Kyiv is the capital and largest city of Ukraine. It is located in
the middle course of the Dnieper, in the northern Dnipro region.
Political, socio-economic, transport, educational-scientific,
historical, cultural and spiritual center of Ukraine. In the system
of administrative and territorial organization of Ukraine, Kyiv has
a special status defined by the Constitution and is not part of any
oblast, although it is the administrative center of Kyiv oblast.
Location of central authorities of Ukraine, foreign missions,
headquarters of most enterprises and public associations operating
in Ukraine.
According to the "Tale of Temporal Years", Kyiv
was founded by Prince Kiy of Polanyi with his brothers Shchek and
Khoryv and sister Lybidya. According to archaeological data and
written sources, the beginning of continuous development of Kyiv
dates back to the 2nd half of the 5th century. — the first half of
the 6th century; Zamkova Mountain was the center of Kyiv's
expansion. It was the capital of Polyana, Rus, the Principality of
Kyiv, the Grand Duchy of Rus, the Ukrainian People's Republic, the
Ukrainian State, and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. It was
also the administrative center of the Lithuanian-Polish voivodship
of the same name, a Cossack regiment, a Russian province, a Soviet
district, a German general district, and a Soviet region.
One
of the oldest historical centers of Eastern Europe and Christianity
— Hagia Sophia and the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra are included in the
UNESCO World Heritage List.
Location: Kiev Oblast
Streets and squares
Khreshchatyk (Ukrainian Khreschatyk) ( Kiev
Metro Line 1 Khreschatyk, Kiev Metro Line 2 Maidan Nezalezhnosti). It is
the central street of the city, the business center of the capital of
Ukraine is concentrated around it. Khreshchatyk also passes through the
Pechersk districts of the city, on the one hand the street is bounded by
European Square, on the other it goes to Bessarabska Square.
Andreevsky descent (Ukrainian Andriivsky uzviz, in ancient times -
Borichev vzvoz) ( Kiev Metro Line 2 Kontraktova Square). One of the
ancient ways connecting the Upper City, its central part, with the
trading Podil. On the street there is St. Andrew's Church, the Museum of
One Street, the Museum of the writer Mikhail Bulgakov (House of the
Turbins), the memorial house-museum of Kavaleridze. Now Andreevsky Spusk
is a street-museum, one of the main tourist attractions of the Ukrainian
capital. Many famous figures of science and culture lived and worked
here: scientists, writers, composers, artists, sculptors. Holidays, art
exhibitions, art festivals are held on the street. People come here to
listen to street musicians and watch a costume performance in the open
air. The buildings along the street house art galleries, exhibitions,
theaters and art workshops. Numerous souvenir shops are located under
the open sky.
Independence Square (ukr. Maidan Nezalezhnosti) ( Kiev
Metro Line 2 Maidan Nezalezhnosti). The main square of Kyiv.
Castle
Hill (Khorivitsa, Kiselevka, Florovskaya or Frolovskaya Mountain).
Wikidata element A historical hill in the center of Kyiv, located
between Starokievskaya Gora, Shchekavitsa and the Gonchary-Kozhemyaki
tract on one side and Kyiv Podil on the other. In the 9th-10th
centuries, a suburban princely palace was located here. In the 1370-80s,
when Podol became the center of Kyiv, a wooden castle of the Lithuanian
governor was built on the Castle Hill. And already in 1482, during the
invasion of the Crimean Khan Mengli I Giray, the castle was burned down,
and around 1532-1545 it was restored and rebuilt. The castle had 15
combat four-tiered towers. The territory of the castle extended further
than the Castle Hill - it connected with the fortifications on Mount
Uzdykhalnitsa (Andreevskaya). In 1651, Ukrainian rebel Cossacks burned
down the castle, where Polish invaders were hiding at that time. Since
then, the mountain has been empty, there were only vegetable gardens and
the Podolsky cemetery on it.
Buildings and constructions
Golden Gates ( Kiev Metro Line 3 Golden Gates). They were built by
the Kyiv prince Yaroslav the Wise in the 11th century as a fortified
main entrance to Kyiv, while Kyiv actively competed with Constantinople
in beauty and wealth, and the Golden Gates of Kyiv became a kind of
analogue of the golden gates of Constantinople. The image of the Golden
Gates of Kyiv is preserved on the seal of Anna, Queen of France and
daughter of Yaroslav the Wise. Also, one of the national Polish shrines
- the ritual sword Shcherbets was damaged by King Boleslav on the Kyiv
Golden Gate. During the siege of Kyiv by Khan Batu, the Mongols failed
to destroy the Golden Gate and the wall around them, so the vices (wall
catapults) were moved to the Lyadsky Gate, which is located in the area
of modern Independence Square, and there they have already achieved
success.
House with Chimeras (House of Gorodetsky) , st. Bankova, 10.
The building was built at the beginning of the 20th century by the
famous architect, Pole by origin Vladislav Gorodetsky. The house is one
of the most unusual mansions in Ukraine and the entire CIS. Legends say
that the architect created this gloomy crypt in memory of his daughter,
after she drowned herself in the Dnieper because of unhappy love.
According to another version, Gorodetsky made a bet on the construction
of a house in difficult geological conditions with other architects. A
strictly practical motivation for construction can also be considered -
an apartment building. This is the first house built in Kyiv with
cement. That is, at that time - a grandiose advertising campaign for the
cement industrialist Richter. In the appearance of the building and its
interior, the design of a large number of sculptures attracts attention.
