The Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin is a fortress in the historical
center of Nizhny Novgorod and its oldest part, the main
socio-political, historical and artistic complex of the city.
The official residence of the Plenipotentiary Representative of
the President of Russia in the Volga Federal District, the
Governor of the Nizhny Novgorod Region and the Mayor of Nizhny
Novgorod.
It is located on the right high bank, at the
confluence of the Volga and Oka rivers. The northwestern part of
the Kremlin descends almost to the foot of the slopes, the
southeastern part overlooks Minin and Pozharsky Square, and the
southwestern part rises above the deep Pochainsky ravine and
National Unity Square.
XIV century
As the chronicle testifies, in 1221
Nizhny Novgorod was founded by the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yuri
Vsevolodovich, which was protected by wooden and earthen
fortifications. The first attempt to replace a wooden fortress with
a stone Kremlin dates back to 1374. At this time, Prince Dmitry
Konstantinovich laid the foundation stone for the Kremlin. However,
due to financial and political problems, only one tower was built -
Dmitrievskaya, which has not survived to this day. The modern
Dmitrievskaya Tower was built a century and a half later, along with
the entire Kremlin.
XVI-XVII centuries
Under Ivan III,
Nizhny Novgorod played the role of a border city, having a permanent
army, and served as a military gathering place during Moscow's
actions against Kazan. In order to strengthen the defense of the
city, work was again begun on the construction of fortress walls.
The construction of the stone Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin began in
1508-1509 in the upper part of the city of the Tverskaya (now the
Pantry) tower. The work was interrupted by the raid of the horde of
Khan Mohammed-Amin in 1505. Construction was resumed in 1508. At the
same time, the preserved old oak Kremlin was destroyed in a severe
fire in 1513. Construction was completed, it is believed, sometime
after 1516. The main work on the construction of the Kremlin was
carried out under the guidance of the architect Pietro Francesco
(Peter Fryazin), sent from Moscow. In the 16th century, the Kremlin
was repeatedly subjected to sieges and attacks by the Kazan Tatars
(in 1521 and 1536), while it was never surrendered to the besieging
army. By 1697, the Kremlin had lost its military significance.
The two-kilometer wall had 13 towers: 5 - rectangular
in plan - are passable (or gate) and 8 towers are round deaf. In front
of the Dmitrov Tower there was a remote fortification - a stone bridge
with a diversion tower, which was a novelty in Russian fortress
architecture.
On the upland side, the Kremlin was surrounded by
the so-called "dry moat" with a depth of 2.5 to 4 m and a width of about
25-30 m. It is believed that the moat could have separate recessed
sections filled with groundwater. This applies to the Dmitrov Tower
area. Nevertheless, the Scribe Book of 1622 speaks of digging a ditch 1
sazhen (about 2.5 m) deep and about 4 sazhens (10 m) wide opposite the
entire line of walls in the upper part. In any case, it can be a ditch
in a ditch (ditch), since a dry ditch was not enough. In this new ditch,
groundwater could stand. And there could not be water in a dry moat,
since the towers were immersed in it for a whole tier. The loopholes of
this level, together with the loopholes in the additional side casemates
of the strands (walls), were a lower or plantar battle. In the 17th
century, a moat also appeared in the foothills - in a small area in
front of the Ivanovskaya Tower. There are reports of cases of discovery
of underground galleries located deeper than the sole fight and
connecting some of the towers. But this issue has not been investigated.
"Stone City" had a permanent garrison. Nothing is known about the
Kremlin artillery in the 16th century. Although the structure of the
fortress allowed, if necessary, to increase the artillery many times
over, in the 17th century the artillery armament of the Nizhny Novgorod
Kremlin was relatively small, since after the capture of Kazan by Russia
in 1552, its military-defense value significantly decreased. In 1621,
the Kremlin had 22 cannons, in 1663 - 20, in 1619 - 19. Most of its guns
were small-caliber zatin (that is, serfs) "squeaks of a small outfit" -
volkoni, and there were much fewer squeaks of medium and large caliber.
There were also single mattresses that fire shot. Most of the cannons
were copper and only a few were made of iron. Some of the guns stood on
stands - the so-called "dogs", some - on wheeled carriages. In addition
to artillery in defense, of course, hand firearms were also used, for
example, squeak-gakovniki (fortress guns), and all kinds of edged
weapons were stored in the cellars of the towers, along with a supply of
gunpowder.
