Chernivtsi region (Bukovina) is an area in the southwestern part of
Ukraine. It was formed on August 7, 1940 from the northern, mostly
Ukrainian-populated, part of Bukovina and the neighboring part of
Bessarabia (with Khotyn). It is located within the Carpathians,
Ciscarpathia (Bukovina Carpathian region) and the Pokutsko-Bessarabian
Upland.
Area 8100 km; 922,800 inhabitants (373,500 urban and
549,300 rural). National composition according to the 2001 census:
Ukrainians - 75.0%, Romanians - 12.5%, Moldovans - 7.3%, Russians -
4.1%, Poles - 0.4%, Belarusians - 0.2%, Jews - 0.2%, other nationalities
- 0.4%. 11 cities, 11 urban-type settlements; 3 districts, 252 village
councils.
On the territory of the Chernivtsi region there are: 836 monuments of
archeology (of which 18 are of national importance), 586 monuments of
history (of which 2 are of national importance), 779 monuments of
architecture and urban planning (of which 112 are of national
importance), 42 monuments of monumental art. The List of historical
settlements of Ukraine, approved by the Decree of the Cabinet of
Ministers of Ukraine dated July 26, 2001 No. 878, includes 11
settlements of the Chernivtsi region: Vyzhnitsa, Hertsa, Glubokaya,
Kelmentsy Kitsman, Luzhany, Novoselytsya, Putyla, Storozhynets, Khotyn,
Chernysh.
Tourism development
Chernivtsi region is a fertile
area for multidisciplinary summer and winter mountain and sports
tourism, mass educational and recreational recreation, as well as
balneological treatment.
By its geographical location, rich
recreational resources, economic potential Chernivtsi region is an
attractive region for the development of interregional and international
cooperation.
In 2005, 45 million hryvnias were invested in the
tourism industry of the region, more than 800 jobs were created. The
construction of four tourist complexes in Pridnestrovie continues - in
the village of Dnestrovka, Kelmenets district, the first yacht club in
the region has already been opened; in January 2006, the Green Dibrova
complex was launched in the village of Valya Kuzmina, Glubokoe district.
A new tourist complex was opened in the village of Migovo, Vizhnitsky
district. Health and tourist entertainment complexes in Bukovina operate
in the Tsetsino microdistrict in Chernivtsi, in the village of Gorbova
in the Gertsaevsky region, on the Nemchich pass in the Vizhnytsia region
and in the village of Glubok in the Storozhynets region. More than 60
rural tourism facilities receive tourists.
Bukovina waterfalls
Suchevsky Guk
Chemernar Sound
Chemernarsky Lower Guk
Lopushna fountains
Luzhki - Vyzhenka, on
the territory of the Luzhki landscape reserve
Biskov - Putilsky
district, near the village. Beskov
Kizya - Putilsky district, near
the village. Beskov
Seruchok - Putilsky district, near the village.
Tovarnitsa
Royal - Storozhintsky district, with. Banilov-Podgorny,
Gilche farm
Yalovichersky waterfall - Putilsky district, near the
village. Lower Juniper on Beef Mountain
Parkulin - Putilsky district,
near the village. Parkulina on the stream of the same name
Chernopototsky - Zastavnovsky district, with. black stream
Kulivetsky
- Zastavnovsky district, with. Kulovtsy
Doroshivetsky
Falinsky
Vasilyevsky waterfalls
Grinyatsky
Little Vine
Mikva -
Vizhnitsky district, with. Vyzhenka
Lekechi
Vymushevsky waterfall
in the village. forced
Waterfall Babiy in the village. Babiy
The region borders on Romania in the south and Moldova in the
southeast. In the west and northwest - from Ivano-Frankivsk, in the
north - from Ternopil and Khmelnytsky, and in the east - from Vinnitsa
regions. This is the smallest region of Ukraine in terms of area,
although not the smallest administrative unit of the first level (such a
unit is the city of Kyiv and Sevastopol).
