Maladzyechna is a city in the Minsk region of Belarus on the Usha
River. The administrative center of the Maladzyechna district. It
was first mentioned in written sources in 1388. It is located 73 km
north-west of Minsk. The area of the city is 33.33 or 33.49 km².
As of January 1, 2018, the population is 95,011 people.
The
toponym "Maladzyechna" apparently comes from the name of the
Molodechanka river (Belorussian Maladzechanka), which disappeared as
a result of reclamation work. There is also an opinion that the name
of the city came from the words "young" (meaning - small, a warrior
in the princely squad), "young", "junior" or from a combination of
two old words "little" and "nadechyts", which means "little land a
place".
Since the beginning of the 20th century, the Maladzyechna
form has been established in the Belarusian literary language in
accordance with the speech of local residents. At the same time, the
name Maladzyechna is an example of the influence of the Polish
language, from where it passed first into Russian, and then into the
official spelling of the Belarusian language.
The toponym "Molodechna" apparently comes from
the name of the Molodechanka river (Belorussian Maladzechanka),
which disappeared as a result of land reclamation. There is also an
opinion that the name of the city came from the words "young"
(meaning - small, a warrior in the princely squad), "young",
"junior" or from a combination of two old words "little" and
"nadechyts", which means "little land a place".
Since the
beginning of the 20th century, the Molodechno form has been
established in the Belarusian literary language in accordance with
the speech of local residents. At the same time, the name Molodechno
is an example of the influence of the Polish language, from where it
passed first into Russian, and then into the official spelling of
the Belarusian language.
December 16, 1388: the
first known written mention in a sworn certificate of the appanage
Novgorod-Seversk prince Dmitry Olgerdovich (Koribut) to the Grand
Duke of Lithuania Jagailo.
1413: part of the Vilnius Voivodeship
of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
XV century: at the confluence of
Molodechanka and Usha, the Molodechno castle was built, which
repeatedly burned in fires (1519 - twice and in 1533) and was
finally destroyed in the XVIII century. The development of the city
was facilitated by the trade route from Minsk through
Radoshkovichi-Molodechno-Krevo to Vilnius.
In 1534, Russian
governors Mikhail Gorbaty and Mikita Obolensky "reached Molodechno
with fire and sword."
In 1551, the Grand Duke of Lithuania
Zhigimont presented the Molodechno courtyard to Prince Mikhail
Ivanovich Mstislavsky, who after his death bequeathed it to his 4
daughters. It also belonged to the Zaslavsky, Sagnushki, Ragoz,
Radziwills, Oginsky, Tyshkevichs.
During the Livonian War
(1558-1583). The Molodechno estate was divided into different parts,
which were owned by different owners.
1600: wooden Orthodox
church built
In 1617, part of the estate was bought by Lev
Sapega.
In 1623 there is a small town (more than 1,000
inhabitants). There were 8 streets: Bolshaya Zamkovaya, Malaya
Zamkovaya, Agorodnicheskaya, Rynochnaya, Lebedevskaya, Tyukomskaya
1708: Swedish troops occupied Molodechno.
At the beginning of the
XIII century, Molodechno Castle became the residence of the Oginsky
princes
1758 M. Oginsky built a wooden church.
1785 the
Orthodox Church was converted into a Uniate
1793: as a result of
the second partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the city
ended up in the Vileika district of the Minsk province of the
Russian Empire.
November 22-23 (December 4-5) 1812: There was a
battle between the Russian vanguards of General E. I. Chaplitsa (3rd
Western Army) and General of the cavalry M. I. Platov with the
French rearguard under the command of Marshal K. Victor. During the
war of 1812, Napoleon Bonaparte stayed in the city.
Since 1814
Molodechno belonged to the famous composer, Senator M.S. Oginsky.
April 14, 1831: Molodechno was occupied by a rebel detachment led by
M. Khodzka. The students of the local school joined the uprising.
After the suppression of the uprising, the school was closed, the
teachers were arrested and sent to the Minsk prison.
In the
summer of 1834, Mikhail Bakunin, a Russian thinker, revolutionary,
pan-Slavist, anarchist, one of the ideologists of populism and
ideological opponent of Karl Marx, was sent to serve in the army in
one of the batteries located in Molodechno.
1847: became part of
the Vilna province.
During the uprising of 1863, rebel
detachments under the leadership of Y. Bakshtansky and V. Kozel
operated in the vicinity of Molodechno.
1861. The estate
Molodechno with farms in the Vileika district belonged to the
landowner Tyshkevich. There were 210 male serfs and 65 households in
the estate. Obligations of the peasants: drive for 6 days for male
and female workers. Night guard in turn. Underwater 3 times a year
for 140 versts of distance. Construction as needed.