18th century
In January 1714, Nizhny Novgorod
province was formed by Peter I. Since that time, the Kremlin has become
the administrative center of the Nizhny Novgorod province and the center
of Nizhny Novgorod.
Under Catherine II, in 1785-1790, the Kremlin
was repaired, during which the roof was dismantled, lying on the
battlements of the wall. As a result, under the influence of atmospheric
precipitation, the masonry of the walls began to gradually collapse. The
teeth themselves were shortened by more than half, and this was done not
because of new aesthetic ideas, but in order to obtain material for the
repair of the Kremlin itself. The external fortifications of the main
tower were dismantled, and in 1834-1837 a moat was filled up, which
lowered the height of the Kremlin by about 4 meters. At the same time,
the lower tiers of the towers were underground, which led to their
flooding with groundwater and gradual destruction. At the same time, the
entire Kremlin was whitewashed, and its roofs were repainted red.
19th century
For a long time, the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin was not
properly cared for. When the Patriotic War of 1812 began, the Nizhny
Novgorod militia set off from its walls. At that time, the Kremlin was
not a defensive structure, but in 1894 the reconstruction of the
Dmitrievskaya Tower began. The author of the project and the head of the
reconstruction was the architect Nikolai Sultanov. He was instructed to
remake it into an art and history museum. To do this, it was necessary
to return the tower to its leading position in the Kremlin. The museum
was opened in 1896. At the same time, the Dmitrievskaya Tower again
greatly changed, acquiring an appearance unusual for the Nizhny Novgorod
Kremlin. At the top of the roof was placed a double-headed eagle - the
coat of arms of the Russian Empire. The whole Kremlin was completely
whitewashed again.
In order to get to the Kremlin, a funicular
was built from Rozhdestvenskaya Street in 1896. With its help, visitors
climbed from Skoba to the territory of the fortress. But it existed for
a relatively short time. In 1926, the funicular was closed, as a tram
line was built along the Zelensky Congress, connecting Rozhdestvenskaya
Street and Bolshaya Pokrovskaya.
With the coming to power of the Bolsheviks,
significant changes took place in the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin. It was
repainted red again, and the roofs on the towers became green. A
double-headed eagle was removed from the Dmitrievskaya Tower; the flag
of the USSR was placed instead. The Cathedral of the Transfiguration of
the Savior was also demolished - the House of Soviets was built in its
place (other churches of the Kremlin that survived at that time did not
escape a similar fate, with the exception of the Archangel Cathedral).
In 1935-1937, a new threat loomed over the Kremlin. The authorities
decided to expand Sovetskaya Square, for which it was necessary to
demolish part of the wall and, in particular, the Dmitrievskaya Tower.
According to the project of the Leningrad Institute "Giprogor", the
square was supposed to pass through the Kremlin territory to the House
of Soviets. The Kremlin, on the other hand, was perceived in those years
as "a monument to greedy feudalism and tsarist autocracy, a witness to
the terrible pages of a bloody past."
The architect of Giprogor
Nikolay Ushakov wrote:
The wall overlooking Sovetskaya Square has
been deprived of its value and charm by later restorations. The towers,
especially Dmitrovskaya, have been significantly altered. At the same
time, it is here that the walls of the Kremlin close the square from the
uniquely beautiful distances of the Trans-Volga region and from the
greenery inside the Kremlin. Therefore, from the House of Soviets to the
St. George's Tower on the embankment, these walls are scheduled for
demolition. Some buildings inside the Kremlin are also demolished. Get a
large round area. In its center, on the site of the Dmitrov Tower, a
monument to Comrade. Sverdlov, and around him a ring breaks the square.
Opposite the building of the Agricultural Institute, on the site of the
old arsenal, a large building of the regional party committee and the
regional executive committee is being erected, in addition to their old
buildings. The heavily greened area inside the Kremlin will surround the
House of the Red Army, located on the site of the former Cadet Corps.
Ya. Sverdlov Street will expand to 40 meters due to the left side. All
buildings on this side are gradually being demolished and replaced with
new ones.
