Ust-Ordа (Bur. Khargana), (Bur. Ordyn Adag) is a settlement in the Irkutsk region of Russia. The administrative center of the Ust-Orda Buryat District - an administrative-territorial unit with a special status within the Irkutsk Region, the administrative center of the Ekhirit-Bulagatsky District. Forms a rural settlement of the municipal formation "Ust-Ordа".
The settlement is located in the valley of the Kuda River (a tributary of the Angara), mainly on the right bank, 62 km north-east of Irkutsk. Within the village, several small rivulets flow into the Kuda river, including Ordushka (Orda), after which the village is named, Idyga, Kulunkunka. The landscape within the village is flat, with several small hills. From the west and east, the village is surrounded by ridges of hills up to 718 m high. 3 km north of the village is Mount Bulen, which is a historical and cult place.
The climate is sharply continental. Winter with little snow, cold. The average temperature in January is -23 ° С, in July +21 ° С. Annual precipitation is about 300 mm.
There is a legend that at the beginning
of the 19th century, a rumor spread that gold was found in the
distant Vitim taiga. And at this time a resident of the ulus Kukunut
Khakhalov decided to settle his son Badma on the road. He married
him to a Tugutui girl Anna, but since his father did not agree to
give the house for an unbaptized Buryat, Badma was christened before
the wedding. The Tugutui priest at baptism gave him the name Peter
and gave him his surname Tatarinov. Examining the area for
settlement, Peter, with disdain, remarked: “Well, the place, there
is a swamp, mud, kharkhana (bush) all around. (This word later gave
the name to the village - Kharkhanai) ”. "Nothing, son," his father
answered, "but there will be a gold mine here." And, indeed, at
first glance, the place is uncomfortable: hummocks, swamps, thickets
of honeysuckle, willow. Therefore, people passed this place, no one
settled here. We chose a drier place. At the confluence of the
Ordynka they set up a hut, a smithy, and a bathhouse. And the young
Tatarinovs healed in a new place. People began to visit them, call
in. Father in the surrounding villages bought fodder, food,
clothing. Peter resold them. Working in the smithy also gave income.
The economy grew and grew rapidly. Growing up four sons Vasily,
Alexey, Mikhail, Efim helped their parents. Subsequently, the sons
got married, separated into independent ones. So the village of
Kharganai grew, the Tatarin tribe grew. And for a long time there
were no other names here besides the Tatarinovs.
There is
also a second version of the formation of the village. The
well-known toponymy scientist MP Melkheev in his work "Geographical
Names of Eastern Siberia" noted that until 1837 it was the Buryat
village of Khuzhir (translated as "salt marsh", "solonetz"). This
name is due to the high salinity of the soil in the vicinity of the
village, when in dry weather the land is covered with a whitish
coating of salt. Near Khuzhir, at the beginning of the 19th century,
there was an Ust-Orda post station in one courtyard, which was also
called the Swede, since once the station was kept by a certain
Swedish prisoner of war. Over time, the village, along the mouth of
the Ordushka River, founded as an initial point, a post station,
began to grow and was transformed into an aimach capital.
Since the formation of the Ekhirit-Bulagat aimag in
1918, the villages of Olzony and Bayandai have alternately been
administrative centers. But due to their inconvenient location, the
central aimag institutions were transferred to Ust-Orda.
"To
recognize the village of Ust-Orda as an administrative, economic and
political center" - such a resolution was adopted by the Presidium
of the Ekhirit-Bulagatsky District Committee of the RCP (b) on
January 5, 1925. Since that time, the status of Ust-Orda has
changed. Private small traders rushed to the aimag center, many
wishing to live and work here.
Here, already in the twenties,
there were all the advantages over other villages of the aimag.
Ust-Orda was an economic center: the population flocked here to the
market to sell and buy agricultural products, there was a powerful
consumer cooperative shop, the board of an agricultural
cooperative-credit partnership.