1864: A
teachers' seminary was opened in Molodechno, the first in the
territory of modern Belarus and one of the first in Russia. It was
called the center of Western Russian public education. It existed
from 1864 to 1924. It was founded on the basis of a progymnasium as
a 2-year one, supported by the treasury. They taught the Law of God,
the Russian and Church Slavonic languages, the fundamentals of
pedagogy, arithmetic, geometry, drawing, history and geography of
Russia, land surveying, calligraphy and singing. In 1870, the third
grade was opened, and crafts and gymnastics were introduced into the
program. A meteorological station operated at the seminary. in
1872-1906 there was a preparatory class that was not associated with
the seminar course. In 1907, the 4th grade was opened, the program
includes Russian literature and the history of Russian literature,
physics, psychology, the history of pedagogy, and teaching methods.
Young men of all classes were admitted (preference was given to the
children of peasants) from the age of 17, of the Orthodox faith, who
graduated from primary school. There was an exemplary school at the
seminary, where the seminarians underwent teaching practice. The
seminary had a library, a pedagogical museum (1910-1914), a theater
(1905-1911), a symphony orchestra (1900-1907) in 1915 and was
evacuated to Smolensk.
1867-1871: The Church of the Intercession was built of bricks in
the pseudo-Russian style
1873: construction of the Libavo-Romny
railway helped transform the town into a railway junction.
1915
Jewish pogrom was organized by the Cossacks of the Russian Imperial
Army.
1918-1925: as a part of the Polish Republic, an independent
gmina as part of the Wilejski district of the Vilna Voivodeship.
1925-1939: a separate povet within the Vilnius Voivodeship.
April
26, 1929: Official city status. At the same time, the settlements
from the commune of the same name were added to Molodechno - the
village and the farm New Bukhovshchizna, the farm of Molodechno, the
farm and torture chambers of Gelenovo, the colony of Zhavan and the
torture chamber of Tsividovka. From 1922 to 1939 there was a
garrison of the 86th Infantry Regiment of the Polish Army in the
Gelenovo farm.
1939: as part of the BSSR. In Molodechno, the 115
rifle division of the Red Army and the headquarters of the 3rd army
were located.
1940: the center of the Molodechno district of the
Vileika region.
June 22, 1941: Hitlerite Germany attacks the
USSR. On the night of June 24-25, German troops captured the city.
Molodechno was included in the gene. district "Belarus".
July
1941: on the outskirts of the city, the Molodechno death camp was
created for the mass extermination of Soviet prisoners of war
(Stalag # 342). In 1941, the civilian population was kept here,
there were about 30 thousand people permanently. The camp was
surrounded by barbed wire. The prisoners were housed in barracks
without heating, and they received 100 g of poor-quality bread per
person per day. Dozens of people died every day from physical
exhaustion, hunger, typhus epidemics and other diseases. The
executions of prisoners were systematically carried out. During the
existence of the camp until June 1944, 33,150 people died here. In
its place, a memorial complex was opened in memory of the victims of
the genocide in 1996.
February 1942 - July 1944: a sabotage and
reconnaissance group existed in Molodechno, which operated on the
railway. station Molodechno. Consisted of 7 people, the group leader
was D.Ya. Gernovich. The underground workers distributed leaflets,
reports, collected and passed on to the partisans information about
the armament of the garrison, the movement of troops and equipment
of the invaders through the railway. node. With the help of mines
received from the partisans, they carried out about 30 major
sabotage, including blowing up 9 military echelons, a warehouse of
fuel and lubricants and a turntable in the railway. depot. On the
night of June 7, 1944, near the village of Selivonovka, the
underground worker Lushchik knocked out the telephone cable of the
Berlin-front direct line for 9 hours. After the liberation,
Molodechno was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War of the 1st
degree, the rest of the underground - with medals.
July 5, 1944:
the city was liberated by the soldiers of the 3rd Belorussian Front
under the command of General of the Army I.D. Chernyakhovsky.
1948: The Victory Park was laid to commemorate the events of the
war, later the Stella with an eternal flame was opened. Festive
events are held regularly on May 9 and July 3 in the city.
September 20, 1944: from this date the city of Molodechno is the
administrative center of the Molodechno region.
January 20, 1960:
after the abolition of the Molodechno region, the city became part
of the Minsk region.
March 17, 1988: Decision No. 38 of the
Executive Committee of the Molodechno City Council of People's
Deputies approved the first known coat of arms of Molodechno. The
authors of the coat of arms: doctor of historical sciences,
ethnographer, archaeologist, director of the local history museum
Gennady Kokhanovsky (1936-1994) and artist Yuri
Gerasimenko-Zhiznevsky (1948-1997).
Early 1990s: the city was
ruled by the City Council and Gennady Dmitrievich Karpenko
(1991-1994 Chairman of the Molodechno City Executive Committee). The
largest campaign to de-Sovietize toponymy in the Republic of Belarus
took place.
