: Yaroslavl Oblast
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Yaroslavl is a large city on the Volga, the
administrative center of the Yaroslavl region. The central city of
the Golden Ring of Russia. One of the few cities in Russia, the
ensemble of which represents all the main trends in Russian
architecture from the 16th to the 20th centuries.
Yaroslavl
is located on the Volga at the confluence of the Kotorosl River.
This place was quite popular already in ancient times. It is assumed
that the city was founded here by Yaroslav the Wise around 1010
during his Rostov reign. There is no reliable information about the
founding of the city, but there are many legends: according to one
of them, the prince personally killed a bear in this area, which is
where the city coat of arms came from, and the name Yaroslavl is
associated, of course, with Yaroslav the Wise, although there is an
alternative version - “Glorious Yar”, along a picturesque cliff
above the Volga. For the first century and a half of its existence,
Yaroslavl remained the lowest downstream Russian city on the Volga,
which is why it often suffered from Bulgar raids. From 1221, this
role was taken over by Nizhny Novgorod, but the Bulgar raids had
stopped by that time, and Batu’s army, which came to Rus' 17 years
later, did not spare Yaroslavl. The city, however, was revived,
became an independent principality and participated in the complex
internal politics of the 13th-14th centuries, until in 1463 it
voluntarily and forcibly came under the rule of Moscow.
In
the XV-XVI centuries. Yaroslavl remained a relatively small city.
Its position changed during the reign of Ivan the Terrible, when
rich merchants moved to Yaroslavl from the disgraced Novgorod, and
especially after the reign of the Romanovs, since during the Time of
Troubles Yaroslavl hosted a people's militia, generously financed by
local merchants. The merchants then received significant privileges
from the tsar, and from the middle of the 17th century, Yaroslavl
became a prosperous city, which is now difficult not to notice: the
number of luxurious churches of this period here is simply off the
charts, while there is practically nothing ancient in the city of
the 17th century. The development of the Urals and Siberia, as well
as the rapid growth of other Volga cities, slowed down the
development of Yaroslavl somewhat, but in both the 18th and 19th
centuries it remained the main commercial and industrial city in the
Upper Volga, the center of the province. Soviet times brought new
production to Yaroslavl, including a huge oil refinery. Now it is
the closest city to Moscow, which can be called large without any
stretch, even if it is far from reaching the status of a
million-plus population.
There are a lot of attractions in
Yaroslavl, and they are scattered over a rather large territory.
Plan to explore the city at least two days. However, staying here
for 3-4 days also makes sense.
The oldest part of Yaroslavl is located at the confluence of the
Kotorosl River and the Volga. On the Kotorosl Spit, until the 18th
century, there was the Yaroslavl Kremlin, or Rubleny Gorod, in the
center of which stood the Assumption Cathedral, and the settlement
around the Kremlin was surrounded by the walls of Zemlyanoy Gorod. In
the era of Catherine II, the chaotically built-up medieval quarters
underwent restructuring according to the master plan: Ilyinskaya Square
(now Sovetskaya) was chosen as the new center of the city, from which
four avenues ran: Parade Square (now Chelyuskintsev Ave.), Nakhimson
Street, Kirova street and Sovetskaya street. Each of these streets in
the future ends with a high-rise dominant - a church or a tower. During
the same reconstruction, the fortifications of the Rubleny town and
partly of the Zemlyanoy town were completely demolished (only two towers
were preserved - Vlasyevskaya and Volzhskaya), and in place of the city
walls connecting Kotorosl and the Volga, a boulevard was laid out, now
Pervomaiskaya street. To the west of the boulevard, suburbs with regular
buildings begin, the main street of which - Svobody - will lead you to
the Main Station.
Craft settlements were traditionally located on
the right bank of the Kotorosl, which gradually became part of the city
starting from the 16th century. There are fewer attractions on the right
bank and they are located at a distance from each other - however, this
is where the most outstanding Yaroslavl churches are located.
Chopped City
In the most ancient part of Yaroslavl, several
temples and civil buildings have been preserved. From the Kotorosl and
Volga spit there is a beautiful view of the Volga and Zakotoroslye.
1 Assumption Cathedral,
emb. Kotorosli, 2/1. The first stone temple of Yaroslavl was erected on
this site at the beginning of the 13th century. Over the following
centuries, the temple burned and was rebuilt, in the middle of the 17th
century it was dismantled, and in its place the five-domed Assumption
Cathedral with a high bell tower was erected, which stood until
destroyed in 1937. In the 2000s, a new, larger cathedral was built
according to a modern design with pseudo-Russian elements. The new
cathedral turned out to be heavy and very different in style from the
elegant churches of the 17th century, but still it does not suppress,
but decorates the panorama of the city. It is also curious that the
cathedral has a roof covering - the oldest type of curvilinear church
roof, which fell out of widespread use by the end of the 17th century.
2 Church of St. Nicholas the Rubeny, Kotoroslnaya embankment, 8. The
small elegant church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker was built in 1695
by local shipbuilders. The only preserved temple on the territory of the
former Yaroslavl Kremlin (cut city), which gave the temple its popular
name.
3 Church of the Savior on the City, st. Pochtovaya, 3. The
four-pillar church was built in 1672 on Kotoroslnaya embankment based on
the Church of St. John Chrysostom in Korovniki.
4 Gazebo on the
Volzhskaya embankment, near Myakushkinsky descent. The classic rotunda
was built in the 1840s on the Volga embankment and quickly became one of
the symbols of the city.
5 Metropolitan Chambers (1680) , Volzhskaya
embankment, 1. One of the oldest civil buildings in the city, built at
the end of the 17th century as the residence of Metropolitan Ion
Sysoevich. Now the chambers house the exhibition of the art museum
“Ancient Russian Art of the 13th–17th Centuries.”
The territory of Yaroslavl Posad, surrounding the unpreserved
Kremlin.
6 Ensemble of the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery,
Bogoyavlenskaya Square, 25. Entrance to the territory – 40 rubles,
Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral – 80 rubles, ascent to the belfry – 200
rubles. (2017). Founded in the 12th century, the monastery is often
incorrectly called the Yaroslavl Kremlin - in fact, it defended the
approaches to the already existing Kremlin at the crossing of the
Kotorosl. The monastery has long been the center of spiritual life in
Yaroslavl; during the Time of Troubles it successfully withstood the
Polish siege, and at the end of the 18th century the manuscript “The
Tale of Igor’s Campaign” was found in the monastery. Now the monastery
is part of the Yaroslavl museum-reserve.
The Cathedral of the
Transfiguration was built in 1506-16 in the likeness of the Annunciation
Cathedral in Moscow. The design shows details of the Italian
Renaissance. This is the oldest building in the city, which has reached
our time without any special alterations, and not only its appearance
has been preserved, but also the frescoes from the mid-16th century -
one of two surviving murals from the era of Ivan the Terrible in Russia.
The belfry with the Church of Our Lady of Pechersk was built several
decades after the cathedral and was once connected to it by a gallery.
The lower tier of the belfry housed the Church of Our Lady of Pechersk,
the apse of which is visible from the eastern side. In the 17th century,
the belfry was built with another tier; now there is an observation deck
at the top.
Walls and towers. After a fire at the beginning of the
16th century, stone towers began to be built in the monastery. The first
of them is the Holy Gate - a low passage tower overlooking Kotorosl.