The geographical position of
Ust-Orda, located close to Irkutsk, on the intersection of the vast
majority of Bulagat and Ekhirite clans, was also advantageous. The
Olkhonsky tract ran parallel to Ust-Orda only 8 versts away, which
made it possible for the aimag population to visit the
administrative center on their business. A secondary school was
opened, and the construction of a hospital began in the same year.
On March 7, 1928, a radio receiver began to work in the village
club.
On September 22, 1928, the Ust-Orda hospital with 50
beds was opened. During this period, the hospital already employs 14
doctors and 17 nurses.
One of the first in Ust-Opde was built
a building for prisoners, then called the house of arrest. But upon
completion of construction, taking into account that “there are no
suitable buildings for a school, a hospital and in view of the acute
housing crisis in the center,” it was decided to transfer the
building to the District Committee of the PKK (b), it also housed
the RLKSM and the library.
In September 1937, simultaneously with the division of the East
Siberian Territory into Irkutsk and Chita Regions, the Ust-Orda
Buryat-Mongolian (later Ust-Orda Buryat) Autonomous District was
formed as part of the Irkutsk Region. By the time the district was
formed in Ust-Orda, although by that time it was the center of the
Ekhirit-Bulagat aimag, there were very few opportunities to "take
over" the duties of the "capital" of the district. Here, in addition
to the executive committee of the Bulagat aimak council, there were
the Irkutsk-Kachug highway department, MTS, the Krasnaya Ust-Orda
collective farm, the office of the Ekhirit-Bulagat aimach consumer
union, a small creamery, etc.
In a relatively short time -
for 1938-1941. Ust-Orda has grown significantly: whole streets
appeared from houses transported from different places, new
construction of office and residential buildings for institutions
and social and cultural enterprises began.
During 1938, under
the organizing committee, such governing bodies were formed as
planning, land departments, departments of communal services, public
education, trade, health care, district archives, etc. In Ust-Orda,
district prosecutors, courts, police, UNKVD, military enlistment
office and other institutions.
In 1938, an airport was opened
by the East Siberian Civil Aviation Department in Ust-Orda.
By 1941, the settlement became the largest in terms of the number of
inhabitants in the district. As of the end of 1940, about 5 thousand
people lived here.
By the decree of the Presidium of the
Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR dated March 27, 1941, the village of
Ust-Orda, Ekhirit-Bulagat aimak (district) of the Ust-Orda
Buryat-Mongolian national district of the Irkutsk region, was
assigned to the category of working settlements with the assignment
of the name - the working settlement Ust-Orda...
In
1944, a drama theater and a local history museum were opened in
Ust-Orda. A. Ulakhanov became the first director of the museum. The
museum was opened for mass visits after the war. The district
theater in 1944 worked on staging two performances in the Buryat
language of the People's Artist of the USSR Tsydenzhapov "The
Sniper" and "The Son of the People", gave performances and
theatrical concerts in Ust-Orda, aimak centers, in the uluses and
villages of the district.
In 1956, the Erdem cinema with an
auditorium for 300 people was opened in the district center.
In 1957 a new bathhouse was built.
In 1958, a new air line
"Ust-Orda - Irkutsk" was opened, a semi-automatic telephone exchange
began to operate, a children's music school was opened, a store
"Gastronom" was built.
In 1959, the House of Pioneers opened
its doors.
In September 1961, the district's first eight-year
boarding school for 100 people was opened in the village.
In
October 1961, for the first time in the district, large-format films
were shown there.
In 1962, the House of Culture became an
adornment and a great gift for the inhabitants of the working
village.
In 1964, the village received a new three-storey
high school number 1.
Since 1964, they began to build a
typical hospital complex for 250 beds.
In 1972, a polyclinic
was commissioned for 500 visits per day.
The administrative
buildings of the Okrug Party Committee, Okrug Executive Committee,
Possovet, Raypo, the Yubileiny store, the Uryaal cafe, the hotel,
and the consumer services complex, built later, made the village
look urban.
Since 1992 it has the status of a rural
settlement.