However, the outbreak of war prevented the
implementation of this plan. On June 22, 1941, a meeting of the Gorky
Regional Committee was held in the Kremlin. On Sovetskaya Square that
day, a rally of thousands took place, at which the secretary of the
Gorky Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks,
I. M. Guryev, spoke and appealed to the Gorky residents with a call to
defend their homeland from the Nazi invaders. Later, the Gorky division
gathered near the walls of the Kremlin and went to the front.
The
Kremlin at that time occupied a significant place in the defense of
Gorky. During the war, the roofs of the Tainitskaya, North and Clock
towers were dismantled and anti-aircraft machine guns were installed on
the upper platforms. So the fortress protected the airspace of the city
from German aircraft. Nazi pilots tried to bomb the Kanavinsky Bridge,
but met the Kremlin anti-aircraft fire on the way to it.
At the
end of the Great Patriotic War, near the walls of the Kremlin, on Minin
and Pozharsky Square (renamed Sovetskaya Square), a grandiose Victory
Parade was held, ending with a big fireworks display.
Large-scale
restoration of the Kremlin
For 200 years, the Nizhny Novgorod
Kremlin, having lost its defense value, was slowly collapsing. Fortress
walls and uncoated towers were subjected to repeated freezing, and their
masonry stratified and collapsed. Bulk soil, accumulated on the inside
of the walls in volumes of tens of thousands of cubic meters, in some
places created a layer up to 12 meters thick; the lower section of the
Kremlin with a length of 250 meters was completely destroyed, nothing
remained of the Borisoglebskaya and Zachatievsky towers (their
foundations were found during excavations). The deformation of many
surviving sections reached catastrophic limits and threatened the
continued existence of the monument, requiring urgent restoration work.
For the first time, the problem of restoring the Kremlin was raised
in 1938 in the Gorky Rabochy newspaper by the architect Svyatoslav
Leonidovich Agafonov, who worked on the master plan for the city of
Gorky, and Mikhail Petrovich Zvantsev, an employee of the Gorky Art
Museum. However, as in the case of the Soviet Square expansion project,
the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War delayed this large-scale
project.
On January 30, 1949, the Council of Ministers of the
RSFSR issued a decree on the restoration of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin,
which was part of the general improvement plan for the city of Gorky.
Restoration and restoration work began in the fall of 1949 and was
carried out by the Republican Special Scientific and Restoration
Workshop under the guidance of architect I.V. Trofimov, historians,
geologists, civil engineers were involved in them. Geodetic survey was
carried out by the Giprokommunstroy Institute. Since 1951, S. L.
Agafonov has become the supervisor and author of the project. At the
first stage, a general survey of the object and experimental restoration
of a small section of the wall took place; for a number of years,
preparatory work and the development of a restoration project were
carried out, which was completed in 1961. In addition to historical and
architectural work, modern means of engineering protection of the
monument were also provided, carried out under the guidance of engineer
V. M. Kostomarov: installation of drains, slope planning, anti-landslide
measures.
The restoration took place in 3 phases and was mostly
completed by 1965. The fourth stage began the restoration of completely
destroyed sections, which lasted until 1981:
1st stage - restoration
of the wall sections overlooking the Minin and Pozharsky Square, from
the Koromyslovaya to the St. George Towers.
2nd stage - restoration
of the river facade from Georgievskaya to Taynitskaya tower, with the
exception of the lower, completely destroyed part.
Stage 3 -
restoration of the western section along the Pochainsky ravine, where
before that large-scale preparatory earthworks were underway.
4th
stage - restoration of the northern coastal part of the Kremlin, where
the walls were completely destroyed by a landslide. In 1974, the
Borisoglebskaya tower was rebuilt on the site of the old one.
Thus, all the remaining walls and towers were put in order or restored
(with the exception of Zachatievskaya, restored already in the
post-Soviet period), wooden tents on the towers and roofs on the walls
were recreated, and engineering protection was equipped. Subsequently,
the restoration was limited to a partial re-cladding of the masonry.
Based on the results of the restoration and related archaeological
and historical research, the author of the project and scientific
director of the restoration of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin, S. L.
Agafonov, published the book “The Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin. Architecture,
history, restoration”.