Other towers of the 16th century have not survived: the square Uglich
and Bogoroditskaya towers on Epiphany Square were built at the end of
the Time of Troubles, and the Epiphany and Mikhailovskaya towers serve a
decorative function and were erected during the renovation of the
monastery at the beginning of the 19th century. The walls were rebuilt
many times as the monastery lost its defensive function. The oldest
section of the wall of the 16th century is adjacent to the
Bogoroditskaya Tower.
7 Church of St. Nicholas Nadein, Narodny
Lane, 2A. The first stone church in Yaroslavl Posad, and one of the
first to appear in Russia after the Time of Troubles. With the
construction of this temple in 1621-22, a characteristic Yaroslavl
direction in Russian architecture began to take shape. Before this, only
a ruler or a rich monastery could build a stone temple - and the rich
merchant, “sovereign guest” Nadya Sveteshnikov for the first time dared
to build a temple in his own estate, thereby standing on a par with the
first people of the country. Soon, the name of the customer, Nadeina,
began to be added to the name of the Church of St. Nicholas the
Wonderworker. Initially, the temple had five domes on a quadrangle - a
characteristic feature of most Yaroslavl churches of the 17th century -
but it has reached our time much rebuilt. Some of the 17th century
frescoes have been preserved in the interior - pay attention to St.
Nicholas distributing gold to the poor, and the luxurious baroque
iconostasis of 1751, created by the founder of the Russian theater
Fyodor Volkov.
8 Church of the Nativity, st. Kedrova, 1. The second
surviving parish church, built in 1635-1644 by the Guryev merchants on
the model of the Church of St. Nicholas Nadein using innovative
techniques. The drums are decorated with belts and cornices; For the
first time in Yaroslavl architecture, tiles appeared on the facades of
the porch and galleries. The most unusual detail of the decor is the
tiled inscription around the quadrangle under the base of the zakomari.
This in itself is an infrequently encountered technique in Russian
architecture, and usually in such cases the names of the rulers who
blessed the construction of the temple are mentioned, but the Guryevs
dared to write their worldly names here. In the 1650s, a bell tower was
erected above the fence gate, but not an ordinary one, but a
multifunctional building that combined a bell tower, a gate, a gate
church and a clock tower. Here it is interesting to look at the rich
western facade with an openwork gallery on the second floor, and at the
elegant tent, but the most unusual thing here is the slender columns at
the corners of the quadrangle with carved tops. They are similar to
Central Asian guldast towers, and this technique is no longer found in
Russian architecture. Perhaps the Nazaryevs saw similar turrets during
their trading trips.
9 Church of Elijah the Prophet,
Sovetskaya sq., 7. 10:00–18:00, except Wednesdays. 100 rubles (2017).
Built in 1647-1650 at the expense of Yaroslavl merchants, the church
attracts with its asymmetry: the main volume is surrounded on all sides
by galleries and chapels, the largest of which - with a hipped roof -
once had a piece of the Robe of the Lord in storage. In the 18th
century, the church became the center of the radial-ring layout of the
settlement; now the church belongs to the Yaroslavl Museum-Reserve.
10 Church of the Epiphany, Epiphany Square, 25. The five-domed brick
church with bright tiled decoration was built in 1684-1693 and became a
kind of architectural innovation in Yaroslavl, introducing elements of
the Moscow style. Unlike other Yaroslavl churches of the late 17th
century, here the galleries are turned into extended chapels, there is
no traditional porch, and the bell tower does not stand separately and
is not adjacent to the gallery, but is part of it.
11 Church of the
Archangel Michael (Kotorosli embankment). The temple in the name of
Archangel Michael was founded in 1657, and completed only in 1682. Such
a long construction period made the appearance of the church varied: the
monumental forms of the lower tier with a porch correspond to the
beginning and middle of the 17th century, and the high windows and large
drums are similar to later churches of the 1680s. Despite this, the
elegant red facade with white elements makes the church a key element of
the panorama of Kotoroslaya embankment.
12 Chapel of Alexander
Nevsky, st. Andropova, 8. The chapel was built in 1892 in memory of the
rescue of Emperor Alexander III during a train crash. This is a good
example of pseudo-Russian architecture, successfully combined with real
“non-pseudo” Russian churches.
13 Chapel of Our Lady of Kazan
(Kotorosl embankment, next to the monastery). A strange structure in the
shape of a rocket was built in 1997 in memory of the exit of the militia
of Minin and Pozharsky from the gates of the Spassky Monastery. It’s
even more strange that this chapel-monument appeared on the 1000-ruble
bill next to the monument to Yaroslav the Wise.
Towers of Zemlyanoy
City. From the fortifications of the 17th century, only ramparts and two
towers remained - the Vlasyevskaya Tower 14 (Volkova Square) and the
Volzhskaya Tower 15, which was rebuilt into an arsenal.
16 Bolkonsky
House (late 18th century), Volzhskaya embankment, 7 (immediately behind
the viaduct after the Arsenal Tower). In 1812, it housed a military
hospital, and in the novel War and Peace, it is here that Natasha
Rostova meets with the wounded Bolkonsky.
17 Red Square Ensemble:.
Fire station with watchtower (1911)
House with an arch (1934-1936,
architect M. P. Parusnikov)
18 Church of St. Nicholas the Mokroy and Tikhvin Church, st.
Tchaikovsky, 1. The Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker was built in
1665-1672 on the banks of the Kotorosl, in a swampy lowland, and quickly
received the nickname of St. Nicholas the Wet. Fifteen years later, a
small warm church in the name of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God
was erected nearby, and tented vestibules, unusually luxuriously
decorated with colored ceramics, were added to the western facades of
both churches. The multi-colored belts of tiles and window frames have
no analogues in Yaroslavl, and the walls of the vestibule of the Tikhvin
Church are completely covered with tiles, like a Persian carpet.
19 Voznesensko-Sretensky complex, st. Svobody, 44a. The five-domed
Church of the Ascension of the Lord was erected in 1677-82. The ensemble
also includes the small Sretenskaya Church, rebuilt in the second half
of the 18th century in the Catherine Baroque style, which is
uncharacteristic for Yaroslavl.
20 Vladimir Church on Bozhedomka. A
pillarless temple built in 1670-78, atypical for Yaroslavl, with three
small tents. The temple's hipped roof contradicted Patriarch Nikon's ban
on the construction of such "non-canonical" churches: the Vladimir
Church became the only tented church in Yaroslavl and one of the last
tented churches in Russia in general.
21 Dontsov-Lopatin House, st.
Bolshaya Oktyabrskaya street, 44/60. The mansion was built at the very
beginning of the 19th century by the merchant Lopatin in accordance with
the canons of classicism, and the Rococo style decor was added by the
next owners, the Dontsov family, in the last decades of the 19th
century. The result was one of the most magnificent civil buildings in
Yaroslavl.
22 Sorokina Estate (House with Lions), st. Bolshaya
Oktyabrskaya street, 48A. One of the most beautiful estates in the city
was built in the second half of the 18th century by the Zatrapeznov
merchants. It was the best mansion in the city for noble guests visiting
Yaroslavl. In the 1830s, the merchant Sorokin acquired the mansion and
began gradually rebuilding it in accordance with fashion trends:
classicist columns were added to the baroque building, and at the
beginning of the 20th century, modernist stucco molding was added.
