Mainz is a city founded by the Romans over 2000 years old. It is the
capital and with over 200,000 inhabitants the largest city in the state
of Rhineland-Palatinate. In her walls she houses the Johannes Gutenberg
University and the Roman Catholic diocese of Mainz. It is one of the
three strongholds of the Rheinische Carnival. Large festivals are also
celebrated in summer. In contrast to the neighboring Wiesbadeners, the
city and its residents also seem a bit provincial, here is enjoyed life
here. The Rheinhessian wine and the mild climate ensure the relaxed
atmosphere. With the State Theater, many museums and private stages,
Mainz is rich in culture and sights.
Opposite the mouth of the
Main on the Rhine, Mainz together with the neighboring Wiesbaden forms a
double center with around 480,000 inhabitants. The large cities of
Frankfurt am Main, Darmstadt, Ludwigshafen am Rhein and Mannheim are in
the nearby area. The city is embedded in the vineyards of Rheinhessen
and Rheingau, the narrow Middle Rhine Valley with its many castles
begins at Bingen.
The Legion camp Mogontiacum was 13 BC BC from
the Roman general Drusus on a hill, today's kit, built above the old
town. The opposite main in the meandering Rhine was dulled and was only
drained by the Romans.
Mainz experienced a lot in its history. In
the Middle Ages one of the seven electors and the Chancellor of the Holy
Roman Empire of the German Nation, later fortress of the German
Confederation, occupied by the French for a long time and under Napoleon
as the capital of a French department, part of France, from the German
troops to liberate Napoleon Destroyed in Mainz in 1945, 80% of the city
area were placed in ruins by British bombers, while the neighboring town
of Wiesbaden was largely spared by the bombs.
Mainz has been the
state capital of Rhineland-Palatinate since 1950. With the
incorporations of the 1970s, numerous still largely rural villagers were
added to the Mainz city area.
The separated districts
Historically, Mainz had six further districts on the right bank of the
Rhine. The districts of Amöneburg, Kastel and Kostheim, which have been
part of the city of Mainz since 1908, are particularly well known. On
July 25, 1945, they were followed by the borders of the occupation zones
after the Second World War (Kastel was in the American, Mainz in the
French occupation zone), under the order of the American occupying
powers of the “faithful administration” by the city of Wiesbaden. Since
then, the three “AKK” suburbs have been part of the Hessian capital. So
it happens that there is a town sign in the middle of the Rhine bridge:
"Mainz Kastel - Stadt Wiesbaden".
From the Kasteler bank of the
former Mainz district, you can look directly at the Mainz town hall and
the Mainz Cathedral. Mainz and Rhineland-Palatinate also feel more
cultural, in which companies were not the Hessian, but the
Rhineland-Palatinate holiday regulation.
The other Mainz
districts of Ginsheim, Gustavsburg and Bischofsheim, which were only
incorporated in 1930, today form independent communities in the state of
Hesse (Ginsheim-Gustavsburg and Bischofsheim). The train stations are
still called "Mainz-Bischofsheim" and "Mainz-Gustavsburg" today.
By plane
Frankfurt am Main Airport
IC/ICE: Between Mainz Hbf
and Airport long-distance station hour, travel time 20 minutes
Regional express: between Mainz Hbf and Airport regional train station
hourly, travel time 24 minutes.
Train:
With the S8 between Mainz
Hbf and Mainz train station, Roman theater and airport regional train
station half -hour, travel time 27 minutes.
With the S9 between
Mainz-Kastel station and airport regional train station, 25 minutes
travel time, travel time 25 minutes
Auto, Taxi: Via the Autobahn (A66
and A3 or A60, A67 and A3) 30km
Frankfurt-Hahn Airport
Bus
connection: several times a day between Bahnhofsplatz Mainz and
"Frankfurt"-Hahn airport, travel time 70 minutes.
ORN bus schedule
Mainz-Hahn. Fixed price: € 16.
Car, taxi: 85 km via the motorway
(A60, A61 and B50).
By train
The main station is located on
the IC long-distance route Cologne-Koblenz-Frankfurt Airport-Frankfurt
Hbf and Mannheim. He is also served every 2 hours by the ICE route
Wiesbaden-Frankfurt-Leipzig-Dresden. From Monday to Friday, a faster ICE
drives to Cologne in the morning and in the afternoon via Limburg.
Regional express trains from Saarbrücken, Koblenz, Frankfurt and
Karlsruhe also stop at Roman Theater Wikipediacommons (old town) at the
Roman Theater station. Regional trains come from Idar-Oberstein,
Koblenz, Wiesbaden, Darmstadt and Mannheim. The S8 S-Bahn line comes
from Wiesbaden every half hour and drives to Offenbach via Frankfurt.