Since 1973, the beginning of the practice
of transferring the premises of the fortress to commercial facilities
(tasting room in the Pantry Tower, later a bar) has been marked. On May
8, 1975, the exhibition “Gorky to the Front” was solemnly opened in the
Kremlin, dedicated to the memory of the labor exploits of the Gorky
people during the Great Patriotic War. In 1979, the Gorky City Executive
Committee decided:
“On the occasion of the 35th anniversary of the
Victory, the weapons exhibition in the Kremlin will be given the status
of a memorial. Install a memorial sign "Gorky to the front" on the
territory of the memorial."
Modernity
After the collapse of
the Soviet Union in 1991, restoration work ceased. Around 2005, the
Kremlin wall gave dangerous cracks in several places. In addition, in
many places the brickwork is crumbling, covered with moss and lichen. In
the same 2005, the restoration of the Kremlin resumed, but not
everything was done up to the mark - there are examples of intensive
alterations that significantly distorted the appearance of the fortress.
The use of the fortification as an excursion object has also only
worsened in recent decades. This is a consequence of abandonment and
misuse of objects. So, the small gate in the porch between the
Tainitskaya and Severnaya towers was walled up without a trace from the
inside and locked from the outside. Entire towers were occupied by
third-party organizations: the economic service, the post of the Eternal
Flame, the club of reenactors. In many niches of the Kremlin wall
(between the Kladovaya and Nikolskaya towers, as well as near the
Arsenal), glazing was carried out and trade pavilions were opened for
the sale of souvenirs, called the "City of Masters". Until 2020,
souvenir shops were also located in the passage of the Dmitrievskaya
Tower. Now they are inside the annex next to the Ivanovskaya Tower and
near the Clock Tower.
Also equipped with bars and cafes. Of
these, the oldest is the cafe "Grad Kamen", attached to the
Dmitrievskaya Tower from the side of Minin and Pozharsky Square (now
liquidated), and later - the Podkova bar in a wall niche near the tower.
In one of the niches of the "City of Masters" there was a cafe
"Gubernskoye", and after the liquidation of the "Horseshoe" - a cafe in
a niche near the Arsenal, instead of a souvenir shop. Back in the 1970s,
the pantry tower was first given over to a tasting room, and then to a
bar, which also occupied and rebuilt part of the wall around it.
In 2012, the reconstruction of the Zachatskaya Tower was carried out,
after which the ring of the Kremlin walls became closed. At the same
time, on the territory of the Kremlin, next to the existing Legislative
Assembly of the Nizhny Novgorod region, another government building was
built.
In 2021, large-scale emergency work and decorative repairs
of the fortress itself began, timed to coincide with the 800th
anniversary of the city. By the same anniversary date, a bronze model
“The Historical Image of Nizhny Novgorod at the Beginning of the 20th
Century” was opened on the territory of the Kremlin, 2.8 by 2.1 meters
in size, which depicts the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin and 480 existing and
lost historical buildings within the modern streets of Piskunov,
Dobrolyubov, Ilyinskaya and Markin Square.
Towers of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin
To date, all
13 towers of the Kremlin have been preserved or restored.
Counterclock-wise:
St. George's Tower - named in the neighborhood of
the Posad St. George's Church. Square 4-tiered tower, until the 17th
century - with a drawbridge.
Borisoglebskaya Tower - named after the
church in honor of the saints Boris and Gleb, which stood below the
Kremlin, near the banks of the Volga. By 1622 it was rebuilt anew. As a
result of constant ground movements, the tower collapsed, and was
finally dismantled in 1785. In 1966, the remains of the Borisoglebskaya
tower were excavated, and in 1972-1974 the tower was re-erected in its
original place.
Zachatievsky (Zachatskaya) tower - named after the
Zachatievsky monastery located nearby. Sometimes it is referred to as
the Zhivonosnovskaya Tower (according to the church and monastery in
honor of the Life-Giving Spring) or Belaya (by analogy with the
neighboring one). Two-tier rectangular tower with a gate. Destroyed by a
landslide in the 18th century, restored in 2012.
The White Tower is
named after the white-stone cladding of the lower part of the outer
facade. The later name of the 17th-18th centuries is Simeonovskaya,
after the Simeonovsky monastery, which was located next to it inside the
Kremlin. Round 4-tier tower.
Ivanovskaya Tower - named in the
neighborhood of the township church of John the Baptist.