23 Complex in Korovniki. On the right bank of the Kotorosl, near the
mouth, there was a settlement engaged in the procurement of cow hides.
In 1649-1690, the people of Sloboda built one of the most harmonious
Yaroslavl ensembles: the summer church of St. John Chrysostom, the
winter church of Our Lady of Vladimir, a bell tower and a fence with the
Holy Gate, and the thirty-year construction period did not at all affect
the unity of style of the entire complex.
The Church of St. John
Chrysostom is one of the most complete monuments of all Yaroslavl
architecture. It is distinguished by a symmetrical composition
reminiscent of a pyramid: on a low gallery-pedestal stands the main
volume of the temple, crowned with huge domes - the height of the
central dome is greater than the height of the temple itself. To some
extent, this was a consequence of the recently adopted reform of
Patriarch Nikon, which, among other things, established new canons for
temple construction. Don't miss the main decoration of the temple - the
tiled casing on the altar apse: the eight-meter green casing contrasts
with the brick wall and is the best example of the tiled art of
Yaroslavl.
The Church of the Vladimir Mother of God was built 20
years after the summer church. The forms of this church were copied from
the Church of St. John Chrysostom, but the main volume was divided into
two floors: services were held on the first heated floor, and the second
was used as an attic.
The tented bell tower is the main vertical of
the ensemble, built in the early 1680s at the same distance from both
churches. This is one of the few bell towers in Russia that received its
own name: for its harmony and elegance it was nicknamed the Yaroslavl
Candle.
The Holy Gates completed the ensemble. They already have
elements of a later style - Naryshkin Baroque - but do not violate the
harmony of the ensemble, but emphasize the grandeur of both temples and
the bell tower, which stands directly opposite the gate.
24 Church of John the Baptist in Tolchkovo (1687) , Kotoroslnaya
embankment, 69 (at the Tolbukhin street alignment: cross Kotorosl on the
bridge and go down to the shore along the first staircase on the right
or look for transport to the stop “Karabulin street”). May-September
10:00-17:00, except Mon and Tue. A masterpiece of Yaroslavl architecture
of the 17th century, it was built in 1671-1687 in Tolchkovskaya Sloboda,
whose artisans decided to build a temple superior to the temples of the
city center. The result truly became the tallest church in Yaroslavl and
one of the last examples of the “high” Yaroslavl style in architecture.
The composition is borrowed from the earlier Church of St. John
Chrysostom in Korovniki, but the Church of St. John the Baptist is
larger and taller, and most importantly, it has as many as 15 large and
small chapters. All the walls are decorated with tiles and brick
patterns, leaving no plain space. Fifteen years after the construction
of the temple, a separate six-tier 45-meter bell tower was erected next
to it. This is already pure Baroque, a new style for Yaroslavl at the
end of the 17th century, but since the division into tiers at the bell
tower and the temple coincides, it combines surprisingly organically
with it. The interior of the church features a carved six-tiered
iconostasis and some of the best frescoes of the Yaroslavl school at the
turn of the 17th-18th centuries. The church is depicted on the
1000-ruble banknote.
25 Temple of Peter and Paul (1744), Peter and
Paul Park, 25. In the 1720s, the Zatrapeznov merchants founded the first
linen manufactory in Russia in Zakotoroslye, and in 1741-44, an unusual
temple for Yaroslavl was built at the manufactory in the capital style
of Peter the Great’s Baroque. The impressive two-story temple forms a
single volume with a bell tower, topped with a high spire and almost
completely repeating the bell tower of the Peter and Paul Cathedral in
St. Petersburg.
26 Church of St. Andrew of Crete. Built in 1908
according to the design of A.V. Ivanov for the workers of the Bolshoi
Manufactory. It curiously combines neo-Byzantine and Art Nouveau styles,
in particular, the outer wall of the apse on the Kotorosl side is
decorated with a mascaron - the face of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker.
27 Complex of Fedorovsky parish, st. Bolshaya Fedorovskaya, 72/Malaya
Proletarskaya, 59. In 1687-1691, a complex of the summer Fedorovsky
Church, the winter Church of St. Nicholas Pensky and a tented bell tower
was built in Tolchkovskaya Sloboda. The five-domed Fedorovsky Church is
famous for the fact that the height of the central chapter (22 meters)
is one and a half times higher than the height of the quadrangle on
which it stands. The decor also places emphasis on the heads: the drums
are decorated with several rows of belts and friezes. The Fedorovsky
Church was the only one that was not closed under Soviet rule, which
made it possible to preserve the iconostasis of the early 18th century
and the unique frescoes: they depict battles in which the Fedorovskaya
Icon of the Mother of God helped to win.
28 Development of the first
half of the twentieth century. Located in the vicinity of the Big Linen
Manufactory (Komsomolskaya square, Stachek, Budkina, Noskova streets)
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Holy Transfiguration Monastery (Спасо- Преображенский Монастырь)
Church of the Annunciation and Saint Apostle Jacob (Благовещенско- Яковлевская церковь)
Volkov Theater (Театр Волкова)
Tolga Monastery (Толгский Монастырь)
1 Yaroslavl State Historical, Architectural and Art
Museum-Reserve (in the Church of the Epiphany), pl.
Bogoyavlenskaya, 25. Located in the complex of the former
Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery.
2 Yaroslavl Art
Museum (Volzhskaya embankment 23). ☎ (4852) 30-35-04. The
museum is open from 10.00 to 18.00. On Fridays - from 12.00
to 20.00. The main building of the museum - the Governor's
House, built by order of Emperor Alexander I, served as the
residence of the Yaroslavl governors and the traveling
palace of the imperial persons. Permanent exhibitions:
“Russian art of the 18th – early 20th centuries.” and "Art
of the 20th Century"
3 Metropolitan Chambers Wikidata
element (Volzhskaya embankment 1). The museum is open from
10.00 to 18.00. The Metropolitan Chamber is one of the
oldest buildings in the city, an excellent example of
ancient Russian stone civil architecture. Permanent
exhibition: “Ancient Russian art of the 13th–18th
centuries.”
4 Museum of Foreign Art. (Sovetskaya pl.,
2). ☎ (4852) 59-45-30. The museum is open from 10.00 to
18.00. On Fridays - from 12.00 to 20.00. The museum is the
only one in the region presenting a collection of European
and Oriental art. Permanent exhibition "Western European art
of the 16th - early 20th centuries."
5 Museum “Music and
Time” , Volzhskaya embankment, 33a. One of the first private
museums in Russia.
6 Museum of the History of Yaroslavl,
Volzhskaya Embankment, 17.
7 Russian State Academic
Drama Theater named after Fyodor Volkov , Volkov Square,
building 1. The first Russian professional theater. Founded
in 1750.
8 Yaroslavl Zoo , Shevelyukha village, 137.
from 10.00 to 21.00. Cash desk opening hours: from 10.00 to
20.00. An area of more than 100 hectares makes it possible
to build large enclosures and keep animals in conditions as
close to natural as possible. Children's playground, petting
zoo, cafe.
9 Yaroslavl Dolphinarium, Yaroslavl district,
Dubki village, st. Shkolnaya, 1. Provides the opportunity to
attend a magnificent show program with the participation of
dolphins and fur seals, chat with dolphins, pet them and
even swim with them.