Mainz is also connected to the Rhein-Neckar-S-Bahn.
At the end of the
Rhine bridge, the Mainz-Kastel train station is located on which the
S-Bahn lines S1, S9 and the RB10 regional train stop from Wiesbaden to
Frankfurt. From here you can make a promising walk via the Theodor Heuss
Bridge to the city center of Mainz; It is best to pass the Reduit on the
Rhine on the Reduit and up the stairs to the bridge.
In the
street
In Mainz, environmental zones were set up within the meaning
of the fine dust regulation. Without the corresponding badge, you risk a
fine of € 100 when entering an environmental zone. This also applies to
foreign road users. Date of measure: 01.02.2013
Entry ban for
vehicles of pollutant groups 1+2+3 (Info Federal Environment Agency)
Mainz is surrounded by a closed motorway ring with two motorway
bridges over the Rhine, a motorway bridge over the Main and a motorway
tunnel near Mainz-Hechtsheim. This Mainz ring is made up of the
following sections:
A60 from Mainspitzdreieck to the Mainz
triangle
A643 from Dreieck Mainz to Wiesbaden Äppelallee.
A66 from
Wiesbaden Äppelallee to Wiesbaden Mainzer Strasse
A671 from Wiesbaden
Mainzer Straße to the Mainspitzdreieck.
Motorways from the northwest:
A61 (left bank of the Rhine from Cologne and Koblenz), from Bingen A60
A3 (right bank of the Rhine from Cologne and Limburg), from Wiesbadener
Kreuz A66, from exit Wiesbaden-Erbenheim B455 and on the 2nd roundabout
over the Rheinbrücke.
from the north:
A5 (from the direction
of Kassel), from Northwest Cross Frankfurt/M A66
from the east:
A66 (from Fulda), switch to B43a and A3 in front of Hanau.
A3 (from
Nuremberg), from Mönchhofdreieck A67 and A60
from the south:
A5 (from the direction of Basel), from Darmstädter Kreuz A67 and A60
A67 (from Mannheim), from Rüsselsheimer Dreieck A60
A61 (from the
direction of Speyer), from Alzeyer Kreuz A63
from the southwest
A6 (from Saarbrücken), from Kaiserslautern A63. The A63 leads from
Kaiserslautern to downtown Mainz.
In addition, Mainz is connected
to the federal roads 9 and 40, as well as in Mainz-Kastel and
Mainz-Kostheim to the federal roads 42, 43 and 455.
By bus
Mainz has a good bus connection to Luxembourg and other cities in
Rhineland-Palatinate, e.g. B. Luxembourg (from € 16.10), Trier (from €
9.00), Kaiserslautern (from € 6.00) (Flixbus).
By boat
Mainz
is a laying station of the large excursion and cabin ships on the Rhine.
The timetable of the Cologne-Düsseldorf Rhine shipping is possible here
(InfoTefon +49 (0) 221 2088318).
The Primus line offers further
excursions, also on the Main towards Frankfurt (info telephone +49 (0)
69 1338370).
Anyone who has never done a steamer through the
Middle Rhine Valley has not seen Germany.
By bicycle
Cycling
routes lead through Mainz:
Rhine cycle path left Rhine. While the
bike path leads along Worms on the Rhine, you can see it in the
direction of Bingen. It is advisable to translate in Bingen by ferry to
Rüdesheim and drive over the Theodor-Heuss Bridge in Mainz.
Hiwwel
route over Central Station Cross and across Rheinhessen.
Cycling
routes pass by Hesse past Mainz:
Rhein-Radweg right Rhine, approach
from Mainz-Gustavsburg via the railway bridge or from Mainz-Kastel via
the Theodor-Heuss-Bridge. Leads on on the banks of the Rhine to Eltville
on the Rhine. Detour at Biebricher Castle to the Wiesbaden city center.
Hessischer Rad-Nernweg R6 past the eastern edge of Wiesbaden to the Main
Bridge in Mainz-Kostheim and Mainz-Gustavsburg
Hessischer
Rad-Nonsense R3 is identical to the Main cycle path in the Rheingau and
the Rhine cycle path on the right bank of the Rhine. It runs largely
along both rivers.
Main cycle path, from Frankfurt past the main
mouth to Mainz-Kastel.
Bicycle
The traffic routing of the city of Mainz brings good
chances of survival for cyclists everywhere, but from the city center it
is connected to the upper town and some suburbs with medium gradients.