Mermaids, dolphins and frogs are located on the roof of the building; on
the corners, near storm drains, there are depictions of maidens saddled
with fabulous fish; above the cornices, in the upper parts of the
columns, in the arches, just in the walls - a real zoo: elephants,
rhinos, antelopes, frogs, lizards, eagles, snakes, a small crocodile, a
giant lamp in the stairway, depicting a huge catfish in lotus stems,
stucco on ceiling in the form of an octopus, sinking ships, horns and
skulls. The house is also unique in that on the one side (Bankovaya
street) the house has only three floors, and on the side of Franco
Square - as many as six. Gorodetsky built a house not only for himself,
but also as an apartment building, on each floor there was a large
separate apartment, and on the first - two small ones. After the
revolution and before the Great Patriotic War, the house was a communal
apartment, then a hospital of the Central Committee of the Communist
Party of Ukraine. In 2003-2004, the House with Chimeras was restored.
The interior of the building was completely restored, including parquet
flooring and painting. After the restoration, the "House with Chimeras"
became the Small Residence of the President of Ukraine. Foreign
delegations are received here. This house is mentioned in Vladimir
Vasiliev's book "The Face of the Black Palmyra" as the office of the Day
Watch of Ukraine.
Mariinsky Palace. Wikidata element The residence of
the President of Ukraine, located in the Mariinsky Park. It stands out
for its ancient artsy architecture. A 15-minute walk through the
Mariinsky Park from Kiev Metro Line 1 Arsenalna.
Sophia Cathedral, st. Volodymyrska, 24 ( Kiev Metro Line 2
Maidan Nezalezhnosti). ☎ +38 (044) 279-22-56; 278-76-62. Museum-reserve,
included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Inside the Cathedral, many
ancient frescoes and mosaics have been preserved, including the famous
mosaic of Our Lady of Oranta.
Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, st. Lavrska, 15
( Kiev Metro Line 1 Arsenalna). ☎ +38 (044) 255 1105. One of the first
monasteries in Russia. Founded in 1051 under Yaroslav the Wise by monk
Anthony, originally from Lubech. Included in the UNESCO World Heritage
List. Temples and buildings on the territory of the Lavra: Over the gate
(above the holy gates of the Lavra) temple in the name of the
Life-Giving Trinity is the oldest surviving one; Annozachatievskaya
Church; Big Lavra bell tower; Belfry in the Near Caves; Belfry in the
Far Caves; Holy Cross Church; Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed
Virgin; Refectory Church of Saints Anthony and Theodosius; Trinity Gate
Church (Holy Gates); Church of All the Reverend Fathers of the Caves;
Church "Life-Giving Spring"; Church of All Saints; Church and former
hospital chambers of the Nikolsky Monastery; Church of the Nativity of
the Blessed Virgin; Church of the Savior on Berestovo; Church of
Christ's Resurrection. On the territory of the Lavra there are also:
Tower of Ivan Kushnik; Fraternal corps; Former cells of cathedral
elders; Former house of the governor of the Lavra; Former economic
building; Gallery leading to the Near Caves; Gallery leading to the Far
Caves; Debosketovskaya (support) wall; Western Economic Gate; The
building of the former metropolitan chambers; Kyiv Theological Seminary
and Academy; Kiev Regional School of Culture; Kovnirovsky building (the
building of the former bakery and bookstore); Well of St. Anthony; The
well of St. Theodosius; Building of the former printing house; Fortress
walls; Paint tower; Metropolis; Onufrievskaya tower; Monument to Nestor
the Chronicler; Clock tower; Chapel; South gate.
St. Andrew's
Church Wikidata item, Andreevsky Spusk, 23 ( Kiev Metro Line 2 Maidan
Nezalezhnosti, Kiev Metro Line 2 Postal Square and further on the Kiev
funicular). Built in the Baroque style by architect Bartolomeo Rastrelli
in 1754.
Mikhailovsky Golden-Domed Monastery, st.
Trekhsvyatitelskaya, 6 ( Kiev Metro Line 2 Maidan Nezalezhnosti). One of
the oldest monasteries in Kyiv. It includes the cathedral church in
honor of the Archangel Michael in the Ukrainian Baroque style, destroyed
in the 1930s and rebuilt in the mid-1990s, as well as the refectory with
the Church of St. John the Evangelist (1713) and the bell tower
(1716-1719). It is assumed that St. Michael's Cathedral was the first
temple with a gilded top, from where this peculiar tradition came from
in Russia.
Vydubitsky monastery , st. Vydubitskaya, 40 (1.5 km north
from Kiev Metro Line 3 Vidubychy). ✉ ☎ +38 (044) 285-35-81. Ancient
monastery in Kyiv. The monastery was founded between 1070 and 1077 by
Vsevolod Yaroslavich, son of Yaroslav the Wise. It was a family
monastery of the son of Vsevolod, Vladimir Monomakh and his descendants.
Church of the Tithes, st. Vladimirskaya, 2. ✉ ☎ +38 (044) 361-78-56. The
first stone church of Kievan Rus, of which only the foundations have
survived.
St. Volodymyr's Cathedral Wikidata item, Taras Shevchenko
Boulevard, 20 ( Kiev Metro Line 1 Universitet). ✉ The main temple of the
Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyiv Patriarchate.
Dmitrievskaya
(Konstantin-Eleninskaya) Church (Church of St. Demetrius of Rostov and
Equal-to-the-Apostles Constantine and Helena (on Podil)) , st.
Shchekavitskaya, 6/8 ( Kiev Metro Line 2 Kontraktova Square).
Dmitrievskaya (Konstantin-Eleninskaya) Church is one of the first works
of the outstanding Ukrainian architect Ivan Grigorievich
Grigorovich-Barsky. Unfortunately, only the refectory survived from this
church, which was also rebuilt in the 19th century. There are plans to
complete the dome to give the church a finished look.