10 Yaroslavl Planetarium of the
Center named after. V. Tereshkova, st. Tchaikovsky, 3. ✉
Cultural and Educational Center named after. V.V. Tereshkova
includes: a modern planetarium with three-dimensional
computer visualization; observatory; exhibition hall
“History of Cosmonautics”; cafe.
11 Theatre for Young
Spectators, st. Svobody, 33. The theater building was built
in 1974-1983 in the style of the “Brezhnev avant-garde”.
The oldest settlement on the territory of the city was found on the left bank of the Volga opposite the Strelka (a cape at the confluence of the Volga and Kotorosl) and belongs to the V-III millennium BC. e. (Neolithic). The Medveditskoye settlement of the Dyakovo culture in the former mouth of the Medveditsa dates back to the 1st millennium BC. In the 9th century (the time of the so-called Russian Kaganate), a large Scandinavian-Slavic settlement was formed near Yaroslavl, known for the complex of burial mounds in Timeryov. During the excavations, Scandinavian weapons, runic inscriptions, chess figures and the largest treasures of Arab coins in northern Europe were found (the oldest were minted by the first of the Idrisids). A fourth of the Scandinavian brooches found in Russia comes from Timeryov. Apparently, this "proto-Yaroslavl" served as a major center on the Volga trade route. His attitude to the later Yaroslavl (at that time the Meryan settlement of Medvezhy Ugol) can be compared with the ratio of Gnezdov and Smolensk, Ryurikov settlement and Novgorod, Sarskoe settlement and Rostov. Soon after the founding of Yaroslavl, this settlement fell into decay, probably due to the termination of the functioning of the Volga trade route. Upstream of the Volga, just outside the borders of the modern city, archaeologists have studied the large Mikhailovsky necropolis with a predominance of ordinary burials of the Finno-Ugric type.
Judging by
the date of the first mention in the chronicle, Yaroslavl is the
oldest existing city on the Volga. It was founded by Prince Yaroslav
the Wise during his reign of Rostov (988-1010) on a promontory above
the Strelka at or near the pagan settlement of Medvezhy Ugol. The
Yaroslavl Kremlin was built on a naturally protected area on three
sides (the steep high banks of the Volga and Kotorosl and the
Medveditsky ravine, along which the stream flowed). The first
mention of Yaroslavl - the "uprising of the Magi" caused by famine
in the Rostov land - dates back to 1071. The name of the city is
traditionally associated with the name of its founder: “Yaroslavl”
is a possessive form meaning “Yaroslavov [city]”.
At the
"Chopped City" excavation site, bounded by Kotorosl, Chelyuskintsev
square and Medveditsky ravine, the remains of fortifications,
represented by three rows of gorodny, date back to the beginning of
the 11th century. In the XII century, the Yaroslavl Peter and Paul
and Spassky monasteries already existed - then they were located
outside the city. During the first two centuries of its existence,
Yaroslavl remained a small border town of the Rostov-Suzdal land.
The first stone buildings in Yaroslavl appeared
shortly before the Mongol invasion, in the 1210s, at the behest of
the eldest son of Vsevolod the Big Nest - Constantine. He founded
within the walls of the Spassky Monastery the first educational
institution in the territory of North-Eastern Russia - the
Grigorievsky Gate, erected two churches in this monastery - the
cathedral and the Entry into Jerusalem, rebuilt the Assumption
Cathedral in stone. Judging by the several meters of pre-Mongol
masonry preserved under the modern building of the Church of the
Entry into Jerusalem, Constantine, unlike his father and
grandfather, ordered not white stone buildings, but brick ones,
decorating them with white stone details.
Yaroslavl can be
considered the capital of Konstantin Vsevolodovich to a greater
extent than the more ancient Rostov: the Volga city already
surpassed its older brother in the number of stone churches. It is
not excluded that it was under Constantine that the book collection
of the Spassky Monastery began to take shape, which included 14
parchment manuscripts and a single copy of "The Lay of Igor's Host."
The literature here was not only copied, but also illustrated;
evidence of this is the facial Spassky and Fedorov gospels. The name
of Konstantin is also associated with the appearance in Yaroslavl of
large-format works of fine art, such as the large icon of the
Tolgskaya Mother of God and the Yaroslavl Oranta.
After the
death of Constantine (1218), Yaroslavl became the capital city of
his second son Vsevolod, who died in the Sita battle with the
Mongol-Tatars. On the territory of the Rubled City, a gloomy
evidence of the Mongol ruin (1238) was discovered - a basement
filled to the brim with human bones with traces of violent death.
Local legend has preserved the memory of the legendary battle on
Tugovaya Gora that took place in 1257; a memorial cross stands at
the site of the battle.
In the first period of the Tatar-Mongol yoke,
right up to the reign of Prince Vasily the Terrible Ochi, the
specific Yaroslavl principality grew stronger, claiming a dominant
role in the Upper Volga region. The pinnacle of his power is
associated with the reign of Fyodor Cherny, the first representative
of the Rostislavich dynasty of Smolensk on the Yaroslavl throne. As
the son-in-law of the Golden Horde Khan, the Grand Duke of
Yaroslavsky played one of the main roles in Russian politics of his
time. Under him, Yaroslavl acquired a trade and craft posad and
unfortified settlements. Upstream from the city, on the opposite
bank of the Volga, the Tolgsky Monastery arose, which for a long
time became the spiritual center of the Yaroslavl land. Until the
20th century, Tolgin Day (August 21) remained the unofficial day of
the city and was celebrated with mass festivities. Yaroslavl,
together with Uglich, is mentioned in the Novgorod birch bark letter
No. 69, which V.L. Yanin dates back to the 80s of the XIII century.
From the second half of the XIV century, the Yaroslavl
principality was split into smaller estates. Local princes cease to
play any significant role in all-Russian politics; part of the city
itself becomes the property of the Moscow rulers. In 1380, the
Yaroslavl squads took part in the Battle of Kulikovo. Shortly before
the final annexation of the city to Moscow (1463), in a last attempt
to maintain independence, the Yaroslavl princes officially approved
the cult of their ancestors: miraculous healings from the relics of
the first county princes were announced and they were canonized as
Yaroslavl miracle workers. After the annexation, the descendants of
the appanage princes - the Shastunovs, Kurbskiy, Prozorovskiy,
Troyekurov, Shakhovskiy - went to the service of the Grand Dukes of
Moscow, without losing ties with the city of their forefathers.
Under Ivan III, dilapidated cathedral buildings from the time of
Konstantin Vsevolodovich once again burned down and were demolished.
In their place, Moscow (and probably Italian) craftsmen built new
churches. After another fire in 1536, Yaroslavl was fortified:
several towers were built and an earthen rampart was poured. The
city then consisted of the Kremlin (Rublenaya goroda) enclosed by
log walls, the Zemlyanoy city within the rampart and unfortified
settlements behind it. After the Moscow company organized
Russian-English trade through Arkhangelsk, Yaroslavl began to turn
into the largest transit trade center along the Volga.