Two bike rental systems are active in Mainz. On the one hand,
Deutsche Bahn with a station of her Call a bike system at the main train
station. On the other hand, the municipal utility company with Meinrad,
which maintains a dense network of approx. 200 rental stations and 1,200
bicycles. There are also stations in Mainz-Kastel and Mainz-Kostheim.
Half an hour costs € 1.50.
The bicycle in the lanes and buses is
free of charge, but only from 9 a.m. to Rheinhessen (RNN area).
Public transport
The backbone of local public transport is four tram
and 25 bus lines of the Mainz transport company. At the weekend there
are also some lines of the night, as well as the MVG Disco Express from
the Euro Palace in Mainz-Kastel to the main train station. The S-Bahn
line S8 between Frankfurt via Airport regional train station and
Wiesbaden runs half-hour and every night every night.
The S-Bahn line
S8 from Wiesbaden to Frankfurt and Hanau stops in Mainz-Nord, Central
Station, Roman Theater and Mainz-Gustavsburg. The Mainz-Kastel train
station is also conveniently located on the Reduit. From the Wiesbaden
district of Mainz-Kastel (S1, S9, RB10) you walk over the Rheinbrücke
and shortly afterwards is at the Electoral Castle and on the
Rheingoldhalle, which is located near the city center.
Line
network plan Mainz
The city of Mainz is connected to the
Rhein-Main-Verkehrsverbund (RMV) and forms a tariff zone (price level
13, single trip: € 2.90, children (6-14 years): 1.70 €. The day ticket
costs 5, 80 €, the group day card for up to 5 people: € 11.00. For trips
south and west of Mainz, the RNN transition tariff can be selected at
the machine. (Stand Sep. 2021 [1])
The Rhineland-Palatinate
ticket at the machine also applies to all Wiesbaden buses and trains,
the Saarland and both Rhine routes to Koblenz. The HessenTicket for up
to 5 people (Mon-Fri from 9 a.m., Sat, so all day) applies to all bus
and train lines in local transport, also for Mainz.
The district
of Mainz-Bingen, which is located around Mainz, is part of the local
local transport network (RNN). Between the two allies there are
transitional tariffs that apply in all buses and trams as well as all
local trains (RE, RB, S-Bahn). For trips beyond Bacharach into the
Middle Rhine Valley, rail tickets must then be solved.
Automobile
The public parking space is fully managed in the entire inner city area.
After 7 p.m., parking is only allowed for residents almost everywhere.
If you want to visit the city center and especially the old town with
your own car, you should adapt to the use of one of the numerous and
well -signposted parking garages from the outset.
Attention:
There are no signs in the parking decks of the Malakoff parking garage
on the southern banks of the Rhine that refer to the exit. Instead, the
signs with the inscription lead passage into the outside.
Attention:
During the Fastnacht celebrations and the Johannis festival, mobility
inside the city is severely restricted. Buses and trams are partly
interrupted and redirected. On Rosenmontag, all of traffic is resting in
the inner and old town. There is also no way through in many places for
pedestrians, since the train runs can be crossed.
Guides
The golden Mainz and its sights: a tour of the city history from the
beginning to the present day: Roman period, cathedral, old town and the
modern city center. · Every Saturday, from May - October, Mo, Wed, Fri
and so at 2 p.m. at the Touristik Centrale Mainz in the Brückenturm, at
the pedestrian bridge between the shopping center "Am Brand" and the
town hall. Adults: € 10, reduced € 8 (June 2022).
City walks with
the Mainz Greeters: Under the motto "Come on as a guest, go as a
friend", the Mainz Greeter offer free city tours. The guests get to know
the city away from the usual paths from the perspective of locals. The
Greeter are happy to authentically show the guests with all corners and
edges. Personal stories and experiences or outdoor and leisure tips are
also discussed. In the concrete consultation between the guest and
Greeter, theme requests are taken into account, which thus make these
walks into a personal and individual encounter with the city. In order
to maintain individuality, the greets are only carried out in small
groups of up to max. 6 people. The Mainz Greeter are a member of the
International Greeter Association.
Mainz cathedral. The buildings of St. Martin and St. Stephan began in
975 and completed in 1239. In the west wing of the cloister, which was
completed around 1410, the episcopal cathedral and diocesan museum with
a collection of sacred art from 15-18. Center. In addition to sculptural
work, it contains parts of the cathedral treasure, ornaments and
measuring sets, as well as books with valuable miniatures, manuscripts,
copper engravings and paintings.
St. Stephan, Kleine Weißgasse 12.