Archangel-Mikhailovsky Zverinets monastery, st. Michurina 20, 22, 23
(From the railway station by trolley bus number 14, stop). ☎ +38 (044)
285-24-40. The caves of the monastery are a monument of archeology of
national importance. At present, the monks of the Ioninsky Monastery
have resumed divine services in the caves. For worship, a cave church in
the name of the Miracle of the Archangel Michael in Khonekh is used.
According to one version, the legendary "Library of Yaroslav the Wise"
could be stored in the caves of the skete.
St. Cyril's
Church Wikidata element, st. Olena Telyga, 12 ( Kiev Metro Line 3.svg
Dorohozhichі). ☎ +38 (044) 468-11-26; 417-22-68. A six-pillared Orthodox
church, one of the oldest in the city. The uniqueness of this temple
lies in its authenticity. After St. Sophia Cathedral, this is the second
temple in Kyiv, preserved from the time of Ancient Russia in original
walls and, in addition, preserved ancient Russian painting. It was built
after the ascension to the Kyiv throne in 1139 of the Chernigov prince
Vsevolod Olgovich in the village of Dorohozhychi, from where, among
other things, the road to Chernigov began. It was the main cathedral of
the Kirillovsky Monastery, apparently designed to become the Olgov
family burial vault.
St. Cyril's Church, st. Olena Telyhy, 12 ( Kiev Metro Line 3
Dorohozhychi). ☎ +38 (044) 468-11-26; 417-22-68. A six-pillared Orthodox
church, one of the oldest in the city. The uniqueness of this temple
lies in its authenticity. After St. Sophia Cathedral, this is the second
temple in Kyiv, preserved from the time of Ancient Russia in original
walls and, in addition, preserved ancient Russian painting. It was built
after the ascension to the Kyiv throne in 1139 of the Chernigov prince
Vsevolod Olgovich in the village of Dorohozhychi, from where, among
other things, the road to Chernigov began. It was the main cathedral of
the Kirillovsky Monastery, apparently designed to become the Olgovich
family burial vault. Here, in 1194, the prince of Kyiv Svyatoslav
Vsevolodovich, the hero of The Tale of Igor's Campaign, was buried.
St. Panteleimon Monastery, st. Akademika Lebedeva, 19 (travel from Kiev
Metro Line 2 Libidska: by trolleybus No. 11, fixed-route taxis No. 172,
159 (to the Zabolotny stop, then on foot)). ☎ +38 (044) 522-50-73. The
main temple of the female St. Panteleimon Monastery, St. Panteleimon
Cathedral, was built in 1905-1912 according to the project of the
architect E.F. Ermakov in Feofaniya (a southern suburb of Kyiv) on the
territory of the male monastery assigned to the Kiev-Mikhailovsky
Golden-Domed Monastery.
Holy Trinity Ioninsky Monastery (Ioninsky
Monastery, Ionovsky Monastery) , st. Timiryazevskaya, 1 (From the
railway station to the monastery there is a trolleybus and a fixed-route
taxi No. 14 to the final stop "Botanical Garden". You can also take them
to Kiev Metro Line 3 Pecherskaya (bus No. 62 from Kiev Metro Line 3
Pecherskaya to the final stop "Botanical Garden")). ✉ ☎ +38 (044)
284-95-93. Orthodox male monastery in Kyiv. Located on the Menagerie, it
was founded in the 1860s by the archimandrite of the Vydubitsky
monastery, Jonah.
Cathedral of Saint Alexander, st. Kostelnaya, 17
( Kiev Metro Line 2 Maidan Nezalezhnosti). ☎ +38 (044) 279-73-09. Roman
Catholic Cathedral in Kyiv. Accommodates about two thousand
parishioners. The church is the oldest Catholic shrine in Kyiv, it was
built from 1817 to 1842.
Spaso-Preobrazhenskaya Hermitage, st. Berry,
58A. ☎ +380 (67) 446-92-71. Spaso-Preobrazhenskaya Hermitage is a parish
of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, which is located in the southern part
of Kyiv on the site of a monastery destroyed in Soviet times. At
present, a temple has been built in honor of St. Theophilus, a fraternal
building, a holy spring and an icon shop. It is planned to restore the
Transfiguration Cathedral and other infrastructure of the monastery.
Church of St. Nicholas Pritiska (Church of St. Nicholas Pritiska, Church
of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker Pritisk), st. Horiva, 5a ( Kiev Metro
Line 2 Kontraktova Square, at the intersection of Horiva and G. Livera
streets). The Church of Nikola Pritiska was built in 1631 (according to
other sources - at the end of the 17th century) at the expense of the
Kyiv tradesman Peter (nicknamed the Iron Grosh) on the site of the
wooden church of the same name from the middle of the 16th century and
is one of the most ancient monuments preserved in Podil. The church was
built in the Ukrainian baroque style.
Church of St. Nicholas on
Askold's grave , Dneprovsky Spusk ( Kiev Metro Line 1 Arsenalna). Church
of the work of Andrey Melensky in Kyiv, in the tract Askold's grave. The
modern temple was built in 1809, however, religious buildings have
existed on this site since the 11th century, and from the very beginning
they all bore the name of St. Nicholas.
St. Elias Church (Church of
Elijah the Prophet), st. Pochaininskaya, 2. ☎ +38 (044) 425-23-71,
425-23-68. The first Orthodox church in Kievan Rus. Decorated Ilyinsky
temple in compliance with the canons of the academic school. There are
about 40 scenes on the walls, the theme of which is dominated by the
biography of the prophet Elijah. In the painting of the altar, the
central theme is the Eucharist. On the walls of the St. John the Baptist
chapel there are many ancient icons. St. Elijah's Church is a place of
special pilgrimage for the people of Kiev.