In
1565, after Tsar Ivan the Terrible divided the Russian state into
oprichnina and zemstvo, the city of Yaroslavl became part of the
latter and belonged to it until the beginning of 1569, when it was
assigned to the oprichina. The great massacre perpetrated in 1570 by
the guardsmen in Novgorod forced many Novgorod families, including
merchants, to leave the ruined city and move to Yaroslavl. Novgorod
plots and traditions took root on the banks of the Volga: on the
walls of local churches you can see images of the battle between
Novgorod and Suzdal, the Novgorod icon of the Mother of God "Sign"
and Varlaam Khutynsky began to be venerated here.
Yaroslavl
played a prominent role in the events of the Time of Troubles. In
1608, the city was occupied by the troops of False Dmitry II. On
April 7, 1609, they were defeated near the city by a volunteer corps
who had approached from Vologda and left Yaroslavl. However, three
weeks later, new detachments approached and captured the
settlements, and then Zemlyanoy Gorod. But the Spassky Monastery and
the Kremlin withstood the siege and on May 23 it was lifted. In
1611, the Yaroslavl people joined the first militia to liberate
Moscow, but it did not achieve its goal. From April to June 1612,
the second militia was located in the city, Yaroslavl at that time
performed the functions of the capital, a coin was minted here. When
the militia was replenished with new forces, it moved to Moscow and
liberated it. The young Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, being summoned from
Kostroma to Moscow, made a long stop at the Yaroslavl Spassky
Monastery, where he signed a letter of consent to ascend the throne.
In memory of the events of the Time of Troubles, the Kazan monastery
was founded in the city, and the captured interventionists
(including the family of Marina Mnishek) were settled on the Volga
bank in Yaroslavl.
Yaroslavl quickly recovered from the consequences
of the Troubles. It developed into a large trade and handicraft
center, the second largest and third largest city in Russia in terms
of trade turnover; one sixth of the most influential merchants of
Rus' - the "guests" of the sovereign's hundred, lived in Yaroslavl.
Their operations covered the territory from Arkhangelsk to Bukhara;
the Yaroslavl merchants Guryevs founded the city of Guryev on the
territory of modern Kazakhstan; they also built in Yaroslavl the
Church of the Nativity of Christ with elements of the Islamic
tradition. The starting point of the "Moscow pattern" of the 17th
century - the Trinity Church in Nikitniki - was built in Kitai-Gorod
at the expense of the Yaroslavl guest Nikitnikov. The merchant Nadia
Sveteshnikov paid thousands of duties to the treasury for the income
from the salt-making industries in Usolye; he, among 8 other
Yaroslavl residents, was awarded the title of "sovereign guest" with
the right to be subject to one tsar. In the courtyard of the
Skripins merchants for a number of years the tsarist iconographer
Fyodor Zubov worked; Yaroslavl mural painters decorated the main
churches of the country with frescoes - from the Assumption
Cathedral of the Trinity Monastery to the cathedrals of the Moscow
Kremlin.
Yaroslavl continued to be built up: outside the
Zemlyanoy Val, in the interfluve of the Volga and Kotorosl rivers,
development proceeded mainly along the main roads; along with this,
in the XVI-XVII centuries the lands beyond Kotorosl were developed.
The 17th century became for the city, which by this time had reached
its highest prosperity (Yaroslavl was considered the second city in
Russia in terms of the number of inhabitants, especially artisans),
a century of temple construction. During this century, 3 monasteries
and at least 60 stone churches were built. At the same time, the
Yaroslavl art school was formed - one of the brightest
manifestations of Russian art of that time. After the fire of 1658,
which destroyed almost entirely the Zemlyanoy and Rubleny Gorod, the
wooden walls of the posad were not rebuilt, instead the ramparts
were raised and the ditches deepened, but instead of wooden towers,
stone ones were built in the same places; the Kremlin lost its
defensive significance, remaining the administrative center.
With the beginning of Peter's reforms, Yaroslavl loses its
significance as the second city in the state. Peter the Great's
reluctance to trade through Arkhangelsk negatively affected the
commercial well-being of the city. The dynasties of Yaroslavl
merchants went bankrupt, but the development of industry came to
replace trade. In 1722, the Zatrapeznov merchants began to build a
linen manufactory on the right bank of the Kotorosl River - one of
the first and largest in the country. For some time, the economic
life of the city moved to the vicinity of the manufactory.
Handicraft production continued to develop. As of 1771, there were
already 11 large industrial enterprises in Yaroslavl. After the
formation of the Yaroslavl province (1719), the city became an
ordinary provincial center, although still very significant. It
served as a place of "close exile" for high-ranking officials (for
example, Duke Biron lived here on the Volga bank for 19 years).
In 1718, a digital school was opened - the first educational
institution in the city, and 30 years later the Yaroslavl
Theological Seminary started working in the Spassky Monastery. In
1750 FG Volkov founded in Yaroslavl the first public theater in
Russia, which in January 1752 moved to St. Petersburg. In general,
spontaneous medieval buildings remained in the city. The
overcrowding of wooden houses created a constant fire hazard, and
destructive fires occurred from time to time. Entrances to the city
from the main roads were still through the towers, while the rest of
the fortifications of the Middle Ages fell into ruins.
In 1777 Yaroslavl became the center of the governorship and the corresponding province, becoming a large administrative center. Alexey Petrovich Melgunov was appointed the first governor-general. In 1786, the chair of the Rostov diocese was transferred to Yaroslavl from Rostov (since then it has been the Yaroslavl and Rostov diocese). In 1788, in the library of the last abbot of the Spassky Monastery, a unique work of Old Russian literature, The Lay of Igor's Host, was found. In 1778, the first regular development plan for Yaroslavl was approved. In 1784, the first printing house in the Russian province appeared in Yaroslavl. In 1786-1788, the monthly magazine Uedinenny Poshekonets, the first provincial magazine in the country, was published in the city.
During the Napoleonic invasion, the wounded were
taken to Yaroslavl from the battlefields; here General N.A.Tuchkov
was interred. The flight of the nobility from the capital taken by
Napoleon to Yaroslavl is reflected in the pages of the novel "War
and Peace". At this time, some members of the royal family also
ended up in Yaroslavl: it was here that Pyotr Georgievich
Oldenburgsky was born, who later allocated funds for the
construction of a church in the city for his fellow Lutherans.
In the same 1812, the first bridge over Kotorosl was built - on
the site of an ancient river crossing at the Spassky Monastery:
high, wooden and on wooden piles; subsequently, an earthen,
stone-lined dam was built in its place, and in 1853 a bridge of the
American system was built. In 1860 a telegraph line with Moscow
appeared. Since 1870, the city had a direct rail link with Moscow,
St. Petersburg, Kostroma. In 1913, a railway bridge across the Volga
was opened. The Volga Shipping Company played an important role. In
Yaroslavl, a water supply system appeared (1883), the first power
station, telephone communications, electric lighting and a tram
(1900).
In 1820, the ramparts were completely ripped off and
the ditches of the city fortifications that were no longer needed
were filled up, a boulevard with linden alleys on the banks of the
Volga and along a part of the former rampart was built, a city
theater was built. In 1902, the public city Pushkin library was
opened. At the beginning of the 19th century, the city received its
first university - the Yaroslavl Higher Science School. By the
beginning of the 20th century, the city already had 66 educational
institutions with 10 thousand students (for 117 thousand
inhabitants). In 1908, the Yaroslavl Teachers' Institute appeared.