The clock
tower is named after the clock installed on it in the 16th century. In
1836, during a second visit to Nizhny Novgorod, Emperor Nicholas I, who
was distinguished by eccentricity, ordered to arrange comfortable rooms
for himself and the Empress in the Clock and North Towers, explaining
this by the fact that in twenty years he was going to renounce the crown
and move to the city to live. The towers were hastily renamed into
Nikolaevskaya and Aleksandrovskaya.
North Tower - named for its
northern position relative to other Kremlin towers; It was also known as
Ilyinskaya because of its location opposite the Posad church of Elijah
the Prophet in Zapochainye.
The Taynitskaya Tower is named after the
"secret passage" in the wall near it to the Pochaina River. It was also
called Mironositskaya - after the Church of the Myrrh-bearing Women on
the other side of the Pochainsky ravine - and On Zelena - in the ravine
under the tower there was a "green yard" - a gunpowder factory with a
water mill, also Pochainskaya.
Koromyslov Tower - named after the
legendary girl with a yoke allegedly buried under it.
Nikolskaya
Tower - named in the neighborhood of the Posad Church of St. Nicholas
the Wonderworker, which stood on the opposite side of the moat. A
pedestrian bridge over the Zelensky congress, built in the 1980s, leads
to the tower.
Storage tower - served as a storage place. It was also
called Round, Tseykhgauznaya (Tseikhgauz - with German - "military
pantry") and Alekseevskaya - there was Alekseevskaya Church nearby.
Dmitrievskaya (Dmitrovskaya) tower - named after the Grand Duke of
Nizhny Novgorod Dmitry Konstantinovich. According to another version,
the name is associated with the church in the name of the Holy Great
Martyr Demetrius of Thessalonica, built by Prince Dmitry in front of the
tower in 1378. It was first mentioned in 1372-1374, being considered the
oldest tower, but it received its modern look in 1895 when adapted for
the Art Museum (currently it houses an exhibition hall). It has the coat
of arms of the city and a gate icon of the canonized founder of the
city, Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich.
Powder tower - used to store
gunpowder and other ammunition. Later names - Spasskaya (located next to
the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral) and Streltsy (next to the Streltsy
Sloboda). Round 4-tier tower. There are no frontal loopholes in the
lower tiers, that is, the tower plays the role of a caponier for
conducting sole fire along the adjacent fortress walls.
There were many temples on the territory of the Nizhny
Novgorod Kremlin, however, by the 21st century, only the
Mikhailo-Arkhangelsk Cathedral, built no later than the middle of the
16th century and rebuilt in 1628-1631, was preserved - the oldest
building preserved in the Kremlin. The grave of Kuzma Minin is located
in the cathedral.
In 2020-2021, for the 800th anniversary of
Nizhny Novgorod, the Church of St. Simeon the Stylite was restored,
located in the northern part of the Kremlin and demolished in 1928. The
reconstruction of the church was preceded by archaeological excavations,
during which (in October 2018) the remains of a medieval settlement and
a cemetery with about 900 graves were discovered on this site. The
oldest cultural layer dates back to 1221, when Nizhny Novgorod was
founded. The found items were museumified, and the ashes were reburied
in a special ossuary located in the altar of the temple.
Lost
Churches
Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral (destroyed in 1929-1930, the
bell tower was restored)
Military Cathedral of the Assumption of the
Blessed Virgin Mary (destroyed in 1929)
Church of the Descent of the
Holy Spirit (dismantled in 1845)
Resurrection Cathedral Church
(dismantled in the 1780s)
The Cathedral of All Who Sorrow is a warm
(winter) cathedral in honor of the icon of the Mother of God of All Who
Sorrow Joy at the Cathedral of the Transfiguration of the Savior. It was
located to the northeast of the latter. It was an elongated narrow
building a little over 38 meters long. Built in 1745. Broken down in
September 1841
monuments
Obelisk to Minin and Pozharsky
Memorial complex in honor of the Gorky people who fell in the Great
Patriotic War
Memorial "Gorky to the front"
Monument to Prince
Yuri Vsevolodovich and Bishop Simon of Suzdal
Monument to Prince
Dmitry Donskoy and his wife Euphrosyne of Moscow
Other buildings
At the end of the 18th century, a celebration square (parade parade) was
laid out in the center of the Kremlin. On the square were erected
buildings of government offices (1782-1785), the palace of the
vice-governor with an outbuilding (1786-1788) and the garrison house
(1791-1801). A bank office building (1785-1786) was built next to the
offices. In 1797-1806, in accordance with the decree of Emperor Paul I,
two barracks were built for the families of officers of the garrison
battalion: one on the south side of the parade square, the other near
the vice-governor's house.