Vvedensky Monastery, st.
Moscow, 42. The Vvedensky Monastery was founded in 1996. Prior to that,
since 1878, a women's community was located on its territory, the main
function of which was social service.
Goloseevskaya Hermitage (Holy
Intercession Monastery) , st. Colonel Zatevakhin, 14. ☎ +38 (098)
460-88-90. Now it is a skete of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, located in the
forest on the southern outskirts of Kyiv. It was founded at the
beginning of the 17th century by Metropolitan Peter Mohyla, he also
built the first church here in the name of John the New. Hermitage
became the summer residence of the Kyiv Metropolitans - the holy
archimandrites of the Lavra.
Holy Trinity Kitaevsky Monastery
(Kitaevskaya Hermitage), st. Kitaevskaya, 15. ☎ +38 (044) 527 9779.
First mentioned in 1716. It operated until the 1920s, after which it was
closed and partially destroyed. In the 1990s, it was restored and
resumed its work. After archaeological research in 1993-94, caves and
the cave church of St. Dositheus.
Intercession Monastery, Bekhterevsky lane, 15. Founded by Grand
Duchess Alexandra Petrovna Romanova in 1889. In the 1920s, the domes of
the cathedral were destroyed, and recreated already in the 1990s.
Florovsky monastery, st. Florovskaya, 6/8. ☎ +380 (44) 4250181, +380
(44) 4255462. Convent founded presumably at the beginning of the 16th
century.
Monuments
Monument-sculpture "Motherland". Ascent is
possible subject to good weather Mon-Fri 10:00 - 17:30, Sat-Sun 10:00 -
18:30. Ascent to the observation deck at the foot of the sculpture to a
height of 31 m - 50 UAH. Climbing to the top of the statue 200 UAH,
provides for physical activity, the obligatory presence of sports shoes
and comfortable clothes. Located on the territory of the Museum of the
History of Ukraine in World War II. The height of the sculpture from the
pedestal to the tip of the sword is 62 meters.
Monument to Mikhail
Bulgakov, Andreevsky Spusk, 13 (near the House of Turbins). Opened in
2007. Sculptor N. Rapay
Monument to military pilots (Not far from the
Glory Park on the Dnieper Spusk). The squadron commander, Captain
Aleksey Titarenko ("Maestro") from the movie "Only Old Men Go to Battle"
is depicted.
Monument to Panikovsky. The bronze pedestal, erected in
1998, is located not far from the corner of Khreshchatyk and Prorizna,
where the hero of the novel earned a living by pickpocketing before the
revolution.
Sculpture "Pronya Prokopovna and Golokhvastov",
Andreevsky Spusk, 23. Built in 1999 according to the project of
architect V. Skulsky and sculptors V. Shchur and V. Sivko.
Arch of
Friendship of Peoples.
Parks
Mariinsky Park ( Kiev Metro Line
1 Arsenalna). An excellent park with panoramic views from the city
center to the Left Bank and the Dnieper. It was founded in 1874
according to the project of the gardener A. G. Nedzelsky on the site of
the palace square and the military parade ground.
Pechersk Landscape
Park ( Kiev Metro Line 1 Arsenalna). The park, on the territory of which
there is a museum and a memorial complex of the Second World War (Great
Patriotic War).
Fomin Botanical Park ( Kiev Metro Line)
University). Is free. A small botanical park in the city center, where
you can find numerous rare plants. Also on its territory are greenhouses
with tropical plants. It was founded in 1839 in a wasteland, in deep
ravines and on hills not far from Kyiv University. You can visit several
paid excursions: excursion "Gymnosperms (Coniferous) plants of open
ground", evening excursion in the greenhouse complex "aquatic and
coastal plants", excursion along the route "Open ground of the research
unit" (only in summer), excursion to the greenhouse complex " succulents
and cacti", an excursion to the greenhouse complex "tropical and
subtropical plants".
National Botanical Garden named after N. N.
Grishko of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Central
Botanical Garden), st. Timiryazevskaya, 1 ( Kiev Metro Line 3 Friendship
of Peoples). ✉ ☎ +38 044 285 42 28. 08:00-21:00. 40 UAH for adults, 20
UAH for children of school age, free of charge for children under 7
years old, pensioners and other preferential categories. The second
botanical garden in the city is known for the Vydubytsky monastery,
located nearby, for beautiful views of the Dnieper and lilacs, which the
townspeople admire in the spring when they bloom.
Askold's Grave Park
( Kiev Metro Line 1 Arsenalna). The park adjoins the Park of Eternal
Glory. On its territory, according to legend, the Kyiv ruler Askold was
buried, and now the Askold's Grave monument has been erected.
Avodnitsky Park ( Kiev Metro Line 3 Friendship of Peoples - 20 minutes
walk). The park is located on the embankment of the Dnieper, there is a
monument to the founders of the city - the princes Kyi, Shchek, Khoriv,
as well as their sister Lybid.
The tract Gonchary-Kozhemyaki
( Kiev Metro Line 3 Golden Gates). Picturesque area with steep hills,
located in the city center. In 1987, the state historical and
architectural reserve "Ancient Kyiv" was created on its territory,
including almost the entire Old Podil. However, this idea was not
translated into reality and in the 2000s a microdistrict with new
low-rise buildings was built here.
Park named after Taras Shevchenko.
This small park is located in front of the main building of the Taras
Shevchenko University and near the teacher's house. The park has a
monument to Shevchenko, a large, new playground. Kiev Metro Line 2. Lev
Tolstoy Square is closer to the park than Kiev Metro Line 1
Universitet.