April 25, 1993: the monument "Martyrs for freedom and
independence of Belarus" was solemnly unveiled in the central square
by local authorities led by Gennady Dmitrievich Karpenko in the
presence of several thousand citizens. Earlier, at the initiative of
the teacher Leon Timokhin and the director of the plant of
reinforced concrete products Nikolai Ivashkevich, a stone was
brought from Solovki, which became the basis for the monument.
May 3, 1991: Viktor Iosifovich Gonchar was appointed first deputy
chairman of the Molodechno City Executive Committee.
1993: The
first National Festival of Belarusian Song and Poetry "Maladzechna"
is held.
1995: appointed chairman of the Molodechno City
Executive Committee Chursin Nikolay Ustimovich, deputy. Chairman
Idelchik Efim Aronovich.
March 18, 1997: The festive ceremony of
the new Church of St. Joseph took place.
December 21, 1999: the
new coat of arms of Molodechno was approved by Decision No. 23 of
the Molodechno City Council of Deputies and included in the Coat of
Arms of the Republic of Belarus on February 10, 2000 under No. 39.
Authors of the coat of arms: A. A. Shpunt and artist I. A. Shpunt.
1999-2001: Chairman of the Molodechno Regional Executive
Committee Leonid Konstantinovich Zayats.
May 31, 2005:
unification of Molodechno region and the city of Molodechno into one
administrative-territorial unit - Molodechno region with the
administrative center in the city of Molodechno. Decree of the
President of the Republic of Belarus No. 248 of May 31, 2005 “On the
unification of the Molodechno district and the city of Molodechno
into one administrative-territorial unit”.
2005: Appointed
chairman of the (united) Molodechno regional executive committee
Kasabutsky Semyon Mikhailovich.
2009: Appointed chairman of the
Molodechno regional executive committee Gennady Mechislavovich
Kuchko.
2010—2013: Chairman of the Molodechno District Executive
Committee Fyodor Alexandrovich Domotenko.
2011: holding the
Republican festival-fair "Dozhinki-2011" - the traditional
Belarusian "Septemberfest".
March 5, 2013: Alexander Dmitrievich
Yakhnovets was appointed chairman of the Molodechno district
executive committee.
March 10, 2017: The largest protest rally in
the history of independent Belarus in the city (about 1000 people)
took place, called the “March of non-parasites” or “March of angry
Belarusians”. People gathered in the central square and after the
rally marched to the building of the tax office. They protested
against the so-called "decree on parasitism" and "tax on the
unemployed" (Decree No. 3 "On the prevention of social dependency")
and other actions of the authorities. The slogans were sounded: “No
to decree № 3 - Lukashenka go away”, “Basta”, “Shame”, “Long live
Belarus” and others.
September 4, 2018: at an extraordinary
session of the Council of Deputies, Yuri Gorlov was approved as
chairman of the Molodechno regional executive committee; earlier,
President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko agreed on the appointment.
May 19, 2020: The National Festival of Belarusian Song and Poetry
"Molodechno-2020" was canceled due to the threat of the spread of
the coronavirus infection COVID-19. The Molodechno Festival was
founded in 1993 on the initiative of Gennady Karpenko. From 1993 to
1996 it was held annually, after every two years. From 2011, it was
held annually again until 2020.
July 31, 2020: Presidential
candidate Svetlana Tikhanovskaya, together with Veronika Tsepalo and
Maria Kolesnikova, gathered, according to various estimates, from 3
to 5 thousand residents during a pre-election rally at the city
stadium.
August 9-11, 2020: up to 2 thousand residents gathered
in the central square, protesting against fraud in the presidential
elections in the Republic of Belarus, which ended in brutal violent
dispersals and detentions (arrests) of up to 70-80 people every day,
often with beatings and torture later. Complete disconnection of the
Internet by all providers for about three days.
August 13-22,
2020: protests against the violence of the security forces and
falsifications in the presidential elections in the Republic of
Belarus are not dispersed, the presence of law enforcement officers
at this time in the city is practically not observed.
August 16,
2020: the most massive protest action in the central square of the
city - according to various estimates, from 5 to 7 thousand
residents.
August 23, 2020: security forces began to appear
during protests in the central square and in other parts of the
city, again detain protesters against violence and falsifications in
the presidential elections in the Republic of Belarus, massive
political repressions began.
September 30, 2020: residents of
Molodechno Peskov Pavel Andreevich and Evstigneev Vladislav
Sergeevich were recognized as political prisoners.
December 3,
2020: residents of Molodechno Korobeinik Dmitry Leonidovich and
Solodovnikov Grigory Mikhailovich were recognized as political
prisoners.
December 23, 2020: the residents of Molodechno, father
and son Igor Sidorovich and Sergey Sidorovich, became political
prisoners.
January 21, 2021: a resident of Molodechno, an athlete
Aleksey Aleksandrovich Kudin, actually became a political prisoner.
February 9, 2021: Vadim Sergeevich Gurman, a resident of Molodechno,
was declared a political prisoner.