The oldest Gothic indoor church on the upper and Middle Rhine with a
late Gothic cloister. The chagall windows in the choir and transverse
house count on the conditions of the Bible on shining blue tones. The
only stained glass in a German church.
St. Ignaz. (1763-74)
St.
Quintin
Johanniskirche
Augustinian church, Augustinerstr. in the
old City. . With baroque facade - also called seminar church.
Ruin of
St. Christoph - war of war. War memorial for the victims and the
destruction of the city in World War II.
Carmelite church. Around
1350-1400, Gothic basilica built on Rheinstrasse.
St. Peter. Parish
church. Probably the most beautiful baroque church in Mainz, built in
1752-76, in the big bleach.
Christuskirche. Historizing style
1896-1903. Only Napoléon granted the 600 Protestants in Catholic Mainz
to the full civil rights with the free practice of religion. The
community, who has grown to 30,000 believers, built its new Protestant
main church in the style of the Italian high Renaissance in the middle
of double -run Kaiserstrasse. The dome is reminiscent of St. Peter in
Rome. The church, which was completely burned down in World War II, was
inaugurated again in 1954. The Bach Choir and the Mainz Bachorchestra
are located in the Christ Church.
Church of the Resurrection
St.
Franziskus, Mainz-Lerchenberg
In the course of history, the
name of the city has changed several times, and it has only been
possible to speak of a binding spelling since the 18th century. The
Roman name "Mogontiacum" can be derived from the Celtic deity Mogon
(Mogont-i-acum = "Land of Mogon"). Mogontiacum was first mentioned
in the historiography by the Roman historian Tacitus in his early
2nd century work Histories in connection with the Batavian revolt.
Different spellings and abbreviations were already common at the
time of Roman rule: "Moguntiacum" or shortened as "Moguntiaco" in
the Tabula Peutingeriana.
In Middle Latin, the name was
shortened from the 6th century and from then on "Moguntia" or
"Magantia" was written and pronounced. In the 7th century the city
name changed to "Mogancia", "Magancia urbis" or "Maguntia", in the
8th century to "Magontia". In the 11th century the name came back to
"Moguntiacum" or "Moguntie". In general, the city name was often not
influenced by actual language development, but by the prevailing
"fashion" of pronunciation. The 12th century referred to the city as
"Magonta", "Maguntia", "Magontie", and "Maguntiam". An Arabic world
map from the same period calls it "maiansa". From 13./14. by the
15th century, the name changed from "Meginze" to "Menze", which is
the name development in Latin sources. German-language sources speak
of “Meynce” in 1315, “Meintz” in 1320, “Maentze” in 1322, “Meintze”
in 1342, “Meintz” in 1357 and “Mayntz” in 1365. The surname
“Mayntz”, which originated at that time, is still in use today in
this spelling. Later they were also called Mainzer. The term Magenza
also appears in Jewish literature of the Middle Ages.
In the
15th century the spelling “Maintz” appears for the first time. The
spelling “Menze”, “Mentz (e)”, “Meintz” or “Meyntz” were more common
at this time. The name forms with ai or ay prevailed since the 16th
century and finally in the Baroque period. Since the 18th century
there have hardly been any changes to the city name. An exception is
the French form of the name Mayence during the French occupation in
1792/93 and when it belonged to France from 1798 to 1814.
There are two variants of the city name in the Mainz dialect, Meenz
and Määnz, and the population has different opinions about their
correctness. Studies have found that the spelling and pronunciation
form Meenz (pronounced with a closed e-sound) is preferred in the
old town, the other variant Määnz (with an open e-sound) is more
used in the Neustadt, the suburbs and the surrounding area of the
Rhine-Hesse region.
Territorial affiliation from Mainz
until 1244: Archbishop's city
1244 - 1462: Free city
1462 - 1792: Electorate Mainz
from October
1792 under French occupation
March - July 1793: Mainz Republic
July 1793 - December 1797: Electorate Mainz
December 1797 - 1804:
First French Republic (from 1798 Donnersberg)
1804 - May 1814: French
Empire (Donnersberg department)
May - June 1814: General Government
Middle Rhine
June 1814-1816: Provisional Austrian-Prussian
administration
1816 - 1918: Grand Duchy of Hesse
1919 - 1945:
Volksstaat Hessen
Since 1946: Rhineland-Palatinate
History and
Roman period
The urban area of today's Mainz was already a rest area
for hunters at the last ice age 20,000 to 25,000 years ago, of which
relics discovered in 1921 excavations.
However, the first
permanent settings in the Mainz urban area are of Celtic origin. The
Celts were in the second half of the first millennium BC. The dominant
force on the Rhine. The Roman for their new legion camp away. For a long
time it was assumed that this camp was around 38 BC. Was founded.