Since 1831, under the provincial government, "Yaroslavskie
provincial vedomosti" came out, since 1860, under the spiritual
consistory, "Yaroslavl diocesan vedomosti" - both publications were
the first of their kind in Russia; then a number of other
periodicals appeared. In 1911, the city's first stationary cinema
appeared.
In 1871, the Yaroslavl City Duma appeared. In the
second half of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, societies
were created in the city: agriculture, doctors, for the study of the
Yaroslavl province in a natural-historical relation, art, a
department of theatrical society. In 1865, the first Yaroslavl
Museum (Natural History) appeared. In 1889, the first meeting of the
Yaroslavl Provincial Scientific Archive Commission (YAGUAK) took
place, in 1895, a museum appeared under the commission - the Ancient
Storage. In 1901, the first Marxist organization in the north of the
country, the Northern Workers' Union, was created.
At the
beginning of the 20th century, Yaroslavl was one of the largest
cities in Central Russia (12th place in terms of the number of
inhabitants within the modern territory of the country in 1897).
Industry was significantly developed - there were more than 50
enterprises with 15 thousand workers, in terms of the number of
which the city took the 8th place among the centers of factory
industry in European Russia. Textile, food and chemical industries
prevailed. Main factories: two manufactories of paper and linen yarn
and fabrics, a tobacco manufactory; chemical factories, match
factories, sawmills, carpentry, carpentry, cooperage, soap-making,
vodka, bell, felt and felt, leather, furrier and wax factories.
Industrial development did not prevent Yaroslavl from being
considered one of the most beautiful and flourishing cities of the
upper Volga region.“Yaroslavl is a city of which there are very few
in Russia. The embankment on the Volga is very good, ”wrote A. N.
Ostrovsky, passing through Yaroslavl. In local history literature it
was called "Russian Florence". Capital residents acquired summer
cottages and romantic "castles" along the Volga - in places baptized
"Russian Switzerland". Dumas the father found in Yaroslavl "one of
the best hotels in Russia, perhaps the only one, with the exception
of two capitals, where there are real beds." The Marquis de Custine
dedicated two chapters of the well-known book "Russia in 1839" to
his stay in Yaroslavl; at the governor's house, Poltoratsky, he
heard "echoes of the French spirit of the 18th century, that spirit
that had long disappeared in his homeland." During the celebration
of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty in 1913, Yaroslavl
was honored with a visit to the royal family (F. Kafka writes about
this in his diary).
The most destructive event in the recent history of Yaroslavl was the events of the Yaroslavl uprising against Soviet power (July 1918). Artillery shelling led to the death of residents, fires, significant destruction of residential buildings, industrial enterprises and historical monuments.
In 1929, the Yaroslavl province was abolished, and
Yaroslavl became part of the Ivanovo Industrial Region, but in 1936
it again became an administrative center - the Yaroslavl Region was
formed. In 1920, construction of the city began according to the
"Plan of the Greater Yaroslavl" - the city line was expanded more
than 5 times, new streets were formed, houses and utility facilities
were built. In 1921, tram traffic was restored, in 1922 a sewerage
was built in the center, in 1924 - a new telephone exchange to
replace the destroyed one, in 1925 the first pay phone was
installed. By the mid-1920s, the city already had over 100,000
residents. In 1923, on the basis of the Pushkin Library, the
Yaroslavl Provincial Central Library was created (since 1936 - the
Yaroslavl Regional Library). In 1924, all the city's museums were
merged into the Yaroslavl State Regional Museum. By 1929, the
largest enterprises in Yaroslavl were: Krasny Perekop (formerly Big
Manufactory); "Red Mayak", "Victory of the workers" and "Free
Labor", felting-shoemakers, tanneries, sawmills, factory of the
former. Westinghouse - brake manufacture.
In 1936, a new town
planning plan was adopted - the formation of the city center, new
streets, the development of Tveritskaya embankment, the removal of
industrial zones to the northern and southern borders of the city.
In November 1926, the first stage of the Lyapin power plant was
launched, which created the basis for the development of industry in
the city. In the first five-year plan (1928-1933), the construction
of a rubber plant, synthetic rubber plants (SK-1), carbon black, and
a shipyard began. SK-1, built in 1932, was the world's first
synthetic rubber plant, as a result, the Yaroslavl Tire Plant was
the first in the world to master mass production on the basis of
artificial rubber and by the beginning of the 1940s supplied about
80% of tires for USSR cars. In March 1933, the first stage of the
Yaroslavl rubber and asbestos plant was launched. A sand-lime brick
plant, an oxygen plant and others began work.
In 1919, the
Demidov Juridical Lyceum was transformed into the Yaroslavl State
University, but already in 1924 it was closed; his pedagogical
faculty again became an independent university - the only one on the
territory of the region for over ten years. Factory schools,
technical schools (rubber, chemical, textile) were opened in the
city. In the 1930s, there were three universities in the city - a
pedagogical institute, an evening engineering institute and a higher
agricultural school.
During the Great Patriotic War, more
than half a million residents of the Yaroslavl Region went to the
front, more than 200 thousand people died or went missing. At the
end of autumn 1941, the enemy was 50 km from the borders of the
region, the city was subjected to raids by German aircraft. From the
first months of the war, the industry of Yaroslavl switched to the
production of military products, playing an important role in
supplying the main defense industries.
Yaroslavl took an
active part in the restoration of the economy. The production of a
number of old factories increased. In 1958, the Yaroslavl Automobile
Plant was transformed into the Yaroslavl Motor Plant, which became
the main supplier of diesel engines for the country's cars. In 1961,
the Novoyaroslavl oil refinery was opened. Road bridges are being
built: in 1962 - a new reinforced concrete Moscow bridge across
Kotorosl, in 1965 - October bridge across the Volga, in the 1980s -
Tolbukhinsky bridge across Kotorosl, in the 2000s - Jubilee bridge
across the Volga. Since 1961, individual housing construction has
been prohibited in the city. In the 1960s, the Northern residential
area of the city (Bragino) was actively being built.
In
1944, a military infantry school and the Yaroslavl Medical Institute
(now the Yaroslavl State Medical University) were opened in
Yaroslavl. In 1951, the Yaroslavl Military Technical School of the
Air Defense Forces (now the Yaroslavl Higher Anti-Aircraft Missile
School of Air Defense) was created. In 1944, a technological
institute of the rubber industry (now the Yaroslavl State Technical
University) was opened in the city. In 1962, the Yaroslavl Theater
School was created (now it is the Yaroslavl State Theater
Institute). In 1969, the Yaroslavl State University was reopened in
Yaroslavl. In 1977, a branch of the Moscow Agricultural Academy
named after K.A. Timiryazev (now the Yaroslavl State Agricultural
Academy) was opened. In 1957, the Military Financial School (later
the Military Financial and Economic Institute) was transferred to
Yaroslavl. In 1985, the Museum of the History of the City of
Yaroslavl was opened.
In the late 1980s, the
maximum number of inhabitants lived in the city - about 650 thousand
people, then the population began to decrease. But, despite the
difficulties of the transitional economy, Yaroslavl managed to
preserve the economic and cultural potential. In 2007, population
growth was observed for the first time in more than 20 years. In
2006, a new master plan for the development of the city was
approved.