extreme points
in
the north, the village of Repuzhyntsi, Kadubovets community, Chernivtsi
region
in the south, the village of Sarata, Selyatinsky community,
Vizhnitsky district
in the west, the village of Plai, Konyatinsky
community, Vizhnitsky district
in the east, the village of Voloshkove
of the Sokiryan community of the Dniester region
The Neporotovo VI site on the right bank of the Dniester near the
village of Neporotovo in the Sokiryansky district belongs to the
Gunz-Mindel/Mindel interval (900 and 780 thousand years ago). The three
lower layers of the Neporotovo-7 site belong to the Molodov variant of
the Levallois industry (marine isotope stages[en] MIS 6, MIS 5[en], MIS
4, MIS 3). Near the city of Khotyn are the Middle Paleolithic sites
Ketrosy, Stinka, Osypka, Shipot-2. At the beginning of the Late
Pleistocene, about 110–105 thousand years ago, the Mousterian complex
with elements of the Mykok (Ketrosy, layer 6 of Stink 1) and Levallois
coexisted in the region, and a peculiar technocomplex comparable to the
Teiyak. A group of archaeological sites in the valley of the Dniester
River (sites Molodova I, Molodova V, Korman 4) represents the
Molodovskaya culture. The industry of layer 12 of the Korman' IV site,
which belongs to the eighth complex, is comparable to the lower layer of
the Stinka I site and differs from the Levallois-Mousterian of Molodov.
The latest layers of the Molodov I and V sites date back to the end
of the Upper Paleolithic, coinciding with the end of the last
glaciation. Almost in all layers of the Oselivka I, II and III sites,
flint artifacts of the Upper Paleolithic were found. In the Mesolithic
layer of the Oselivka I site and in the Early Mesolithic layer 1a of the
Molodova V site, the remains of a woolly rhinoceros were found. The site
of Rashkov VII in the northern part of the village of Rashkov belongs to
the Late Paleolithic.
Settlements on the territory of Chernivtsi
were already in the Neolithic period. In the suburbs, settlements of the
Trypillia culture, of the Bronze and Iron Ages, were discovered. In
Gorishni Sherovtsi, fortified lines built by the tribes of the
Poyanesti-Lukashevsky culture in the 2nd-1st centuries BC. e., were
actively used by the Slavic-Russian population.
In the vicinity
of Chernivtsi, Slavic monuments of the beginning of our era (II-V
centuries) were discovered. Several dwellings of the Carpathian kurgan
culture have been discovered at the archaeological site of Kodin in the
settlement of Kodin II. The settlements of Kodin I and Kodin II of the
5th-7th centuries belong to the Prague culture.
In the early
historical period there were settlements of White Croats and Tivertsy
(IX-XI centuries). The most ancient ceramic complexes of the
Gorishnesherovets settlement date back to the first half of the 10th
century.
The fortified settlement on the site of the Lenkovtsy
microdistrict on the left bank of the Prut River was supposedly founded
in the 12th century by the Galician prince Yaroslav Osmomysl. The
fortress with a trade and craft settlement was called Chern or Black
City, apparently because of the black wooden walls. The ruins of the
fortress have been preserved in the ancient Russian Lenkovets settlement
near the modern Lenkovtsy microdistrict (now within the city limits).
The fortress was destroyed in 1259 at the request of the Tatar temnik
Burundai. The remaining defensive ramparts continued to be used for
defense. In the 17th century, several bastions were added to them, one
of which still exists.
Due to frequent floods on the low left
bank of the Prut, a new city was built on the high right bank. After the
collapse of the Galicia-Volyn principality in the middle of the XIV
century, Chernivtsi passed to Hungary, Poland, until in 1359 they became
part of the Moldavian principality.
Hertsa region in 1859 became
part of the Romanian vassal state within the Ottoman Empire.
Since February 1918, the Bukovina People's Assembly in Chernivtsi
supported the decision on the entry of Northern Bukovina into the
Ukrainian People's Republic.
From September 11, 1918 to June 28,
1940, this territory was part of the Kingdom of Romania.
