Dzerzhinsk (until January 1927 - Chernoe, until June 22, 1929 -
Rastyapino) is a city (until 1930 - a working village) in the Nizhny
Novgorod region of Russia, the administrative center of the urban
district is the city of Dzerzhinsk.
The city was renamed in
1929 in honor of F.E.Dzerzhinsky, a politician and the first head of
the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating
Counterrevolution and Sabotage under the SNK of the RSFSR. Railway
station on the new direction of the Transsib, 34 km from Nizhny
Novgorod. A pier on the left bank of the Oka. The second most
populous city in the Nizhny Novgorod region. The population of the
city is 229,000 people. (2020), the population of the urban district
is 238 841 people. (2020).
In Soviet times, it was the
largest center of the chemical industry in the USSR, in connection
with which the ecological situation in the region was in an
unsatisfactory state. The city is mentioned in the list of the most
polluted cities in the world according to the Blacksmith Institute.
At the moment, some of the chemical enterprises are closed.
Shuhovskaya tower on the Oka is the world's only hyperboloid
multisectional transmission line support, made in the form of a
load-bearing mesh shell. Height 128 m. Located about 12 km from the
city of Dzerzhinsk on the left bank of the Oka, behind the village
of Dachny. This is one of the two high-rise multi-section
hyperboloid structures of engineer V.G.Shukhov that have survived in
Russia, the second is the Shukhov TV tower on Shabolovka in Moscow.
The Shukhov Tower on the Oka was built seven years after the tower
on Shabolovka, and is recognized by Western experts as more perfect
and worthy of being included in the World Heritage List.
History
In 1927-1929, according to the project and under the
leadership of the Russian design engineer, inventor and scientist
Vladimir Shukhov, three pairs of multi-section steel hyperboloid
towers with heights of 128, 68 and 20 meters were built on the Oka
near Nizhny Novgorod between Bogorodsk and Dzerzhinsk. Unique
high-rise structures - steel mesh 128-meter towers - served as a
support for the passage across the Oka River for the 110 kilovolt
power transmission line NiGRES.
V.G. Shukhov invented a
method for constructing mesh hyperboloid towers (patent of the
Russian Empire No. 1896 dated March 12, 1899, declared January 11,
1896). The world's first hyperboloid tower was built by Shukhov at
the All-Russian art and industrial exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod in
1896. V.G. Shukhov used the principle of hyperboloid towers in
hundreds of structures: water towers, power transmission towers,
masts of warships. New hyperboloid towers corresponding to the
patent of V.G. Shukhov are currently being built in Japan (Kobe Port
Tower), Switzerland (Zurich) and Spain (Barcelona airport).
After changing the route of the power transmission line, the four
towers of Shukhov, 68 and 20 meters high, were dismantled for scrap.
The two remaining high-rise towers on the Oka were recognized as
monuments of cultural heritage protected by the state by law of the
Nizhny Novgorod region No. 204 of 20.08.1997. Despite being
protected by law, in the spring of 2005 one of the unique pillars
was illegally destroyed - as in the case of the first four towers,
in order to be dismantled for scrap. There were even publications in
central German newspapers protesting against this act of vandalism.
On September 23, 2020, the tower opened after reconstruction
carried out by PJSC Rosseti under the leadership of General Director
Pavel Livinsky. The reconstruction took place in 3 stages: first,
the lost fragments of the tower's base were recreated, then the bank
of the Oka was strengthened and the embankment was built, then the
metal structures were treated with anti-corrosion materials and
lighting was made using 23,000 LEDs. Also, the territory around the
building was landscaped.
Tower structure
The support tower
consists of five 25-meter sections, which are single-sheet
hyperboloids of revolution in shape. The support sections are made
of straight profiles with their ends abutting on the ring bases. The
upper section is equipped with a support structure with a horizontal
steel traverse 18 meters long for attaching three high-voltage
wires. The tower stands on a circular concrete foundation with a
diameter of 30 meters.
Construction condition
In 2007,
IDGC of Center and Volga Region, JSC and the Government of the
Nizhny Novgorod Region made a decision to reconstruct the last
Shukhov tower on the Oka, which is on the balance sheet of the
Nizhnovenergo branch.