In 1992, the International Academy of Business and
New Technologies was opened in the city - the first non-state
university in the Yaroslavl region. During the 1990-2000s, the
Yaroslavl Museum-Reserve (more than half a million exhibits) and the
Yaroslavl Art Museum continued their active educational activities.
Since the late 1980s, many churches have been returned to the
Russian Orthodox Church. The first of the women's monasteries in
Russia was returned to the church and the Tolgsky monastery was
recreated.
In 2007-2010, the city was actively building new
and reconstruction of existing facilities related to preparations
for the celebration of the millennium of Yaroslavl in 2010. In
particular, a zoo was opened, a road bypass of the city was built,
including the Yubileiny bridge across the Volga and approaches to
it, Moskovsky Prospekt and the Volga embankment were reconstructed
(including the Strelka at the confluence of Kotorosl). A number of
objects for the anniversary did not have time to be put into
operation (among them perinatal and concert and entertainment
centers, a planetarium and a circus), they were put into operation
later.
In 2009-2011, Yaroslavl hosted international political
forums (in 2009 - in the format of a conference on the topic "Modern
state and global security", in 2010 - the forum "Modern state:
standards of democracy and criteria of efficiency", in 2011 - the
forum "Modern state in the era of social diversity "). The first
forum was attended by Romano Prodi, François Fillon, Jose Luis
Rodriguez Zapatero, Farid Zacaria, Alvin Toffler.
By train
Train timetables and fares can be found on
the RZD website.
Yaroslavl Glavny (Ярославль-Главный). The
main railway station, located at the western end of ulitsa Svobody.
From Moscow
Yaroslavl is 266 km from Moscow and 13 trains per
day make the 3-4 hour journey (RUB500-900) from Yaroslavsky Railway
station in Moscow. These trains include the Trans Siberian Railway
trains, departing from Moscow.
From Saint Petersburg
An
overnight train makes the 12-hour journey from Saint Petersburg
daily. Tickets cost from RUB750.
From other points
Journey
by elektrichka needs connection in Alexandrov.
Daily trains
include other destinations of Arkhangelsk, Ivanovo, Vorkuta,
Cherepovets, and Tolyatti.
By bus
There are buses from
Moscow Central bus station near Schyolkovskaya metro station at
08:30, 12:15, 14:15, 17:30, 23:15 daily. The journey takes 5 hours.
By car
Taking the opportunity of no traffic jams from Moscow,
if any, drive on Yaroslavskoye shosse aka M-8 'Kholmogory' and visit
beautiful destinations en-route: Sergiev Posad, Pereslavl Zalessky,
Rostov Veliky. The road takes 4 hours or more, depending on traffic
near Moscow.
By plane
Tunoshna Airport (Аэропорт
Туношна)), (IAR IATA), ++7 4852 43-18-00, is 18 km southeast of the
city centre. There are regular flights to Saint Petersburg and
Arkhangelsk and there are seasonal flights to Sochi.
Rides on public transport, which operate during the day
and late at night and include buses, marshrutkas, and trolleybuses,
costs RUB16-25.
The most useful trolleybus is trolleybus #1,
which starts at the train station, and goes all the way down
Svobody, through Volkovo to Yaroslavl Red Square.
Budget
Tourist (Турист), 2 Lenina st (from railway station by
trolleybus #3 to the stop Hotel Tourist), ☎ +7 4852 72-86-16. Close
to the Volga promenade. from 900RUB for single, 1400RUB for double.
Parus (Парус), 4 Volzhskaya naberezhnaya (Volga Promenade), ☎ +7
4852 30-41-92. For those who can rough it. double from 800RUB,
single 1100RUB.
Good Luck Hostel, 11 prospekt Oktyabrya, ☎ +7
920 65-11-999, e-mail: info@goodluck-hostel.com. Check-in: 13:00,
check-out: 12:00. The first hostel in Yaroslavl. It is very hard to
find, since it has no signs outside. Choose the door, where there is
also a tourist agency, and press number 2. 10/8/4 bed dorm -
450/500/550 RUB per bed.
Mid-range
Hotel Kotorosl
(Которосль), 87 B. Oktyabrskaya st (City center), ☎ +7 4852 212415,
fax: +7 4852 216468, e-mail: adm@kotorosl.biz.
Hotel Yubileynaya
(Юбилейная), 26 Kotoroslnaya Naberezhnaya (City center), ☎ +7 4852
30 92 59, e-mail: info@yubilyar.com. 5 min from a monastery at the
entrance to old town, it has 210 rooms with the Internet access, ATM
and souvenir shop in the lobby.
Volga Pearl (Волжская
жемчужина), Central Volga Promenade, ☎ +7 4852 73-12-73, +7 4852
72-77-17, fax: +7 (4852) 72-65-30, e-mail:
info@riverhotel-vp.ru.
Hotel on water 700 m from the city center with 38 rooms, Wi-Fi.
2500RUB for a single room, 4200RUB for a double up to 7600 for
penthouse.
Zvezdniy mini-hotel (Звездный мини-отель), 37 Pobedy
st, ☎ +74852 58-58-84, fax: +7(4852) 58-58-84, e-mail:
mail@yarstars.ru. The hotel in the city center with 18 rooms ranging
from economy to splurge. Romantic room. from 2800RUB for single room
to 5000 for double.
Splurge
Ring Premier Hotel, 55
Svodody st (City center), ☎ +7 4852 58-08-58, +7 4852 58-09-58, fax:
+7(4852) 58-09-62, e-mail:
info@ringpremier-hotel.ru. A
Western-style four-star six-floor hotel in the city center with a
restaurant, a pub Dublin and fitness facilities. Additional rooms
for disabled persons. Free wi-fi.
The best place to eat out is the Volga promenade but there is a
bunch of curious restaurants:
Ioann Vasilyevich (Иоанн
Васильевич), 34 Revolutsionnaya st, ☎ +7 4852 91-47-07. Ancient
Russian cuisine.
DudkiBar, 33 Sobinova St, ☎ +7 4852 33-09-33,
e-mail: dudkibar@dudkibar.ru. European, Japanese and grill menus.
Bars
Le Petit Cafe, Volzhskaya embankment. 4. 9–1 (Fri and Sat,
until 5; Sun, until 24). In the morning and during the day there is an
ordinary city cafe with an average price level, but in the evenings
there are regularly concerts and discos. Free Wi-Fi.
Your bar
(Yo-bar), st. Freedom, 1/2. Around the clock. The kitchen is also open
24 hours a day.
Dublin pub, st. Svobody, 55. 16–5. Irish pub - as far
as possible in Yaroslavl. Good selection of hot food, live music in the
evenings.
Dudki-bar, st. Sobinova, 33. 12–2 (Fri and Sat, until 6).
Hot dishes: 200–300 rubles; draft beer: from 80 rubles (2011). In the
daytime and in the evening it is a regular restaurant with a mixture of
Italian and Japanese cuisines, and at night it operates as a bar.
Cocktail bar Mojo, st. Trefoleva, 24a (shopping center "Kazansky"). 10–2
(Fri and Sat, until 4). Large selection of alcoholic drinks and
cocktails that you can enjoy with sushi. Strict face control and a
cunning entry system by calling through a video intercom. Free Wi-Fi.
