Ivano-Frankivsk region (Prykarpattya, Ivano-Frankivsk, Frankivsk
region, formerly Stanislav(ov)shchyna) is an administrative-territorial
unit in western Ukraine. It is one of the three regions of the
historical and cultural region of Galicia.
One of the most
densely populated and long developed regions of Ukraine. In today's
territorial boundaries, the Ivano-Frankivsk region (from November 27,
1939 to November 9, 1962 - Stanislav region) was formed on November 27,
1939 from 10 counties of the Stanislav Voivodeship (with the exception
of Zhydachevsky and Stryi counties). The regional center is the city of
Ivano-Frankivsk.
The region is located in the
south-west of Ukraine and borders on Lviv, Ternopil, Chernivtsi and
Transcarpathian regions. In the extreme south of the Ivano-Frankivsk
region, for 50 km, the border of the region is the state border of
Ukraine with Romania. The border with Transcarpathia, passing along the
Carpathian Range, for centuries, until 1945, was also a border - with
Czechoslovakia, and later with Hungary.
The region is divided
into 6 districts. There are 15 cities, 24 urban-type settlements, 804
settlements in the region.
The territory of the region is 13,928
km.
Relief
The region is located at the junction of the East European
Plain and the Carpathians. By the nature of the relief, the territory of
the region is divided into 3 parts: flat, forest-steppe - Dniester;
middle foothill - Carpathian; south-western mountainous - the
Carpathians, which occupies almost half of the region. On the
northeastern outskirts of it lie the plains of Opole and Pokuttya. Their
surface in the western part is hilly-ridged, with a height of up to
300-400 m, in the eastern part it is gently undulating, 200-300 m high.
The central part of the territory of the region is hilly-ridged
foothills (Prykarpattya), which in some places take on a low-mountain
character, with a height of up to 400–600 m. other transverse and
longitudinal valleys and forming systems of the Eastern Beskids (1363
m), Gorgan (1818 m) and the Pokutsky Mountains (1491 m); there are
isolated massifs of Chernogora (the highest point is Mount Hoverla, 2061
m), Chivchin and Grinyavsky mountains.
Outlying settlements
In
the north - Kamenka Ivano-Frankivsk region
In the south - with.
Goloshina, Verkhovinsky District
In the west - Senechev, Kalush
district
In the east - with. Zavalye Kolomysky District
Climate
The climate is temperate continental. In the Dniester and
Carpathian regions, the winter is rather mild (the average January
temperature is from -4 to -5.5 ° C), the summer is warm (July + 18 ... +
19 ° C). Precipitation is 500-800 mm per year. The duration of the
growing season is up to 210-215 days. In the Carpathians, the climate is
more severe and humid and varies greatly with altitude; the average
temperature in January drops from -6 to -9 °C, in July from +17 to +6
°C; the amount of precipitation increases from 800 to 1400 mm and more.
The growing season is reduced to 90 days.
Rivers
The main
rivers are the Dniester (with tributaries Rotten Lipa, Limnytsa,
Bystritsa) and Prut (with the main tributary Cheremosh). High water in
spring and rain floods in summer. Rivers are used as sources of
hydropower and for timber rafting.
Minerals
In the
Ivano-Frankivsk region, 160 deposits of 24 different types of minerals
have been explored, of which about half are being developed. The main
oil and gas reserves of the Carpathian oil and gas province lie in the
region. The largest in terms of explored reserves is: among oil fields -
Dolinskoye, oil and gas fields - Bitkov-Babchinskoye, among gas fields -
Bogorodchanskoye. Non-metallic mineral resources are represented by
significant reserves of potassium and magnesium salts, mineral water
sources.
Also on the Oleska area, which is located on the
territory of the Lviv and Ivano-Frankivsk regions, there are significant
reserves of shale gas, which, according to geologists, amount to 3
trillion m³ of gas. The issue of entering into a PSA with Chevron for
the exploration and production of this shale gas is currently being
discussed. As of July 21, 2013, the agreement was not approved by the
Regional Council.
Soils
The land cover changes with altitude.
On the plains, gray forest podzolized soils and podzolized chernozems
predominate; in the foothills, soddy-podzolic soils;
Vegetation
The plains and foothills are largely plowed up. About 35% of the
territory is covered with forest. Oak, oak-beech and oak-hornbeam (on
the plains), beech-oak, beech and beech-fir (in the foothills) forests
predominate. In the mountains in the lower part of the slopes, mixed
forests (mainly beech, fir and spruce) predominate, in the upper part -
coniferous, mainly spruce forests. The highest peaks (with a height of
1400-1600 m) are occupied by alpine meadows, meadows: subalpine up to
1850-1900 m and alpine over 1900 m.