National Natural Park "Goloseevsky", st. Generala
Rodimtseva, 6-A (a 5-minute walk from Kiev Metro Line 2 Golosivska). ☎
+380 (44) 2210272. The largest park in the city, on the territory of
which exhibition centers and institutes are located. The park covers an
area of several hectares, from the central districts to the
southernmost outskirts of the city. The park has both civilized places
and completely wild and pristine mixed forests.
Lysaya Gora (Lisa Gora) (3 km south of Kiev Metro Line 2 Libidska).
Until 1980, a military unit was located here, and in the 19th century,
the Lysogorsky Fort (where political criminals were shot after the
revolution), so now the relief is replete with man-made ramparts,
tunnels, wells and other structures. Since earlier most of it was a
restricted area, the flora and fauna of Bald Mountain is very diverse,
there are Red Book species. White and red antennas are visible from
afar, jamming enemy radio signals. Lysaya Gora is a great place for
walking and outdoor activities. In the central part there is a long
slope called Slavanka, where people ski in winter. To the south of
Slavanka there are wooden idols, which are regularly sacrificed by local
pagans. In the central part, on a clearing with a large stone,
Tolkinists sometimes hold demonstration tournaments. Almost half of the
territory is forested. It is located between the Strategic Highway, the
second largest Lybid river and Lysogorskaya street. Adjacent to the
Institute of Hydrometeorology.
Memorial complex Babiy Yar, st.
Petropavlovskaya, 15 ( Kiev Metro Line 3 Dorohozhychi). There are paid
tours. Tragic events unfolded on the territory of today's park during
the Great Patriotic War. Here the Nazis shot hundreds of thousands of
Jews, prisoners and townspeople. There is a memorial to the victims in
the park, and the Kyiv television tower is also nearby.
Hydropark ( Kiev Metro Line 1 Hydropark). The park covers the entire
territory of the Venetian Island - the park is completely surrounded by
the waters of the Dnieper River. The park has many equipped and wild
beaches, rental of gazebos in the forest on the banks of the Dnieper,
rental of boats and catamarans, table and regular tennis, paintball,
football, volleyball, beach rugby, bungee jumping, water attractions,
restaurants, casinos, discos. The #Park "Kyiv in miniature" is located
on the territory. The park is connected with the city by the Metro
bridge.
One Street Museum, Andreevsky Spusk, 2-B. ✉ ☎ +38 (044) 425-03-98,
fax: +38 (044) 425-52-62. Tue-Sun, 12.00–18.00. 50 UAH, the cost of the
tour in Ukrainian or Russian is 100 UAH. Dedicated to the history of
Andreevsky Spusk, one of the oldest streets in Kyiv, connecting the
Upper Town with the Lower Town - Podil. The concept of the museum is
based on the desire of its creators to bring the history of Andreevsky
Spusk and Kyiv as close as possible to the individual, without a pompous
presentation of historical processes, without national, religious,
cultural and political bias. The museum collects a collection of urban
costumes and accessories (1830-1930s), part of which was presented at
the exhibition "Kyiv dandies and fashionistas". He has one of the
richest collections of death masks in the world, collected on his own.
This collection is dedicated to the project Virtual Museum of the death
mask.
House of the Turbins (Literary-Memorial House-Museum of M.
Bulgakov), Andreevsky Spusk, 13. ☎ +38 (044) 425-31-88. Thu-Tue 10:00 -
18:00, ticket office closes 1 hour earlier. Excursion for a group of 10
people 100 UAH. The number of visitors is limited, so before visiting
the museum it is better to call to make an appointment. The Literary and
Memorial Museum of Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov was opened in his
homeland in Kyiv in 1989. The museum's collection today is about 3
thousand exhibits, 500 of which are actually Bulgakov's. During the
existence of the museum, the collection has grown more than 10 times.
The museum is located in a house well known to Bulgakov's readers based
on the novel The White Guard. The novel describes 51 days in the life of
an intelligent family during the Civil War in Ukraine. Turbin Bulgakov
"settled" his heroes where he himself lived during the same events - in
house number 13 on Alekseevsky / Andreevsky Spusk.
Museum-workshop of
I. P. Kavaleridze, Andreevsky Spusk, 21-A. ☎ +38 (044) 425-03-89.
Tue-Sun, 11:00–18:00. 15 UAH The museum of the great Ukrainian Soviet
sculptor with a Georgian surname was created on Andreevsky Spusk in
1993. It contains models and projects of the artist - the first monument
in Ukraine to Shevchenko in Romny (1918), Grigory Skovoroda in the
village of Lokhvitsy (1926), numerous originals of his easel sculptures,
rare lifetime photographs, manuscripts of scripts, archival materials,
video cassettes with films by Kavaleridze, books and publications about
it. There is a creative workshop that has made several films about the
artist and helps to bring his unfulfilled ideas to life.
National
Museum of the History of Ukraine , Vladimirskaya St., 2. ☎ +38 (044)
278-48-64. 10:00-18:00. Leading historical museum of Ukraine. Since
1944, it has been located in Kyiv, on Starokievskaya Hill. The Museum of
the History of Ukraine stores ethnographic, archaeological, paintings
and sculptures, numismatic collections, early printed books and other
historical exhibits. The museum building is an architectural monument
built in 1937-1939 according to the project of the architect I. Yu.
Karakis and was originally intended for an art school.
Central Museum
of the Armed Forces of Ukraine , st. Grushevsky, 30/1 ( Kiev Metro Line
1 Arsenalna). ☎ +38 (044) 253-80-72. Tue-Sun 10:00-18:00, closes one
hour earlier on Fri. It is the main military museum in Ukraine.
