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Anzhero-Sudzhensk is a city (since 1931) in the Kemerovo region of Russia, 115 km north of the regional center - Kemerovo. The administrative center of the Anzhero-Sudzhensky urban district. Population - 79 706 people. (2020).
The life of Anzhero-Sudzhensk is associated with the
development of coal deposits discovered at the end of the 19th
century. Settlements on the site of present-day Anzhero-Sudzhensk
appeared in 1896-1897 in connection with the construction of a
railway line and the beginning of coal mining. The village of
Anzherka was named for its location on the Anghera River; the name
of the village of Sudzhenka was transferred by people from Kursk
province, where there is a river and the city of Sudzha.
In
the 90s of the XIX century, construction began on the Great Siberian
railway from the Urals to the Pacific Ocean through the whole of
Siberia. In this regard, large-scale geological studies were
organized in the cantilever strip along the road. It was required to
find out the stability of the canvas and excavations, river
crossings, water supply, find building materials, iron ores, fossil
fuels, and much more. The work took about 10 years. Research along
the Transsib was carried out by special "mining" parties, which
included well-known geologists of that time: A. N. Derzhavin, A. M.
Zaitsev, A. A. Krasnopolsky, P. K. Yavorovsky. Director of the
Geological Committee A.P. Karpinsky supervised the work. Exploring
the northeastern part of the Kuznetsk basin, in the
Anzhero-Sudzhensky region, coal-bearing deposits were noted in the
basins of the Malye Kozly and Mazalovsky Kitat rivers. Large coal
reserves were discovered, which proved the continuation of the
Kuznetsk basin to the north, including the Anzhero-Sudzhensky
region. The first application for the commercial development of coal
on the Mazalovsky Kitat River was made in 1894 by engineer
B.F.Korvin-Sakovich. Here, in 1896-1897, the Sudzhensky mines
appeared, and in 1898, at the insistence of P.K. Yavorovsky, the
Anzhersk state mine began to work. In 1896, the collegiate assessor
Perfiliev and the Omsk merchant Remyonnikov obtained the right to
develop the Sudzhensk mines. In 1897, Lev Aleksandrovich Mikhelson
became their companion, who in 1899 became the sole owner of the
mines.
One of the first enterprises in the city is the
railway station "Anzherskaya". In the year of completion of
construction (1895) it was a small siding. Before the First World
War, industrial coal production at the mines was carried out at four
mines, and preparatory work was underway at three more. In 1915, the
Anzhersk and Sudzhensk mines produced 92% of the total production of
coal enterprises in the region. In 1901, construction began on the
first Central Power Station in Kuzbass. The CES began operations in
1905.
The news of the February revolution reached the Angers'
lands on March 3, 1917. On this day, workers rallies took place in
both Anzherka and Sudzhenka. With a general change in the political
system, the situation in the settlements also changed. On May 11,
1918, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR issued a
resolution on the nationalization of the Sudzhensk coal mines. In
the spring of 1918, the anti-Bolshevik forces took over power in
Anzherka and Sudzhenka, and the Anzher and Sudzhen Soviets were
dispersed. On June 28, 1918, a law was issued on the
denationalization of industry, according to which enterprises were
returned to their former owners. Martial law is introduced, rallies,
meetings, gatherings are prohibited. In December 1919, units of the
5th Red Army, during their offensive, began fighting for Kuzbass.
Taking control of Sudzhenka on December 24, 1919, units of the 27th
division launched an offensive on Anzherka and, having completely
captured the mines, launched an offensive along the railway to
Mariinsk.
In 1921-1925, vocational technical schools and a
mining apprenticeship school were opened to train specialists, and
in 1926 a workers' faculty was created for those wishing to get
higher education, where they prepared for admission to the Tomsk
Industrial Institute.
In 1928, two sprawling villages
Anzherka and Sudzhenka merged into one - Anzhero-Sudzhensky. The
status of the city was assigned in 1931 - by the decision of the
All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the settlement was given
the status of a city - the city of Anzhero-Sudzhensk. In 1934, the
city was first planned. At the same time, the city executive
committee makes a decision on the improvement and landscaping of
Anzhero-Sudzhensk. In 1931, a special settlement arose in the city,
in which dispossessed people exiled from the Bashkir ASSR lived and
worked.
In 1928, the first People's Commissar of Health
Semashko N.A. the city hospital was founded. "14 years of October".
In 1930, a new radio center was put into operation, two thousand
radio points were installed.
By 1934, there were 15 libraries, 7 clubs, a cinema for 530
seats, 2 stadiums, and a park of culture and recreation in the city.