Animal world
Red deer,
European roe deer, wild boar, fox, wolf, badger, stone and pine marten,
wild cat, lynx, brown bear, squirrel, etc. are found in the forests.
Birds include thrushes, woodpeckers, owls, capercaillie, black grouse,
raccoons and others. .
Land resources
The total land fund of
the Ivano-Frankivsk region is 1392.7 thousand hectares. Less than half
(46.5%) of the territory is occupied by agricultural land, almost the
same (45.7%) - by forests and other wooded areas, 4.3% is built-up, 0.2%
- swamps, 1.6% - other lands and 1.7% - territories occupied by water.
According to archaeological research, the territory of the
Ivano-Frankivsk region (Prykarpattya) was inhabited as early as the
Middle Paleolithic.
The Lipitsa culture of the Iron Age was named
after the Verkhnyaya Lipitsa burial ground, located in the village of
Verkhnyaya Lipitsa, Rohatinsky District.
By the beginning of the
first millennium A.D. on the lands of the Carpathian region lived the
ancient Slavic tribes of Ants, Karps and Tivertsy, who eventually formed
into a Slavic tribal association of White Croats. In 981, the
Carpathians became part of Kievan Rus.
In 1199, Prince Roman
Mstislavovich created the Galicia-Volyn principality from the lands of
Galicia and Volyn, part of which, after his death in 1205, passed into
the possession of Poland and Hungary. During the reign of Prince Danila
of Galicia, the Galicia-Volyn principality strengthened and turned into
one of the most powerful states in Europe.
In 1241, the first
capital of the principality, the city of Galich and other settlements,
were destroyed as a result of the Tatar-Mongol invasion. During the
period of being under the rule of the Golden Horde, the Galicia-Volyn
principality fell into decay, and in the second half of the XIV century,
the population of the territory fell into complete dependence on
neighboring states.
In 1434-1772, Galich was the center of the
starostvo of the Russian Voivodeship of the Kingdom of Poland.
Since 1349, the territory of modern Ivano-Frankivsk region, together
with other lands, fell under Polish domination for more than four
centuries. During this period, the opposition of the local indigenous
population with the Polish feudal lords and royal elders arose and
gradually grew, which over the centuries was formed into a national
liberation movement of local peoples (Hutsuls, Lemkos, Boikos) against
Polish rule. The liberation war of the Ukrainian people in 1648-54 under
the leadership of Bogdan Khmelnytsky had a great influence on the
formation and strengthening of the movement.
In the 1730s and
1740s, on the territory of modern Kosovsky and Verkhovinsky districts of
the region, the oprishki movement was born, which had a social basis,
one of the leaders of which was Oleksa Dovbush.
In 1772, as a
result of the first division of the Commonwealth, the Carpathian region
became part of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria of the
Austro-Hungarian Empire, where it remained until its collapse in 1918.
In the 1911-1912 academic year in Austria-Hungary on the territory
of the future Ivano-Frankivsk region there were 735 general education
schools with 156.9 thousand students, there were no higher and secondary
specialized educational institutions.
During the First World War,
the territory of the region, together with other neighboring regions,
became the scene of fierce battles between the armies of the
German-Austrian bloc and the Russian Empire.
In 1918, an
independent West Ukrainian People's Republic (ZUNR) was created on the
territory of the region with the capital - the city of Stanislav, named
by the Polish hetman Andrzej Pototsky in honor of his father Stanislav
Pototsky.
In 1919, an act was adopted in Stanislav to unite the
ZUNR with the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR) with its capital in
Kyiv, which lasted only a few months.
In the middle of 1919 this
territory was occupied by Poland and for the next 20 years the
Carpathian region became part of Poland.
On September 1, 1939,
German troops attacked the Polish Republic, the Second World War began.
On September 17, 1939, the Carpathian region became part of the USSR
and became part of the Ukrainian SSR.
On September 17, 1939, the
Red Army of the Soviet Union entered the territory of eastern Poland -
Western Ukraine, and on September 28, 1939, the Treaty of Friendship and
Border between the USSR and Germany was signed.
From October 6 to
November 27, 1939, Mikhail Vasilyevich Grulenko was the head of the
Provisional Civil Administration of the Stanislav Voivodeship.
On
October 27, 1939, Soviet power was established.
Since November
14, 1939 as part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic of the Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics.