However, recent research has shown that the establishment of the camp
(and ultimately the city of Mainz) only later, namely around 13/12 BC.
Chr. By Drusus, took place.
After the Mogontiacum double region
was founded, the warehouse, which is located in the area of today's kit,
was surrounded very quickly by individual settings (lat. Cannabae). The
two legions needed craftsmen and traders to maintain their operational
capacity. These settlements are the starting point of the urban
development of Mainz. The city then belonged to the Empire Romanum for
about 500 years and was the capital of the province of Germania Superior
from around 89 AD and, from the 4th century, Germania great. In contrast
to Cologne, the capital of the second Germanic province, Mogontiacum
does not seem to have been raised to Colonia. The large Rhine bridge in
particular made the place economically and strategically significant.
The first city wall was created in the second half of the 3rd century.
From the middle of the 4th century at the latest there was a Christian
community under the direction of a bishop in the city. No Legion seems
to have been stationed in Mainz for around 350.
Medieval bishop's
city
Around 406 Mainz was conquered and looted by Vandalen, Alanen
and Sueben. After the time of the so -called migration of peoples, in
which Westrom fell, the city's rise gradually began, which finally
reached Franconian rule by 480 at the latest. The function as a
transshipment point for all kinds of commercial goods (later especially
trade fair goods that were intended for Frankfurt) accelerated urban
development. The space between the old Roman camp and the Rhine was
particularly populated.
At the end of this development, it was an
outstanding importance on cultural, religious and political level. From
the middle of the 8th century, Archbishop Bonifatius actively did the
Christianization of the East, especially the Saxons. 782 Mainz has been
raised to the archbishopric. The church province subsequently developed
into the largest beyond the Alps. In the 9th and 10th centuries, Mainz
acquired the title Aurea Moguntia. The influence of the Archbishops of
Mainz let them rise to Reichserzkanzlern, sovereigns of the Kurmainz
territory and royal voters (Elector). Archbishop Willigis (975-1011) had
the Mainz cathedral built as a sign of his power and was temporarily the
determining man in the empire as the Reichsman. In the course of this
rise of spiritual power in secular affairs, the city of Mainz had fallen
under the control of its archbishop.
For the first time, the high
Middle Ages brought special privileges for the citizens, which were
awarded to them by Archbishop Adalbert I of Saarbrücken (1110–1137).
Above all, they contained tax exemptions and the right to only have to
answer to court within the city. After the murder of the Archbishop
Arnold von Selenhofen in 1160, however, these privileges were reversed.
In addition, the city walls were dragged on the command of Emperor
Friedrich Barbarossa. Although drawn in this way, Mainz was soon again
the center of Reich policy. Friedrich Barbarossa invited the elite of
the empire to a court day on the occasion of the swords of his sons to
Mainz, which is the greatest festival of the Middle Ages on the occasion
of the swords of his sons. Already in 1188 he came to Mainz again to
break up for the third crusade on the "Hoft Day of Jesus Christ". In
addition to Speyer and Worms, Mainz was considered one of the Schum
cities and the birthplace of Ashkenasian culture.
In 1212
Siegfried II of Eppstein crowned the Staufer committee Frederick II in
the Mainz Cathedral to the king. Frederick II returned to Mainz in 1235
to hold a Reichstag there. On August 15, the “Mainzer Landfriede” was
issued on this.
In the clashes between the Staufer and their opponents in the 1240s,
the citizens of Mainz were reversed from both sides. The consequence of
this policy was that the citizens as a prize for their support in 1244
by Archbishop Siegfried III. from Eppstein received a comprehensive city
privilege. Afterwards, the archbishop was only formally head of the
city, the self-government, jurisdiction and the decision-making power
over new taxes passed to the citizens or the 24-member city council. In
addition, the privilege founded the citizens of their follow -up in all
warlike conflicts that did not concern city defense. From this point on,
Mainz was a "free city".
The time as a free city (until 1462) is
the highlight of city history. During this time, the political influence
of the citizens achieved the highest municipal and national importance,
of which the founding of the Rheinische Tädtbund 1254 made a clear
certificate. During this time, trade and trade were able to flourish,
not least under the protection of the city association and the guarantee
of the Mainz Stand Peace of 1235. Mainz rose to an important business
location.
From 1328 the decline of free bourgeoisie and its
privileges began through conflicts with the archbishop. In the Mainz
Abbey Fehde, the citizens hit the side of the Archbishop Diether von
Isenburg, who had made both Emperor and Pope a opponent. The city was
taken in 1462 by Adolf II, the competitors Diether's Archbishopric.