Coffee house “Che Guevara”, Lenin Ave., 26. 11–23 (Fri and Sat, until
1). Hot dishes: about 200 rubles; draft beer: 100 rubles (2011). A cozy
establishment that is positioned as a coffee shop, but in fact is more
like a bar: pies and desserts are standard, but the selection of
alcoholic drinks is impressive. Chinese and sushi dishes are offered as
snacks, which were probably popular among supporters of Che Guevara. The
atmosphere is cozy and does not require an immediate transition to the
liberation struggle.
Beer house "Afonya", st. Nakhimsona, 21A. 12–22.
A colorful stylization of a Soviet beer hall, although the beer here is
homemade, and you can snack on it not only with dried fish.
Night
clubs
Club "Honey", st. Podzelenie, 7/1.
Jazz over Volga (Джаз над Волгой), the international festival of jazz taking place every odd year since 1979 in March.
Yaroslavl stores offer varieties of the local beer brand “Yarpivo”.
There are many large stores in the city, including Karusel, Axon,
Eldorado, and the Metro Cash and Carry and Pharaoh shopping centers.
Aura (shopping and entertainment center) , Pobedy, 41. ☎ +7 (4852)
67‒55‒55. 10:00 - 22:00. The shopping center is located at the
intersection of the main retail street - st. Svobody and st. Victory in
the historical and social center of the city. About 217 retail stores.
Old Town (city cultural and exhibition complex), Svobody, 46a. ☎ +7
(4852) 314‒330. 08:30–17:30. The complex offers mobile exhibition
modules, holding exhibitions and fairs.
YarSkazka is a souvenir and
gift shop. (Souvenirs with the symbols of Yaroslavl at retail at
wholesale prices.). ☎ +79301200553. 10:00-17:00. "YarSkazka" - an online
gift and souvenir store offers a wide selection of souvenirs: figurines,
boxes, souvenir magnets, decorative painted plates, photo frames, gift
games, piggy banks, souvenirs with the symbols of Yaroslavl, porcelain
dolls, etc.
Internet
Free Wi-Fi locations abound:
McDonald's at 119, Leningradsky prospekt and 115, Moskovsky
prospekt.
Kinomaks at 123, Leningradsky prospekt.
Mojo Coctail
Club at 9, Svobody st.
Yubileynaya hotel.
Le Petit Cafe at 4
Volzhskaya naberezhnaya (riverside).
Shaiba (sport-bar) at 135,
Moskovsky prospekt.
Rodina at 7a, Respublikanskaya st.
and
many more but they may be pay wi-fi points.
Yaroslavl is located in the central part of the East European Plain (more precisely, on the Yaroslavl-Kostroma lowland) on both banks of the Volga at the confluence of the Kotorosl River; 282 kilometers northeast of Moscow. The city covers an area of 205.37 km². The average altitude of the city center is 100 m above sea level.
Yaroslavl is located in the MSC time zone (Moscow time). The applied time offset relative to UTC is +3:00. In accordance with the applied time and geographic longitude, average solar noon in Yaroslavl occurs at 12:21.
The main rivers of Yaroslavl are the Volga (Gorky Reservoir) and its right tributary Kotorosl, the level of which is raised by the backwater of the Nizhny Novgorod hydroelectric station. Several rivers and streams flow into them, the most significant of which is the Nora River. In the channel of the Kotorosl, closer to the mouth, there are several islands; on one of them, Damansky, there is a park of culture and recreation. The right bank of the Volga is high and steep, the left bank is low. The average annual water flow of the Volga near Yaroslavl is 1110 m³/s, the average long-term value of the level of the Gorky Reservoir near Yaroslavl is 84.28 m.
The city is located in a temperate continental climate zone, with a
strong moderating influence of the Atlantic. The sum of temperatures
during the growing season (above +10°C) is 1892°C. The number of days
with temperatures below zero is 150 days. Annual precipitation is 544
mm. The total precipitation of the cold period is 146 mm. The total
precipitation of the warm period is 398 mm.
Winter in Yaroslavl
is moderately cold, moderately snowy, and lasts more than five months.
The average January temperature is −10…−11°C, in some winters frosts can
reach −40…−46°C; but thaws also occur; for example, in January 1932, the
longest thaw for the entire observation period was observed (17 days).
The height of the snow cover is 35-50 cm, in some winters it reaches 70
cm, but sometimes barely exceeds 20 cm. Snow cover is established in the
second half of November and persists for 140 days. Winds from southern
and western directions predominate. The average wind speed is 4.2 m/s,
strong winds, more than 8 m/s, and snowstorms are observed mainly in
December - January, up to 8-10 days.
Spring is characterized by
low precipitation. The average April temperature in Yaroslavl is about
+4°C. The melting of snow cover occurs in the first half of April.
Precipitation in April is low - 30-40 mm; its increase begins in May,
when more than 50 mm of precipitation falls. May has the lowest relative
humidity of the year - about 70%.
Summer is moderately warm,
humid, with the highest amount of precipitation in the year - up to
70-80 mm per month. The average monthly temperature in July is +18°C, on
some hot days the temperature exceeds +30°C; the absolute maximum
reaches +37.5°C. July sees the most precipitation of the year - more
than 70 mm per month. The rains are predominantly torrential, often with
thunderstorms (in June - July up to 6-8 days with thunderstorms). Winds
from western and northern directions predominate. Average speed is
2.5-3.5 m/s.
Autumn is characterized by a sharp increase in
cloudy skies - up to 18 days per month and an increase in relative
humidity to 85%. The average October temperature in Yaroslavl is about
+4°C. The amount of precipitation decreases, but its character changes -
there are heavy rains and fogs occur.
The annual census of nightingales, held in mid-summer 2010, showed that more than 900 pairs of these birds had built nests in the city.
Yaroslavl, being a large industrial and transport center, is
characterized by a high technogenic load on the environment. The most
important anthropogenic factors causing this load are, first of all,
pollution of atmospheric air, as well as surface water bodies and
territory (soils). As of 2010, more than 1.5 thousand organizations with
sources of environmental pollution, and more than 14 thousand legal
entities and individual entrepreneurs, whose activities generate various
wastes, are registered with the Committee for Natural Resources
Management and Environmental Protection of the city mayor’s office.
Observations of the level of pollution in the city's atmosphere are
carried out at five stationary points. The maximum permissible
concentration of benzopyrene is often exceeded, and the concentration of
nitrogen dioxide is high. Among the main air pollutants are motor
transport, as well as the Yaroslavnefteorgsintez oil refinery, a carbon
black plant, and a tire plant. Ecologists call Red Square and Tolbukhin
Avenue the areas with the most polluted air in Yaroslavl. The quality of
water in the Volga is low. According to the Yaroslavl Regional Center
for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring, the actual content of
phenols and petroleum products in water in 2008 exceeded the average
annual concentration standards.
On the territory of the city
there are a number of specially protected natural areas: natural
monuments - pine forests beyond the Volga (Yakovlevsky forest, Lyapinsky
forest, Vozdvizhensky forest, Tveritsky park, Smolensky forest), the
ancient cedar forest of the Tolga monastery, Krestovsky quarry, a park
in the Kotoroslo floodplain, a park in the village of Neftestroy,
Demidovsky Garden, Butusovsky Park, Skobykinsky Park, Pavlovsky Park, a
linden grove in the village of Norskoye, protected natural and
historical landscapes of Peter and Paul Park and Upper Island on the
Volga River.