On December 4, 1939, the Stanislav
region and the Stanislav district were formed with the center of the
city of Stanislav (Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the
USSR of December 4, 1939). Chairman of the Executive Committee of the
Stanislav Regional Council Kozenko, Maxim Maksimovich (appointed in
November 1939, worked until 1945) [9]. 1st Secretary of the Stanislav
Regional Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Ukraine Grulenko,
Mikhail Vasilievich (Resolution of the Political Bureau of the Central
Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Ukraine No. 860-op; appointed on
November 27, 1939, died on August 4, 1941).
Comprehensive
economic development of the region began after the reunification of
Western Ukraine with the Ukrainian SSR.
Since 1939, the
Ukrainian-language newspaper Prykarpatska Pravda (Prykarpatska Pravda in
Ukrainian) began to appear. The regional radio broadcast one program in
Ukrainian and Russian, relayed broadcasts from Kiev and Moscow.
From 1939 to 06/13/1940, the Administration and some military units of
the 12th Army of the Kyiv Regional Military District were located in
Stanislav, the main task of which was to cover the state border.
On June 22, 1941, German troops attacked the USSR, the Great Patriotic
War of 1941-1945 began. Soviet troops stationed in towns and villages
were put on alert and withdrawn to places of concentration according to
the plan for covering the state border. They became part of the
Southwestern Front. The life of the region was rebuilt on a military
footing.
On July 2, 1941, the regional center was occupied.
On July 27, 1944, he was liberated by the Soviet troops of the 1st
Ukrainian Front during the Lvov-Sandomierz offensive operation on July
13-August 29, 1944.
The troops that participated in the
liberation of Stanislav were thanked by order of the Supreme
Commander-in-Chief of July 27, 1944, and salute was given in Moscow with
20 artillery volleys from 224 guns.
By order of the Supreme
Commander-in-Chief I.V. Stalin, in commemoration of the victory won, the
name "Stanislavsky" was given: 18th Guards. sk (major general Afonin,
Ivan Mikhailovich), 30th sk (major general Lazko, Grigory Semyonovich),
three divisions, 15 regiments, 6 battalions.
Immediately after
the liberation of the territory of the Ukrainian SSR in 1944, the
restoration of the destroyed economy of the city, enterprises and the
railway began.
Since 1958, a newspaper in the Ukrainian language
"Komsomolskoe znamya" (in Ukrainian "Komsomolsky prapor") began to
appear.
On November 9, 1962, the city of Stanislav was renamed in
honor of the Ukrainian writer Ivan Franko. Accordingly, the Stanislav
region became known as Ivano-Frankivsk.
In 1970, the total length
of railways was 493 km, the total length of motor roads - 5.3 thousand
km, including 4.2 thousand km with hard surface.
In 1970, 20.2
thousand children were brought up in 234 preschool institutions.
In the 1970-71 academic year, 244,000 students studied in 846 general
education schools of all kinds, 8,610 students in 15 vocational schools,
12,700 students in 17 secondary specialized educational institutions, 3
higher educational institutions (institutes of medical, pedagogical ,
oil and gas - in Ivano-Frankivsk) 13.4 thousand students.
On
January 1, 1971, there were: 961 mass libraries (they had 10.3 million
copies of books and magazines) in the region; musical drama and puppet
theaters, philharmonic society, State Hutsul song and dance ensemble (in
Ivano-Frankivsk): 4 museums - Ivano-Frankivsk local history museum
(branches - Museum of Partisan Glory in Yaremche, I. Franko Literary
Museum in the village of Krivorivna, etc. .), Snyatinsky Literary and
Memorial Museum of M. Cheremshina, Kolomyia Museum of Folk Art of the
Hutsulshchyna, Russian Literary and Memorial Museum of V. Stefanik;
out-of-school children's institutions - 27 palaces and houses of
pioneers, 13 sports schools, 2 stations for young technicians; 824 club
establishments, 846 cinema installations. 152 hospitals with 12.1
thousand beds (9.5 beds per 1 thousand inhabitants) served the residents
of the region; they employed 2.9 thousand doctors (1 doctor per 435
inhabitants). In the mountains of the Carpathians, climatic resorts have
been created in Yaremche, Vorokhta, Tatarov; in Transnistria - in Cherch
(balneo-mud). Tourists were received by the main tourist center in
Yaremche.
In 1971, the total volume of industrial output in the
region increased by 16 times compared to 1940.