Adolf II then had the Mainz citizens hand over all privileges and ended
the time of the free city. Mainz became a electoral residence and
subsequently developed into a noble metropolis without its own political
importance.
As his successor, Adolf II recommended the increasingly powerful
Mainz cathedral chapter again Diether von Isenburg. In 1477 he founded
the university planned by Adolf II.
The Reformation, which
started in 1517, initially had good prospects in Mainz. The book
pressure with movable letters invented by Johannes Gutenberg around 1450
enabled the reformation writings and the Archbishop of Mainz and
Cardinal Albrecht von Brandenburg were initially open to their ideas.
Ultimately, however, she could not prevail in Mainz. The cathedral
chapter chose Catholic archbishops twice with a narrow majority. With
the exception of garrison communities, no Protestant community was
allowed to form in the city until 1802.
The medieval city
fortification had given way to a more modern fortress from the middle of
the 16th century, which finally included the whole city. Outside of this
fortress, no stone buildings were allowed to be able to offer advancing
troops. Therefore, the city could only develop in the open spaces
remaining within the walls, which limited the growth of the city to the
20th century.
Despite this fortress, Mainz was taken without a
fight by the Swedish army in the Thirty Years' War. Johann Philipp von
Schönborn, who became Archbishop of Mainz in 1647, contributed
significantly to the end of the war and under whose pontificate the city
was quickly recovered from the devastation of the war. After this war,
jurisdiction in the Electorate of Mainz was reorganized and from 1682
the general compulsory schooling was introduced, which had otherwise
existed since 1649.
In the baroque period now emerging, brilliant
buildings were created in the city, which still belong to the cityscape
today. With the term of the Elector Emmerich Joseph von Breidbach zu
Bürresheim (1763–1774), the Enlightenment also received its way into the
"city of the nobility" at the political level.
The ideas of the Enlightenment finally led to the revolution in France. In 1790 the so -called Mainz knot uprising had occurred. After France had conquered the left bank of the Rhine including Mainz in the coalition wars in 1792, Prince -Bishop Friedrich Karl Joseph von Erthal had to flee from the city. In March 1793, the occupying powers initiated the establishment of the "Mainz Republic" and had the first free elections hold, but this ended in July of the same year after the Prussian siege and bombardment of the city and the withdrawal of the French. A French siege in 1795 was unsuccessful, but the withdrawal of the Austrian fortress crew after the peace of Campo Formio led to the next French occupation of the city at the end of 1797. The nobility disappeared from Mainz and made the city bourgeois. Like all areas of the left bank of the Rhine, Mainz was annexed by France and as a Mayence capital of the French department du Mont-Tonnerre (named after the Donnersberg) under the administration of the French prefect Jeanbon St. André.
Due to the loss of its residence function, the city, which has
belonged to the Grand Duchy of Hesse since 1816, was very strong in the
19th century. Significant national events can therefore hardly be found
in city history at this time. However, Mainz was the seat of the Mainz
central investigation commission at this time as part of the demagogen
persecution as a result of the Karlsbader. The Mainz Fastnacht, which
develops from 1837, is of importing importance.
The fortress
function (now the federal fortress of the German Confederation) also
hindered the expansion of the city and the development of the
population. Until the end of the fortress, the city almost never had
more than 30,000 inhabitants. At Mainz, seventeen Rheinmühlen were
chained together around 1856 and anchored on the pillars of a Roman
bridge. When the last free spaces within the fortress, such as the
kästra, built, and the banks of the Rhine was moved to the northeast in
the 1880s from the 1850s, the population within the old town could
increase significantly. However, due to the fortress function, the city
could not grow as much as Wiesbaden.
However, the most important
development of the city was due to the incorporation of the "garden
field" or the new town. From 1872, this newly built city wall expansion
triggered a construction boom and population growth in the Wilhelminian
era, which, however, was braked by the stock market crash in 1873. This
expansion was made possible not least by the loss of meaning of the
fortress (from then on the Metz fortress served as a bulwark of the
German Empire towards France) after the Franco-German War of 1870/71.
From 1886, the construction activity in the Neustadt (and with the
laying of the main train station away from the banks of the Rhine also
continued in the Lauterenviertel).
Only shortly before the First
World War, the old fortress structures were finally demolished, so that
the city could now expand outside of the previous walls. The expansion
of the city, which was triggered by this and through the extensive
incorporations, led to further population growth.
In 1852, a 1.7
kilogram stone meteorite of type L6 was found on a field near Mainz. The
site is built on today and is located near Pariser Strasse.