In 1837-1841, the house of the
military governor was built (now the building houses the Art Museum)
with an outbuilding, in 1840-1843, at the direction of Nicholas I, the
Arsenal building was built. In connection with the reorganization of the
territory of the Kremlin, only in 1837-1841 all private buildings were
finally taken out of the fortress.
At the end of the 19th
century, for the All-Russian Industrial and Art Exhibition of 1896, 2
funiculars were built in the city, called the Kremlin and Pokhvalinsky,
in the city they were called elevators. In 1914-1915, the Red Wing of
the Cadet Corps was built.
In 1931, the House of Soviets was
built on the site of the Cathedral of the Transfiguration of the Savior.
The building is made in the style of constructivism and resembles an
airplane from above. Now the building houses the City Duma and the
administration of Nizhny Novgorod.
In 1934-1935, according to the
project of architect Vladimir Orelsky, a garage of the Regional
Committee (building No. 4a) was erected near the St. George Tower. The
building was made in the style of post-constructivism, using the theme
of the so-called "red" or "proletarian dorica" by the architect Ivan
Fomin, whose follower was Orelsky.
In 1965, next to the obelisk
to Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, the Eternal Flame was lit
and a memorial complex was opened in honor of the Gorky people who fell
in the Great Patriotic War.
From 1928 to 1968, a tram depot was
located on the territory of the Kremlin in the building of the former
Manege; subsequently it was converted into warehouses and garages, after
which it fell into disrepair. Only in 2018-2020 did the restoration of
the original appearance of the building begin - the church of St.
Nicholas the Wonderworker adjoining the arena was rebuilt (and
consecrated), and in 2021 the arena itself, now used as an exhibition
space, was rebuilt.
Influenced by the architecture of the Moscow
Palace of Congresses, in 1975, on the site of the demolished Assumption
Cathedral, the building of the Gorky Regional Party Committee
(architects V. V. Voronkov, V. N. Rymarenko) was erected.
The
Spassky Chapel was built in 2012. It was erected in front of the
administration building of Nizhny Novgorod in memory of the
Transfiguration Cathedral destroyed in Soviet times.
In the early
2000s, the construction of modern administrative buildings was launched
on the territory of the Kremlin, violating federal legislation on
cultural heritage sites (construction is prohibited on the territory of
the ancient architectural complex). In 2008, the construction of the
first stage of the Government Complex began in the southeastern part of
the Kremlin (architects A. A. Khudin, M. V. Dutsev). In 2014, the
Treasury Building was erected (architect Yu. N. Kartsev), adjacent to
the historical building of the Banking Office. In June 2015, it became
known that the construction of the mentioned buildings was suspended.
Ivanovsky congress (former Bolshaya Mostovaya street)
parade square
Cathedral Square (the House of Soviets was erected on
the site of the square)
Governor's Garden
Minin Garden (now there
is a memorial with the Eternal Flame on its territory)
Spruce Square
literary garden
Located outside the territory of the Kremlin, but
forming a single ensemble with it:
Minin and Pozharsky Square
Zelensky congress
Kremlin Boulevard
National Unity Square
Nizhne-Volzhskaya Embankment (the foot of the Chkalov Stairs and the
square in front of the Zachatievsky Tower)
On the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin there
are:
Legislative Assembly of the Nizhny Novgorod Region;
Government of the Nizhny Novgorod Region;
House of Soviets -
administration and City Duma of Nizhny Novgorod;
Arbitration Court of
the Nizhny Novgorod Region;
Department of the Federal Treasury for
the Nizhny Novgorod Region;
Museum "Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin" - a
branch of the Nizhny Novgorod State Historical and Architectural
Museum-Reserve;
Nizhny Novgorod State Art Museum (house of the
military governor);
Branch of the National Center for Contemporary
Art (Arsenal building);
The Kremlin Concert Hall is a venue for
various events;
Russian Orthodox Church - Michael the Archangel
Cathedral, the Transfiguration of the Savior Bell Tower, the Church of
Simeon the Stylite, the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker at the
arena.