In 1971, the
leading industries in the region were: oil, gas, chemical,
machine-building, forestry and woodworking. Electricity was produced by
Burshtynskaya GRES (Burshtyn village). Extraction and processing of oil
was carried out in the Valley, Nadvirna, Bytkovo, gas - in Nadvirna,
Dolina, Bogorodchany. On the territory of the region, the Bratstvo gas
pipeline originates (Dolina). Chemical production - Kalush chemical and
metallurgical plant (mineral fertilizers and other products), wood
chemical - a plant in the city of Vygoda. Machine-building and
metal-working enterprises are instrument-making, locomotive repair, car
repair plants in Ivano-Frankivsk, and an agricultural machinery plant in
Kolomyia. Woodworking enterprises in Kolomyia, Vygoda, Broshnev-Osada,
Nadvirna, Verkhovyna, Solotvino; furniture - in Ivano-Frankivsk,
Bolekhov, Otyn, paper - in Kolomyia. Among the branches of the food
industry, sugar (in Gorodenka; Bovshevsky plant) and alcohol (in
Ivano-Frankovsk, Snyatyn, Podgaychiki) occupy the main place. There were
also factories: tobacco-fermentation (Zabolotov), breweries
(Ivano-Frankivsk, Kolomyia, Kalush), butter-cheese-making (Kolomyia,
Galich, Gorodenka, etc.); meat processing plants (Ivano-Frankivsk,
Kolomyia). In the light industry, a large leather and footwear factory
(Ivano-Frankivsk), tanneries (Ivano-Frankivsk, Bolekhiv), shoe, curtain,
weaving, sewing, brush (Kolomiya), knitwear, clothing, art products
(Ivano-Frankivsk), fur (Tysmenitsa) factories; the production of carpets
is developed in Kosovo, Kuty, Kolomyia. Building materials (reinforced
concrete products, bricks, cement) were produced in Ivano-Frankivsk,
Kalush, Dolina, Bolekhov, Kolomyia, Yamnitsa. Artistic crafts were
widespread: woodcarving, inlay, weaving, embroidery, carpet making,
ceramics, for example, Kosov, Kolomyia, Verkhovyna.
Agriculture
is represented by both agriculture and animal husbandry. In 1971 there
were 252 collective farms and 20 state farms. Agriculture is represented
by both agriculture and animal husbandry.
The actual population of the region as of January 1, 2020 is
1,368,097 people, including the urban population of 606,764 people, or
44.4%, the rural population - 761,333 people, or 55.6%.
The
actual population as of July 1, 2013 is 1,381,798 people (which is 62
people more than June 1), including the urban population of 600,027
people (43.42%), the rural population of 781,771 people (56.58%). The
permanent population is 1,379,072 people, including the urban population
of 593,750 people (43.05%), the rural population of 785,322 people
(56.95%). The population density is 99.21 inhabitants per 1 km². There
are 15 cities, 24 urban-type settlements, 765 villages in the region.
The largest cities are Ivano-Frankivsk, Kalush, Kolomyia. In the first
half of 2011, the population growth as a result of the excess of births
over deaths amounted to 235 people.
Shortly after its founding in 1662, Stanislav became one of the main
Jewish cities in modern Western Ukraine. The Jews, who were allowed to
freely settle in Stanislav, settled the city very quickly - by 1672
there was already a wooden synagogue there. At the beginning of the 18th
century, due to frequent wars and epidemics, the Jewish presence in the
city was significantly reduced, and in order to attract Jews to
Stanislav, it was decided to expand their privileges. In particular, it
was allowed to build a stone synagogue. Thanks to attractive conditions,
by 1732 the Jewish community had grown to 1740 people, which at that
time accounted for 44.3% of the total population. In the future, the
city grew rapidly, but approximately the same percentage of Jews
remained until the Second World War.
A large number of
residential and industrial buildings belonged to Jews - the Margoshes
owned a leather factory, the Liebermans owned a distillery, the
Kasviners and Urmans owned brick factories, and the Galperns owned banks
and tenement houses. In those days, there was even a joke that there
were only Polish streets in Stanislav, but the houses there were still
Jewish. Jews not only lived and worked in the Austrian and Polish
Stanislav, but also took part in its management - since 1873, they
accounted for almost half of the members of the municipality, and in
1897-1919, Dr. A. Nimkhin, whom the Poles removed, in parallel
dismissing other Jews from municipal institutions. In 1927, a
representative of the Jewish community, the leader of the Stanislav
Zionists A. Ritterman, was again appointed to the post of vice-mayor.
In 1941-1944, 132,000 Jews were exterminated in the region - 125,000
local and 7,000 Hungarian.