On June
26, 1940, Vyacheslav Molotov handed over to the Romanian ambassador in
Moscow, George Davidescu, a statement from the Soviet government
demanding that Bessarabia and the northern part of Bukovina be
transferred to the USSR within the borders according to the attached
map. On June 27, 1940, Romania announced a general mobilization, but
after Germany, which was preparing to land an amphibious assault on the
British Isles, refused her military support, she was forced to cede to
the USSR and, after an ultimatum, Northern Bukovina was annexed to the
USSR.
After the accession of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to
the USSR on June 30, 1940, on August 7, 1940 from Northern Bukovina and
Khotyn region (the northeastern part of the Suceava cinut of the Kingdom
of Romania, the counties of Chernivtsi and Storozhinets completely, the
counties of Rădău and Dorohoi - partially, as well as most of Khotinsky
county of the former Bessarabia), the Chernivtsi region of the Ukrainian
SSR was formed.
In 1958, the Chernivtsi region was awarded the
Order of Lenin.
The first case of
the disease in Ukraine was discovered on the evening of March 2 in a
resident of Chernivtsi who returned from Italy. He was hospitalized on
February 29th.
On March 12, another case of the disease was
detected.
As of March 16, there were 4 cases of infection, 33
people were hospitalized. The condition of the patients is stable, they
are receiving medical care, the first patient is planned to be
discharged, he is periodically tested for the presence of coronovirus,
the last time the test was negative, if the test is negative and after 2
days, he will be recognized as healthy and will be discharged.
On
March 20, the first patient infected with coronavirus was discharged
from the hospital, the test showed that he did not have the virus.
On March 21, there were 25 patients in the region (out of 41 in
Ukraine), 11 of them were in the village of Kolinkivtsi, 7 people in
Brusnik, Kitsmansky district, 1 person in Khotyn, 1 person in
Toporovtsy, Novoselytsky district, 1 person in Luzhany, Kitsmansky
district, 1 person in Chernivtsi, 1 person in Yezhovtsy, Storozhynets
district.
Bukovina was in first place in terms of the increase in
patients with Covid-19: in general, as of August 22, 8505 people were
registered in the region, and the largest number of confirmed cases of
coronavirus disease was found in the Chernivtsi region.
Transport and geographical position
Chernivtsi region occupies an
advantageous transport and geographical position, has a dense network of
railways and roads, pipelines and power lines. The regional center has
convenient rail links with European capitals: Bucharest, Sofia,
Belgrade.
Natural resources
The region is rich in natural
resources. On the territory of Bukovina, 4 oil and gas fields were
discovered (Lopushnyanskoye, Chernoguzskoye, Krasnoilskoye,
Sheremetovskoye). In recent years, more than ten oil and gas promising
areas have been discovered in Vizhnitsky, Storozhinetsky and Putilsky
districts.
There are a lot of valuable building materials in the
bowels. Significant deposits of gypsum and anhydride have been
discovered in Transnistria in the Prut River basin. The northern and
eastern regions of the region are rich in marls and limestones. There is
a promising marble deposit in Krasnoilsk.
On the territory of the
region there are also deposits of quartzites, slates, table salt;
mineral water springs such as "Izhevskaya", "Matsesta", "Borjomi" and
"Naftusya".
There are more than 70 rivers in the region,
belonging to the Danube and Dniester basins. The basis of the river
system of the region is the Dniester, Prut, Seret, Cheremosh.
More
In the Chernivtsi region, there are 243 territories and objects
of the natural reserve fund, including 7 wildlife sanctuaries, 8 natural
monuments, the botanical and dendrological park of the Chernivtsi
National University, the Vizhnitsky National Natural Park, the
Cheremossky National Natural Park and the Storozhynets of national
importance and are included in the transnational ecological network
Carpathians (TACIS project), as well as 136 natural monuments, 40 parks,
which are monuments of gardening art, and 39 protected natural areas of
local importance. The structure of reserves of national importance
includes landscape reserves in Luzhki, Stebnik, Tsetsin, ornithological
reserve Dranitsky, forest reserves Lunkovsky and Petrivets. Natural
monuments of national importance include the tracts of Shilovsky forest,
Rukhotinsky forest, Yew ravine, Belka; caves Bukovinka, Cinderella,
Balamutovskaya and other protected areas, in particular: Kadubovskaya
wall, Tovtrivskaya wall, Sovitsky swamps, Chernopotoksky reserve, Black
Del reserve, Borginya reserve, Molochnobratsky karst massif.