Water
Museum , st. Grushevsky, 1B ( Kiev Metro Line 2 Maidan Nezalezhnosti). ✉
☎ +38 (044) 279-53-33, fax: +38 (044) 279-80-59. The museum, covering in
its expositions the entire water and sewer economy. The exposition of
such a museum has many exhibits dedicated to the history and development
of water supply and sewerage, materials are collected that introduce the
history of creation, the current state and prospects for the development
of the water supply and sewerage system.
State Aviation Museum of
Ukraine , st. Medovaya, 1 (Drive about 40 minutes by minibus No. 302
from Kiev Metro Line 2 Kontraktova Square to the stop Fyodor Anders
Street and from there go along Medovaya Street for about 15 minutes, the
street itself is on the left in front of the stop). ✉ ☎ +38 (044)
451-83-24, fax: +38 (044) 451-83-14. Wed-Sun 10:00-19:00, closes two
hours earlier in winter. 50 UAH, it is possible to visit aircraft cabins
for an additional fee. Excursion 200 UAH per group. The largest
technical museum in Ukraine. It is twinned with the Museum of Polish
Aviation (Krakow), the Head Industry Museum of the History of Civil
Aviation of Russia (Ulyanovsk) and the US National Aerospace Museum.
About 70 exhibits have been collected on an area of 20 hectares:
helicopters, missile carriers, fighters, training and passenger
aircraft.
By plane
Kyiv has good air links with most European and CIS
countries, with the exception of Russia, where flights have been
suspended. From Moscow and St. Petersburg, Belavia (Minsk) offers the
most convenient connections. It is also possible to fly via Riga (Air
Baltic) and Warsaw (LOT), but this is usually more expensive and less
convenient in terms of time. The national carrier, Ukraine International
Airlines, operates single long-haul flights to Beijing, Bangkok and New
York.
Kiev has two airports, and one of them (Zhulyany) is called
"Kyiv International Airport" because it is located right in the city,
although, contrary to the name, it serves fewer flights than Boryspil,
the main Kiev airport, which is more spacious but less conveniently
located. As of 2018, all low-cost airlines fly to Zhuliany (WizzAir -
flights within Europe, Pegasus from Istanbul, Vueling from Barcelona),
Belavia from Minsk, LOT from Warsaw and some domestic flights. The
national airline UIA flies exclusively from Boryspil.
Boryspil
Boryspil Airport (IATA:KBP). +380 (44) 393-43-71. Consists of a single
terminal D - large and modern. In the arrivals area there is a 24-hour
exchange office with a good exchange rate and a counter selling SIM
cards. There are enough cafes with hot food in the check-in and
departure area - quite expensive by Ukrainian standards, but very cheap
compared to other European airports. There is an even cheaper canteen
across the street from the terminal. Luggage storage: 120 UAH/day.
How to get there: transport to the airport runs from the Kiev
railway station. You will have a choice between the Kiev Boryspil
Express train with an intermediate stop at the Darnitsa station (every
40-60 minutes, 40 minutes to the airport, ticket costs UAH 80) and the
Sky Bus express bus (No. 322), which departs from the south side railway
station and makes an intermediate stop at Kharkivsk. The bus runs around
the clock, every 15-30 minutes during the day, less often at night.
Travel time from the airport: 15 minutes to Kharkivska (UAH 60) and at
least an hour to the railway station (UAH 100). Traveling through
Kharkivskaya is faster and more convenient, but in the direction of the
airport it is complicated by the fact that there may be no seats on the
bus, and it does not follow the schedule well. A taxi to Kharkovskaya
costs 200-250 UAH, to the center - from 300 UAH: order from the city.
Zhuliany
Zhuliany Airport (Kyiv International Airport, IATA:IEV).
☎ +380 (44) 585-72-54. The airport is located among residential areas,
consists of two adjacent terminals - A (international flights) and D
(domestic flights). Both terminals are new and quite comfortable,
although cramped. In terminal A, in the check-in area, there are two
24-hour restaurants, of which visitors recommend only Bistro Molto Bene,
and a coffee shop that closes at night, as well as a left-luggage office
(10 UAH/h, 120 UAH/day). In a clean area, the Belgian beer Du Park.
Prices are the same as in Boryspil. In the vicinity of the airport there
is an industrial zone and sleeping areas, there are no normal places to
eat.
How to get there: trolleybus No. 9 from Universitet and Leo
Tolstoy Square, trolleybus No. 22 from Shulyavsk and several minibuses.
Travel time: 15-20 min. A kilometer from the airport is the
Kyiv-Volynsky railway station, where the city electric train, all
suburban trains of the western direction and some long-distance trains
stop.
By train
Most trains arrive at Kyiv Passenger Station.
It has two terminals: the Central Station and the South Station,
connected by a bridge-passage at the level of the second floor, and
there is an underground passage on each platform. On the transition, you
can either go straight to the Vokzalna metro station (one side of the
exit) or to the side of the South Station from where Skybus departs to
the airport and other minibuses / buses that travel both in Kiev and in
the regions. In the immediate vicinity of the station are the metro
station Vokzalna and the new Kyiv bus station.
Central station
(Kyiv-passenger).
By car
The main directions of the tracks:
M-01 (Brovarskoye highway, aka E95) - from the Russian Federation
and the Republic of Belarus, Chernigov, Gomel, St. Petersburg.
M-03
(Borispol highway, aka E40) - from Boryspil International Airport,
Kharkiv, Poltava.
M-05 (Odesskaya highway, aka E95) - from Odessa,
Bila Tserkva, Uman.
M-06 (Zhytomyr highway, aka E40) - from Lviv,
Rovno, Zhytomyr.