During these years, a large enterprise became a printing house,
created in 1920 on the basis of a marching printing house of the 5th
Red Army. By 1934, five newspapers were published in
Anzhero-Sudzhensk: "Struggle for Coal", "Udarnik Coal", "For Coal",
"Udarnik Fields", "For Bolshevik Collective Farms".
By 1941,
a strong industrial base had been formed in the city. It was based
on five large enterprises of union significance - the Anzherougol
trust (these are mines, an ore repair plant, TsES-Vodoprovod, etc.),
a meat-packing plant, a bakery, a timber-processing plant, and a
quartzite mine. It was during the war years of 1941-1945 that
Angzher's industry developed intensively. In 1941, the construction
of a glass factory began in the city. The plant was founded on
February 12, 1947, when the glass production itself was launched.
In the summer of 1941, evacuated enterprises from the western
borders of the USSR began to arrive in the city. During the Great
Patriotic War, the following were evacuated to Anzhero-Sudzhensk:
machine building, car repair, chemical and pharmaceutical plants.
During the war, the city received soldiers wounded in battles. All
the most suitable school and administrative buildings were converted
into hospitals. In total, eleven evacuation hospitals with 7
thousand beds were organized.
On December 1, 1945, the new
regional theater of Kuzbass opened its doors, located at that time
in the city of Anzhero-Sudzhensk. Six years later, at the direction
of the regional leadership, the already famous Anzhero-Sudzhensky
theater was transferred to the city of Prokopyevsk.
1954 for
Anzhero-Sudzhensk is significant with the opening of the Anzherskaya
concentrating plant.
At the end of January 1958 in the center
of Anzhero-Sudzhensk, the House of the Athlete was opened, which in
those years was the first in beauty and equipment in the Kemerovo
Region.
Since the city was growing at a fast pace, the city's
economy was in need of new electrical capacities, and the Anzhersk
CES for electricity generation could no longer cope with the loads.
And in April 1961, the newly introduced Novoangerskaya substation
received the first current from the Kemerovo-Anzhero-Sudzhensk line.
In 1971, the head pumping station of the
Aleksandrovskoe-Anzhero-Sudzhensk oil pipeline was launched.
In the eighties of the XX century, one of the best sports complexes
in Kuzbass "Yunost" with a swimming pool was built, the city museum
of local lore was opened. During these years, the city has 6 mines
and 1 mine: the mines "Anzherskaya", "Voskhod", "Sibirskaya",
"Sudzhenskaya", "Taezhnaya", "Fizkulturnik" and the Antonovskoye
mine administration; 7 factories: car repair, reinforced concrete
products, machine building, glass, chemical and pharmaceutical,
central electro-mechanical workshops; 2 mining and processing
plants: GOF "Anzherskaya" and GOF "Sudzhenskaya"; 3 motor depots:
Anzherskaya Avtobaza, Passenger Motor Transport Enterprise,
Sudzhenskaya Avtobaza; 7 utilities: Anzherskaya TsES, Zelenstroy,
Spetsavtokhozistvo, Water Supply and Sewerage Administration, two
Housing and Utilities Administrations, Administration of Utilities
Boilers and Heat Networks; construction organizations.
In the
early 1990s, it became obvious that the situation in industrial
enterprises and in the city was changing for the worse: delays in
the payment of wages, empty shelves on store shelves. These
difficulties were most clearly manifested in the mines. On July 15,
1989, Angzher miners gathered for a rally near the House of Soviets
(the building of local authorities). At the rally, the city strike
(workers') committee was elected (under the leadership of the deputy
chief engineer of the Sibirskoye mine, N.P.Smirnov), whose activists
tried to control the management of the city and to improve the
material supply of the city residents (primarily the miners) in
conditions of insufficient supply of goods to supply the population.
The atmosphere was reminiscent of the revolutionary 1917: "Power to
the people!" The workers' committee published its own newspaper
"Narodnaya Gazeta" (co-editors: V.R.Dolinsky, G.F. Rybnikov.). The
first issue of the newspaper was published on 08.06.1990. This was
the time of the "rail wars". As a sign of protest against the
deteriorating situation of the country's population, Angersk miners
blocked the Trans-Siberian Railway in October 1994, April 1997, and
August 1998. The "rail war" became a widespread form of social
protest in the 1990s.
At that time, the way out of the
economic crisis was seen in the privatization of enterprises. The
first to take this step was the team of the machine-building plant
in 1991.
In 1994, the first program of the Angersk city television went on the air. 1996 became for the city a year of ever-increasing social tension associated with the liquidation of unprofitable and unprofitable mines. The state of the city's industry is characterized by the further aggravation of the crisis state. The volume of production as a whole has decreased by almost a quarter. The number of unemployed has increased significantly. Only in the coal industry in 1996 the number of jobs was reduced by 15.3%. A regressive process of migration loss of the city's population begins.