After
Mainz hosted the 4th German Fire Brigade Day in 1860, the 16th German
Fire Brigade Day took place in Mainz from September 3 to 6, 1904. He was
the first after the turn of the century.
The First World War ended the short upswing that started after
grinding the city walls. After the war, the golden twenties went again
almost completely by the French until June 1930. After the end of the
occupation, there were again extensive incorporations (see table above)
that doubled the city area. On November 1, 1938, Mainz as well as
Offenbach am Main, Gießen, Darmstadt and Worms became independent.
National Socialism initially could not gain a foothold in Mainz. To
seize power on January 30, 1933, more people demonstrated against the
new system than for it. Nevertheless, the 3000 members of Jewish
community of Mainz was almost completely deported. The city was spared
from the Second World War to 1942. The first heavier bombing increased
to the worst attack on February 27, 1945, when Mainz was almost
completely destroyed by British bombers and around 1200 people were
killed. A fire storm had been sparked by fire bombs. At the end of the
war, the city was destroyed 80 %. On March 21, 1945, Mainz was finally
occupied by US troops as part of the Under Operation. The war continued
elsewhere in Germany ended on May 8 with the unconditional surrender of
the Wehrmacht.
After the war, Mainz was occupied by the French
again. The border between French and American occupation zone was the
Rhine at the level of Mainz, which is why the right Rhine districts were
separated. Following a proposal from the Wiesbaden regional council, the
districts north of the main mouth, Amöneburg, Kastel and Kostheim, were
incorporated into Wiesbaden, which is a reason for today's rivalry
between the two cities. The right bank of the Rhine south of the Main,
Bischofsheim, Ginsheim and Gustavsburg, became independent communities
in the Groß-Gerau district. The new formation of the states of Hesse and
Rhineland-Palatinate cemented this division. As early as 1946, the
university, which was abolished in 1798, was rebuilt. Mainz was
determined in 1946 by Ordinance No. 57 of the French occupation
administration as the capital of the newly formed state of
Rhineland-Palatinate and took up this function in 1950 instead of the
previous provisional seat of Koblenz. Mainz was able to end the almost
150-year process of provincialization. After the Second World War, the
population had fallen to around 76,000. It was not until the mid-1960s
that she reached the pre-war value again.
In 1962 the city
celebrated its 2000th anniversary, which was based on the (unoccupied)
view at the time that the Romans under Agrippa already 38 BC. BC had
founded a military camp on the confluence of the Rhine and Main. The
emergence of Mainz-Lerchenberg as a new district after 1962 and
large-scale incorporations around Mainz in 1969 ended the stagnation in
urban development and offered extensive expansion and development
opportunities. With the settlement of the ZDF on the Lerchenberg, the
expansion to the media city began from 1976, later the settlement of a
studio of the SWR followed and temporarily of the Sat.1 broadcast
center. This development was reinforced by the Gutenberg year 2000
celebrated with numerous activities. In addition to other urban planning
programs, such as the old town renovation, Mainz has also been involved
in the federal-state program "Social City" since the aforementioned
year. From 1969 to the end of 1995 the independent Mainz was also the
seat of the Mainz-Bingen district administration before it was moved to
Ingelheim.
On March 25, 2010, the Stifterverband for the German
Science of the City of Mainz awarded the title "City of Science" of
2011. The city therefore carried out numerous events, exhibitions and
lectures in cooperation with the Mainz universities, the associations
and educational institutions.
On December 23, 2010, an earthquake
of the thickness of 3.5 occurred at the Richter scale around 2:36 a.m.
The epicenter was in the Lerchenberg district. The earthquake did not
cause major damage. A flag (2.8 on the Richter scale) followed at 6:52
a.m. In neighboring Wiesbaden, a value of 3.2 was reached on the Richter
scale.
In September 2010, the new synagogue was opened in the
Neustadt Mainz and under the presence of the Federal President. In
mid-2011, after two years of construction, the Coface-Arena in the
fields near Bretzenheim opened as the new venue for 1. FSV Mainz 05
(today Mewa Arena). In December 2016, the "Mainzelbahn" was put into
operation as part of the largest tram project in the nationwide largest
tram project after 2.5 years of construction. Since then, lines 51 and
53 have connected the main train station via Bretzenheim and Marienborn
with the Lerchenberg. On April 15, 2018, a citizens' decision took place
in Mainz for the first time. A little more than 40 % of the
approximately 161,000 residents who were entitled to vote took part and,
with 77 %, voted against a construction project, the "Bible Tower",
which was largely decided by the city council, as a new part of the
Gutenberg Museum.