M-07 (Warsaw highway (Varshavka), aka E373) - from
Poland, Kovel, Korosten.
By bus
Central bus station Wikidata
item, Nauki Ave.,. ☎ +380 (44) 527-99-86, +380 (44) 525-57-74.
Bus
station at the station square, Vokzalnaya Square ( Vokzalna). Buses and
minibuses also depart from the South (Pivdenny) railway station, which
is on the other side of the railway.
Schedule from the central
bus station in Ukraine and international buses - online.
Also in
the city there are several bus stations:
Bus station "Vladimirskaya",
st. Vladimiro-Lybidskaya, 25, phone: (044) 269-7293
Bus station
"Vydubychi", st. Naberezhno-Pecherskaya, 10 ( Vidubichi), phone: (044)
264-2182
Bus station "Darnitsa", st. Yuri Gagarin, ( Darnitsa),
phone: (044) 559-4618. Schedule is online.
Dachnaya bus station, 142
Pobeda Avenue, telephone: (044) 424-1503. Timetable for Ukraine and
Europe - online.
Bus station "Podil", st. Nizhny Val, 15-a, phone:
(044) 417-3542
Bus station "Polesie", pl. Taras Shevchenko, 2, phone:
(044) 430-3554
Bus station "South", st. Academician Glushkova, 3,
phone: (044) 257-4004
Bus station "Kyiv", near the central railway
station.
Bus schedule at the bus stations of Ukraine - online.
On the ship
River Station ( Postal Square). During the
navigation period - daily excursions along different routes in both
directions on motor ships of the "Moskva" type (50-150 UAH) and
hydrofoils of the "Polesie" type (200-500 UAH in 2016). The schedule of
intercity cruises must be specified separately.
Metro
The Kiev metro in the USSR was built the third in a row. For
2013, there are 52 stations on three metro lines. The opening of the
52nd station ("Teremki") took place in November 2013, there are plans
for the development of existing and new metro lines.
Payment by
tokens and contactless cards. Purchased for cash at the box office in
the lobby of the subway. The fare is UAH 8 (08/18). Entry and exit at
the stations through folding turnstiles or tripod turnstiles. The
operating time of each station must be specified separately, on average
5:50-00:30. Station names are announced in Russian, Ukrainian and
English.
Minibus
The minibus after the metro is the most
accessible type of public transport. The vast majority of the fleet are
minibuses of the Bogdan type. Fare — UAH 4-8 (2018) (short routes — UAH
4-8, long — UAH 8) Payment is made at the entrance. The route network
covers almost the entire city, including the outskirts. Traveling by
minibuses is an excellent alternative to other types of ground urban
transport, with a similar fare and more comfortable travel conditions,
except for rush hour.
trolleybus
Since sometimes the subway
can't take you close to a particular tourist attraction, sometimes
trolleybuses can be used as well. Trolleybus communication covers all
the main districts of Kyiv and includes 41 routes. Kyiv trolleybuses are
generally fairly new and well maintained.
Trolleybus tickets are
sold directly in the trolleybus from the conductor or driver, the ticket
price is UAH 8. Stops in trolleybuses are announced.
Tram
In
Kyiv in 1892, the first electric tram in the Russian Empire was opened.
The first route went from the current European Square down to the
current Postal Square; the first depot was located on the site of the
current hotel "Dnepr". Also, in Kyiv in 1978, for the first time in the
USSR, a high-speed tram was opened. Currently, there are two isolated
light rail lines on the right bank - routes No. 1, 2, 3, and on the left
- No. 5, 4.
In 2004, the rails on the Patona Bridge were
dismantled, resulting in two isolated (left-bank and right-bank) tram
systems.
The western part of the route of tram routes No. 12, 17
(numbers may change), several stops before the Puscha-Voditsa terminus,
passes through the forest (there are no motor roads nearby) and is a
tourist attraction of the city in itself. In particular, the Kalancha
stop is located directly in the forest, there are no infrastructure
facilities next to it, except for tram rails.
There is also a
high-speed tram running on the right bank of Kyiv from Starovokzalnaya
Square to the Great Ring Road or to the Mikhailovskaya Borshchagovka
massif. Consists of several articulated wagons. The tram line does not
intersect with roads and streets, so it does not have congestion during
rush hour. The fare is 8 hryvnia (2018), the ticket can only be
purchased at the stops of the light rail line at the ticket offices,
tickets are kept until the end of the trip.
city train
Since
2012, another type of urban transport has been available - the city
train, which follows a closed ring route through railway platforms
within Kyiv. Trains run during peak hours, in the morning from 6:30 to
9:30, and in the evening from 16:30 to 20:30, a more accurate schedule
should be specified separately. The fare is 4 UAH, all platforms have a
turnstile checkpoint system. Many platforms are connected within walking
distance to metro stations.
Travel by city train is especially
convenient due to the lack of dependence on road traffic, as well as the
possibility of chord movement around the city. For example, from
Livoberezhnaya to Petrovka, the train travels only 14 minutes, by metro
this route will take at least 30 minutes with one change, by car with
traffic jams even more.
On weekends (?) (check the schedule
separately), an excursion train of two comfortable cars and an operating
steam locomotive of the “E” type runs along the ring road. Departure
from the station, cost - 25 UAH.
Funicular
The Kiev funicular
was built in 1905 and connects Poshtova Square (next to Postova
Square) and the upper terrace of Vladimirskaya Gorka next to
Mikhailovskaya Square. The length of the track is 222 meters, the height
difference is 75 m, the traffic interval is 5 minutes, the operating
time is from 6:00 to 23:00, the fare is 8 UAH
Tourist buses
For the convenience of tourists, the city has launched double-decker red
Hop-On Hop-Off buses that run every 45 minutes in a circle, making stops
at each tourist site. Buses run daily from 10:15 to 18:30. The ticket
costs 200 hryvnia per person and is valid for 2(!) days.