In March 2008, as part of the first
stage of reconstruction carried out by Nizhnovenergo, 16 steel
beams-profiles of the lowest, basement, section and two steel rings
of the base, stolen in the spring of 2005, were restored. The cost
of the first stage was 54 million rubles. The tower was built with a
huge margin - it held tens of tons of steel wire for the NiGRES
power transmission line - and, despite the absence of a third of the
base metal structures, it withstood three years, relying on only 30
remaining genuine Shukhov base profiles. The Shukhov Tower survived,
although its base was completely flooded during the flood and
withstood the multi-ton pressure of water and ice for a week. The
public and the voluntary donations of patrons played a huge role in
saving the tower. The Shukhov Tower on the Oka River was repaired
using bolted connections. For a complete restoration of the tower
according to V.G. Shukhov's technology with the use of riveted
joints, the state of the tower is analyzed by an international
commission.
On November 6, 2009, the working committee of the
Nizhnovenergo branch accepted the works of the second stage of the
tower reconstruction. The bank was strengthened and a promenade was
built; the cost of the work was 61 million rubles.
As part of
the third stage of reconstruction, scheduled for 2010, the tower was
planned to be treated with an anti-corrosion compound, to mount
lighting equipment for aviation, to improve the territory and
restore the road.
On December 3, 2014, by order of the
government of the Russian Federation, the Shukhov Tower was
classified as a cultural heritage site of federal significance.
The Chernoretsk Territory (Chernorechye) was first mentioned in
historical documents in 1606 in connection with the transfer of its
villages to the ownership of the Dudin Monastery. Later the villages
were transferred to the Annunciation Monastery, and in 1752
(referring to the document of 1606) "Pyra, the village of Chernoe,
to it villages: Rastyapino, Babushkino, Babino, Kolodkino,
Yuryevets, Igumnovo, the villages of Dubenki and Zhelnino" were
granted to Trinity-Sergieva laurel. Chernoretskaya volost was part
of the Balakhninsky district, before that it was part of the
Strelitsky camp (Strelitsa).
In 1862, the Chernorechye
railway station was built, which after it was transformed into the
Black station. A year before the completion of the construction of
the railway, that is, in 1861, settlements of the village of Chernoy
(Coastal region of Dzerzhinsk) began to form near the future stop.
Residential buildings stretched along the railroad bed and were
considered settlements of the village of Cherny. In the testimonies
of that time, the settlement was called: "Black, the first (second,
third) settlements." In 1904, for some unknown reason, the Chernoye
station was renamed into Rastyapino, and the settlements of Chernoye
were unofficially called New Rastyapino in common parlance. In 1918,
the volost center moved to "New Rastyapino" and the volost was
renamed from Chernoretskaya to Rastyapinskaya.
In 1869 the
alabaster factory was launched.
In 1875, entrepreneurs
Smirnov and Postnikov opened a cable plant, which also produced
tugs.
In 1909, the first hospital was opened, thanks to the
efforts of the merchant Kuznetsov from the village of Zhelnino.
In 1915 the plant of mineral acids was founded (nowadays - LLC
"Korund").
In 1916, in a deaf pine forest, between the Moscow
tract and the Oka River, an explosives plant was laid, evacuated
from Petrograd, which already in October 1917 began to produce its
products (now - FKP "Plant named after Ya. M. Sverdlov").
In
January 1927, settlements with. Cherny were expanded by the
annexation of nearby workers' settlements and renamed into the
village. Rastyapino. But two years later, the city was renamed in
honor of Dzerzhinsky, allegedly at the request of the workers.
In 1929, a little to the north of the railway station, a pine
forest was cut down and the construction of the current central part
of the city began (the central square was laid). Then the working
village of Rastyapino was renamed into the working village of
Dzerzhinsk. Lenin Prize winner A.F.Kusakin was appointed the
architect for the construction of the future city.
In 1930,
the village received the status of a city.
The end of the
1930s was marked by the entry into operation of new large factories:
plant number 397 (Zarya, 1936, production of gas masks);
plant №
365 "Oka" (1937, now - "Sintez", production of ethyl liquid);
plant No. 96 "Zavodstroy" (1938, now - PA "Kaprolactam", production
of mustard gas and phosgene (by January 1, 1939, it was planned to
commission the capacity at this plant to produce 40,000 tons of
mustard gas and 3,000 tons of phosgene per year). The territory of
the enterprise was divided into two parts: at the main site of
Caprolactam, LLC Industrial Park Oka-Polymer was formed. The
production of ethylene oxide and glycols, built in 1982, was
transferred to JSC SIBUR-Neftekhim.
since 1938, plant No. 148
(Plexiglas) began to produce chlorinated liquids. In 1938 the
Igumnovskaya CHPP began to work.
in 1953 the Kristall plant was
founded (since 2012 it has been part of the Rostec structure).