In the first half of the 19th century, Mainz had between 20,000 and 30,000 inhabitants. Due to the industrialization and expansion of the urban area into today's Neustadt, this number grew in the following decades and had more than doubled between 1850 and 1900. In 1908 the city reached the limit of 100,000 inhabitants for the first time, making it a big city. Mainz has had more than 100,000 inhabitants since 1952, and this number rose through several incorporations in the following decades. In 2011 the limit of 200,000 inhabitants was also exceeded. At the end of 2017, 215,058 inhabitants had their main residence in Mainz. [35] In summer 2019, the population (main and secondary residence) exceeded the threshold of 220,000 inhabitants, according to the city.
Mainz is located at an altitude of 82 on the Rhine up to 245 m above sea level. NHN in the district of Ebersheim. The city is located on the western (left) banks of the Rhine, which forms the eastern city border, with a rhine kilometer 500 halfway between Lake Constance and the North Sea. In the south and west, the city in the Mainz basin is limited by the edge of the Rheinhessian plateau and in the north extends a shelter back from the Rhine. The 50th latitude of northern width runs through Mainz.
The city of Mainz is located opposite the mouth of the Main on the
Rhine. In addition to the directly neighboring Wiesbaden, the large
cities of Frankfurt am Main, Darmstadt, Ludwigshafen am Rhein and
Mannheim are - apart from the directly neighboring Wiesbaden.
A
political peculiarity are the six former right bank of the Rhine
Mainz-Amöneburg, Mainz-Kastel and Mainz-Kostheim ("AKK") as well as
Mainz-Bischofsheim, Mainz-Ginsheim and Mainz-Gustavsburg ("BGG"). After
the Second World War, due to the boundaries between the American and the
French occupation zone, the battery city districts of the trusted
administration of the city of Wiesbaden were handed over or, as
Bischofsheim and Ginsheim-Gustavsburg, independent municipalities in the
Hessian district of Groß-Gerau were handed over. To this day, the AKK
city parts still belong to Mainz according to the attitude to the
lifestyle of many residents, which is expressed, among other things, in
Mainz's infrastructure. The city of Mainz describes it as "de facto in
Mainz". Due to the legally never completed area transfer to Wiesbaden,
you still have the prefix "Mainz-" in your official name (see also AKK
conflict and right bank of the Rhine of Mainz).
Neighboring
communities
The following cities and municipalities border the city
of Mainz. You are mentioned in the north in the north:
right bank of
the Rhine (Hessen):
State capital Wiesbaden (independent city,
including Mainz-Amöneburg, Mainz-Kastel and Mainz-Kostheim)
as well
as Ginsheim-Gustavsburg (district of Groß-Gerau).
On the left bank of
the Rhine the communities belonging to the district of Mainz-Bingen:
Bodenheim, Gau-Bischofsheim and Harxheim (all association community
Bodenheim),
Zornheim, Nieder-Olm, Ober-Olm, Klein-Winterheim and
Essenheim (all community of Nieder-Olm),
Ingelheim am Rhein with the
districts of Wackernheim and Heidesheim am Rhein
as well as Budenheim
(association -free municipality).
Principles
The urban area of Mainz is divided into 15 local
districts. Each district has a local advisory board consisting of 13
directly elected members and a directly elected local mayor, the
chairman of the local advisory board.
The local advisory board
can be heard on all important questions that affect the town district.
However, the final decision on a measure is then the responsibility of
the municipal council of the city of Mainz. In addition, there are seven
planning areas, 65 districts and 183 statistical districts, which at the
same time correspond to the voting districts.
The local districts
of Altstadt, Hartenberg-Münchfeld, Neustadt and Oberstadt correspond to
(without the Münchfeld, which had previously belonged to Gonsenheim) to
the former district of Mainz-inner city, which was dissolved in 1989.
overview
The annual ratio is 613 mm and is therefore in the lower
quarter of the values recorded in Germany. The driest month is February,
the most rain falls in June. This month, the rainfall is an average of
1.7 times higher than in February. The rainfall hardly vary and are
evenly distributed over the year.
The average annual average
temperature in the period from 1961 to 1990 was 10.1 ° C and thus well
above the German average.
Climate emergency
At its meeting on
September 25, 2019, the Mainz city council declared the climate
emergency. A joint supplementary application from city council members
of several parties approved the corresponding application with a large
majority and only with votes against the AfD. According to the
application, all future decisions, projects and processes of the
administration should be placed under a climate protection reservation
in order to achieve the goals of the Paris climate agreement of 2015.