Public figure and statesman Daniel
Oster (1893), physician Max Schur (1897), economist and diplomat Arthur
Frank Burns (1904) were born in Ivano-Frankivsk, psychiatrist Manfred
Sakel (1900) was born in Nadvirna, musician Emanuel Feuermann (1902) was
born in Kolomyia ), artist Margit Reich (1903), sculptor Chaim Gross
(1904), in Tysmenitsa - writer Henry Roth (1906).
In the structure of industrial production in the region, the largest share is in the electric power industry, the fuel industry, the chemical and petrochemical industry, and the food industry. In the structure of production of consumer goods, the share of food products is 50%.
In 1999, the gross grain harvest in the region amounted to about 244.7 thousand tons, sugar beet - 245.2 thousand tons, sunflower seeds - 0.4 thousand tons, potatoes - 621.6 thousand tons. 81 .8 thousand tons of meat, 521.7 thousand tons of milk and 236.1 million eggs. At the beginning of 1999, 578 farms were operating in the region. The main direction in the development of agriculture is animal husbandry, whose share in the total volume of agricultural production in 1999 was 53%. In crop production, the largest share is made up of such crops as flax, sugar beets, and cereals.
The basis of the natural reserve fund of the region is the natural
reserve "Gorgany" with an area of 5.3 thousand hectares, 3 national
natural parks (Carpathian, Galician and "Hutsulshchyna"), the total area
of which is 97.5 thousand hectares (49.7% of the area all protected
objects of the region), 2 regional landscape parks (Dniester and
Polyanitsky) with a total area of 38.4 thousand hectares; 60 reserves
with a total area of 45.8 thousand hectares, of which 10 are of state
importance with an area of 5.4 thousand hectares, 50 are of local
importance with an area of 40.4 thousand hectares.
There are five
resort areas and 11 sanatoriums in the region. Climatic treatment,
mineral baths are used for spa therapy. Among the resorts are the
low-mountainous Kosov, Tatariv, Yaremche, the mid-mountain Vorokhta and
the balneo-mud resort in the foothills of Cherche. The most developed
ski resort in Ukraine, Bukovel, is located in the region.
Vyhodskaya UZhD ("Carpathian tram") is used for tourism purposes.
In 1939, a stationary Ukrainian Music and Drama Theater named after
M. I. Franko, Philharmonic. Since 1945, the puppet theater named after
M. M. Pidgiryanki. There is also a theater of folklore, folk festivals
and spectacles, 10 state museums, including local history and art, and
over 60 public museums, the National Reserve "Ancient Galich". In total,
there are 3477 monuments of history, architecture and culture in the
region. Among the archaeological sites, there are about 300 Trypillia
settlements, 40 burial grounds and 20 settlements of the culture of the
culture of the Carpathian barrows, 250 monuments of the Chernyakhiv
culture (II-V centuries) and 325 Old Russian settlements and 60
settlements. In the region, under the protection of the state, there are
587 monuments of sacred architecture, including: churches - 446, bell
towers - 88, chapels - 2, churches - 31, synagogue - 7, cells, chambers
of the clergy - 6, monasteries - 7. Of these - monuments national
significance - 122, local significance - 465.
717 houses of
culture, people's houses and clubs work for the services of the
population in the field of culture. The network of libraries consists of
752 library institutions, the total fund of which contains over 9
million copies of books.
Education in the Ivano-Frankivsk region
is represented by 316 pre-school institutions, 759 secondary schools, 71
out-of-school institutions, 22 vocational schools, and 32 higher
educational institutions of I-IV levels of accreditation (including
three national universities and 8 structural subdivisions-branches of
universities).
There are 1152 religious societies of 13
confessions, 10 monasteries, two theological seminaries and a
theological institute.
The main air pollutants in the Ivano-Frankivsk region are enterprises
producing electricity, gas and water, whose emissions account for about
87% of the total emissions, as well as vehicles (20%). In general,
within the region, about 200 industrial enterprises emit emissions into
the atmospheric air, among which the largest pollutants are
Burshtynskaya TPP, Neftekhimik Prykarpattya OJSC, Ivano-Frankivskcement
OJSC and others.
Sulfur compounds (about 71.8% of all emissions
in the region), particulate matter (13.6%) and nitrogen compounds (6.8%)
account for the largest share in the emissions structure. In general,
about 200 thousand tons of pollutants enter the atmospheric air of the
region during the year. In terms of emission density (18 t/km²), the
region ranks fifth in Ukraine.
Most of the anthropogenic load
falls on small rivers - tributaries of the Dniester, in the basin of
which most of the region's water users are located.