During the Great Patriotic War, more than 148 million artillery
shells, mines and other products were fired at the FKP Plant named
after Ya. M. Sverdlov ".
In 1991, Viktor Fedorovich Sopin
became the first mayor of the city.
On June 1, 2019, two
explosions were heard at the Kristall enterprise. As a result of the
explosion in the premises of the warehouse for the storage of
explosives of the plant, the building itself was completely
destroyed, and several neighboring buildings were also destroyed.
The fire was extinguished within an hour from the moment of
ignition. In total, more than 116 people were injured, 38 of them
were employees of the enterprise, the rest were local residents.
There are no fatalities.
The climate is moderately continental with relatively cold winters (early November - early April) and warm summers (mid-May - early September). The frequent passage of cyclones from the Atlantic and sometimes from the Mediterranean leads to an increase in cloud cover. Average temperatures are: January - about −10.9 ° C, July - +19.2 ° C. The average annual rainfall is 569 mm.
In Dzerzhinsk, there are 3 stationary monitoring posts
for air pollution. A real threat to the environment in the city
remains deep burials of waste from hazardous industries and a sludge
lake (nicknamed the "White Sea") with chemical waste. These objects
are under constant supervision of ecologists and are equipped with
the necessary equipment. The unresolved issue with the processing of
industrial waste by modern methods entails significant restrictions
in the development of the investment potential of the city.
Elimination of accumulated environmental damage requires significant
financial resources, implementation is not possible only due to the
possibilities of the municipal budget and funds of economic
entities.
2008-2009 Until 2013, Dzerzhinsk was included in
the Priority list of cities with the highest level of atmospheric
air pollution (this list includes cities for which the integrated
air pollution index (API) is 14 and higher). In accordance with the
Review of the State and Pollution of the Environment in the Russian
Federation for 2014, Dzerzhinsk was excluded from the Priority list
of cities with the highest level of air pollution. In 2014, the city
noted an overall decrease in the concentration of pollutants in the
atmosphere compared to 2013, and, first of all, benzo (a) pyrene,
which makes the greatest contribution to the level of air pollution.
The sharp decrease in the level of air pollution was significantly
influenced by the change in the maximum permissible concentration of
formaldehyde (taking into account the new maximum permissible
concentration, the level of pollution in the Eastern industrial zone
decreased by more than 2 times, however, an increase in the
concentrations of almost all other controlled pollutants was
recorded).
Substances that determine a very high level of air
pollution are: suspended solids, nitrogen oxides, benzopyrene,
phenol (one of the highest concentrations in Russia - the highest
average 2 or more MPC, the maximum one-time - 5.3-7.1 MPC),
formaldehyde ...
Further growth of industry, provided that
inadequate attention is paid to ensuring environmental safety, will
inevitably lead to an even greater deterioration of environmental
components (including in the residential part of the city). The
environmental situation in Dzerzhinsk, in turn, is the reason for
limiting investment potential.
According to scientists
working in the Swiss branch of the International Green Cross and the
American Blacksmith Institute, Dzerzhinsk is one of the ten most
ecologically unfavorable places on our planet.
Transport and
communication
Transport links within the city are provided by bus
(municipal and private) and municipal trolleybus routes. The largest
volume of transportation is carried out by route taxis and
trolleybuses. Tram traffic was stopped on December 17, 2015 due to
its unprofitableness and a drop in passenger traffic between the
residential areas of the city and the eastern industrial area, which
is fully provided by suburban electric trains. Dzerzhinsk and
Igumnovo railway stations, as well as stop points Pushkino,
Kalininskaya, Voroshilovskaya and 421 km are located within the
administrative boundary of the urban district. However, it should be
noted that lobbying for the interests of the owners of private bus
routes (some of which duplicated tram routes, in particular, the
T-24 route almost completely duplicated tram route No. 4) also
played a significant role in stopping tram traffic.
You can
get to other cities from Dzerzhinsk by the Gorkovskaya railway or
the federal highway M7 "Volga". There is a river cargo port in the
city. Nizhny Novgorod Strigino International Airport is 20
kilometers to the east.
Communication is provided by
enterprises of the Federal Postal Service and a branch of OJSC
Rostelecom. The city has a "Big Four" mobile operators: MTS,
Beeline, Megafon (including the Yota trademark) and Tele2
(Rostelecom).