According to the sectoral structure of production, the
region belongs to the industrial-agrarian category. In recent years, the
economic activity of the region has been marked by a stable growth of
many indicators. This is due to the active support of traditional
activities. The leading place in the economy of the region is occupied
by industry and agriculture.
In mechanical engineering, the
leading one is the production of oil and gas processing equipment; in
the forestry and woodworking industry - the production of lumber,
plywood, furniture; in the industry of building materials - the
production of bricks, roofing felts, ceramics, reinforced concrete
structures; in light industry - the production of garments and knitwear,
cotton fabrics; in the food industry - the production of sugar, bakery
products, alcohol, sunflower oil, meat, milk, canned fruits and
vegetables.
The industrial potential of the region is represented
by more than 200 industrial companies, whose production volume is 0.4%
of the national size.
Possessing a significant raw material base,
the food industry has received special development, where almost a
quarter of all full-time industrial workers are employed and a fifth of
fixed assets are concentrated.
The food industry of Bukovyna is
represented by enterprises producing: meat products - 34.5% of the total
production in the food industry, sugar - 12.4%, bread and bakery
products - 9.9%, confectionery - 9.6%, drinks - 9 .2%, dairy products -
6.2%, fats - 4.1% and for the processing of vegetables and fruits -
9.4%.
A significant component of the industrial complex of the
region is light industry, which occupies the third place in the
structure of industries and forms the domestic consumer market. The
industry is represented by 23 enterprises. A priority place in the light
industry of the region belongs to enterprises for sewing ready-made
clothes, footwear and the textile industry.
Mechanical
engineering, repair and installation of machinery and equipment are
developing at a high pace. The industry is represented by 13 enterprises
that mainly specialize in the production of machinery and equipment,
electrical and electronic equipment, equipment for the oil and gas,
petrochemical and chemical industries.
Of great importance in the
economic and social development of the region are forests, which are a
source of timber and products of non-woody vegetation. The forest is the
natural wealth of our region. The total forest area is 258 thousand
hectares. The main forest species are spruce, beech, fir and oak. The
average age of plantations is 60 years. Every year, reforestation is
carried out on an area of 1.3 thousand hectares, which helps to increase
the forest fund and increase forest productivity. That is why the
woodworking industry, which is one of the oldest industries, is widely
developed. In terms of industrial production, the industry ranks sixth
and is represented by 36 enterprises, which is 15.8% of the total number
of enterprises in the region.
In Bukovina, art crafts for the
manufacture of carpets, wood products, and embroidery are developed.
Scientific potential
Significant scientific potential is
concentrated in the Chernivtsi region. Research institutes carry out
their activities: the Institute of Thermoelectricity of the National
Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Chernivtsi departments of the Institute
of World Economy and International Relations of the National Academy of
Sciences of Ukraine, the Institute of Materials Science of the National
Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Chernivtsi branches of the Institute of
Land Management and the Kiev Institute of Automation, PVNZ Bukovinian
University. Among the scientific institutions of the agrarian sector on
the territory of the region there is the Ukrainian Research Station for
Plant Quarantine, which is engaged in ensuring the phytosanitary
security of the state.
In foreign economic relations, export-import operations of business
entities in the region with non-CIS countries prevail. Germany, Italy,
Bulgaria, and Poland remain the main trading partners of this group of
countries. Trade turnover with Austria, Belgium, Greece, Spain,
Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Slovenia, Hungary, France, Sweden,
Israel, China, the Republic of Korea, Turkey, Canada and the USA has
intensified. Foreign trade is carried out with such partners as the
Republic of Belarus, the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, the Republic of
Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan.
Textiles and textile products,
wood and wood products, machinery and equipment, vegetable products,
non-precious metals and products from them, meat and food offal
predominate in the overall structure of exports of goods. Textile and
textile products, machinery and equipment, mineral products, polymeric
materials, plastics, non-precious metals and products from them prevail
in the structure of imports of goods.
According to the 2001 census, 922,800 inhabitants lived in the
region, including: 373,500 urban (40.5%) and 549,300 rural (59.5%). The
population has been decreasing since 1996 due to the unfavorable
demographic situation that developed after the collapse of the USSR.
However, since 2009, the population has been increasing in some places,
and since 2011, in general, there has been a slight increase in the
region, but in some months there has been a decline. The population of
the region as of April 1, 2017 amounted to 907.3 thousand people,
including the urban population - 390.5 thousand people (43.04%), the
rural population - 516.8 thousand people (56.96% ). In 2016, there was a
decline in the population of the region by 1773 people (by 0.19%),
including due to natural reduction - by 1287 people (72.59%), migration
- by 486 people (27.41%).
Dynamics of population change by years
(according to censuses and the State Statistics Committee):
In
2016, 10,226 people were born in the region, and 11,513 people died,
including 92 children under the age of 1 year (9 per 1,000 live births).
Mortality (per 1000 people of the actual population) - 12.7; birth rate
- 11.3; natural increase - -1.4. The highest birth rate is in Putilsky -
16.4 and Storozhinetsky - 14.4 districts. The lowest birth rate is in
Kelmenetsky district - 8.0 and Novodnestrovsk - 8.3. The highest
mortality in Kelmenetsky - 18.5 and Sokiryansky - 17.1 districts. The
lowest mortality in Novodnestrovsk is 7.6 and Chernivtsi is 9.8. The
highest natural population growth is in Putilsky - 5.6 and
Storozhinetsky - 3.7 districts. The lowest natural population growth is
in Kelmenetsky - -10.5 and Sokiryansky - -8.1 districts. In 2016, 2777
people arrived in the region for permanent residence, 3263 people left.
The migration growth of the population is negative - -486 people. The
highest population growth is in Storozhinetsky - 7.4 and Putilsky - 3.6
districts. The lowest population growth is in Kelmenetsky - -10.6 and
Sokiryansky - -10.4 districts. Population growth in 2016 was observed in
4 districts of the region: Putilsky, Storozhinetsky, Gertsaevsky and
Glyboksky. Population decline was observed in Chernivtsi, Novodnestrovsk
and 7 districts: Vizhnitsky, Kelmenetsky, Khotinsky, Novoselytsky,
Sokiryansky, Zastavnovsky and Kitsmansky.
Ethnic composition
The Chernivtsi region is distinguished by its multinational composition
and a significant (25%) share of ethnic and linguistic minorities. The
population of the region includes:
Ukrainians - 75.9% (691.2 thousand
people)
Romanians - 12.7% (116.0 thousand people)
Moldovans - 7.0%
(66.5 thousand people)
Russians - 2.9% (30.9 thousand people)
Poles - 0.7% (3.6 thousand people)
Belarusians - 0.1% (1.3 thousand
people)
Jews - 0.1% (1.2 thousand people)
others - 0.6% (4.9
thousand people).
The Ukrainian language is the only state
language, however, due to the ethnic diversity of the region, Russian,
Romanian, Polish are also common (in descending order), Yiddish was
previously common among the urban Jewish population.
The majority
of the population is bilingual, almost all Ukrainians and Moldovans
speak Russian, Poles speak Ukrainian, and older Ukrainians often speak
Romanian to some extent. The use of languages is not limited to the
everyday level, public organizations and schools of national minorities
function in the region, local news is published in Ukrainian (however,
if the interviewer answers in Russian, there is no translation), and, as
a rule, after the end of the news release, immediately there is the same
issue, but already in Romanian (with a different presenter and
translation of the stories).
According to the percentage of the
Russian-speaking population, the Chernivtsi region ranks first among the
regions of western Ukraine.
The population of the region lives in
11 cities, 11 urban settlements; There are only 11 districts and 252
village councils in the region.