Souvenirs
Souvenirs, including those with the symbols of Kyiv, are
sold everywhere in the center: (national) clothes, books, photo albums,
antiques, badges, ceramics, and so on. In the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra and
other temple complexes, you can buy religious paraphernalia and
monastery honey.
Guests of the city are traditionally interested
in Kyiv cakes. They can be purchased at any grocery store, supermarket,
sometimes in stalls. A “real” Kiev cake is considered to be a cake
produced at the only factory “named after Karl Marx” (Roshen), but there
are also many third-party Kiev cakes on sale (especially at the railway
station) - they are a little cheaper, but also worse in quality. In the
company store at the factory named after Karl Marx ( Demiivska) you can
always buy "today's" Kiev cake.
Markets
Bessarabian
market (Bessarabskaya square). The most expensive market in Kyiv, many
prices are overpriced by 1.5-3 times. Also in the building of the market
there is a Billa supermarket, and in a circle there are several non-food
stores and eateries.
An interesting feature of the city are the
underground shopping centers in the squares adjacent to the subway.
Small and medium-sized in different places of the city under the general
name "Square", and the huge multi-level complexes "Globus" (near Maidan,
a project similar to Moscow's on Manezhnaya Square), "Metrograd"
(Bessarabskaya Square) and others.
Petrovka market, Pochaina
metro station. Clothing and book market.
Cheap
You can quickly and inexpensively eat in Kyiv in one of the
self-service restaurants, which are enough in the city center. For
example, the restaurant "Two Gusya" on Basseynaya 1 (right behind the
Bessarabian market) or in the Passage (approximately opposite the
intersection of Khreshchatyk and Proreznaya). A normal lunch will cost
about 40 UAH.
One of the most popular chain of self-service
restaurants is Puzata Hata.
Self-service restaurant "Zdorovenki
Bula", st. Lutheranskaya, 3 ( Khreshchatyk). ☎ +38 (044) 23 22 000.
This restaurant is worth mentioning. The interior deserves special
attention. Stylized halls of the countries of the world with Ukrainian
flavor.
Dining room "Goldfish", st. Malyshko, 3, "Children's World",
4th floor ( Darnitsa). A standard lunch will cost 18-20 UAH. In
addition, in Kyiv there are still (though less and less every year)
canteens left over from Soviet times, where you can eat even cheaper.
This one is one of the cheapest of its kind.
Coffee houses,
confectionery
Coffee theater "Kaffa". A coffee house, the main
feature of which is the presence of 35 types of coffee. Service is slow
but coffee is good.
st. Frying pans, 5 (near Kontraktova Square). ☎
+38 (044) 425-38-45.
lane Taras Shevchenko, 3. ☎ +38 (044) 270-65-05.
Lviv Croissants (Lviv croissants). Nice selection of croissants with
sweet toppings. There are also sandwich croissants.
Lviv Croissants,
st. Pool, 1/2. ☎ +38 098 923 3437.
Lviv Croissants, st. Khreshchatyk,
24. ☎ +38 067 190 7357.
Websites for renting apartments: Grata apartments, KievRent Apartment
Bureau, Easy-Kiev.com, elitflat.com, Kyiv Apartments, hotel service
Predslava.
Cheap
1 Hotel "OKiev" on Enlightenment, st.
Enlightenment 14. ☎ +38 (044) 243 74 86. Single room 400 UAH. Belongs to
the network of hotels "OKiev".
2 Hostel "OKiev" on Kolomievsky, per.
Kolomievsky, 6. ☎ +38 (044) 257 23 10. Double room 340 UAH. Belongs to
the network of hotels "OKiev".
3 Borscht Hostel Kiev, Velyka
Vasylkivska street, 43, entrance 2, apt. 32 (opposite the Kyiv cinema).
☎ +38 068 7109990. A bed in a dormitory room from 6 euros. Staff with
knowledge of English, German, Russian and Ukrainian.
4 Esther Hostel,
111/113 Velyka Vasylkivska Street (Palace Ukraina metro station, next to
the Ukraina Palace). ☎ +380 44 332 05 36. Dormitory, beds from 8 euros.
5 Randevu mini-hotel chain, Pravdy Avenue, 31A. ☎ +38044 5876893. 345
UAH A network of private mini-hotels Randevu in Kyiv. 9 different
addresses, both on the right and left banks of the Dnieper.
6 "Black
Sea" Kyiv, st. Leipzigskaya, 16A. ☎ +38 (044) 364-10-64. From 1000 UAH
7 Hotel and restaurant complex "Verkhovyna" (Peremohy Ave.), Pobedy
Ave., 135 (On foot, by trolleybus or minibus from Zhitomirska station in
the direction of Zhytomyr). ☎ +380443399957, +380674836181,
+380503328971, +380732597057. Hotel at the exit from the city in the
direction of Zhytomyr. Across the road is the bus station "Dachnaya", a
little further is the metro station Zhitomirskaya. Located next to the
pond. Comfortable rooms with TV, refrigerator, air conditioning and
kettle. Free WiFi.
8 Voskhod Hotel, p. Sofiyivska Borshchagovka, st.
Pushkina, 14 (high-speed tram number 3 from the railway station,
minibuses from Zhitomirskaya, Nivki, Akademgorodok metro stations). ☎
+380445834868. The hotel is territorially located in the village of
Sofievskaya Borshchagovka, but it is 2 minutes to the outskirts of Kyiv.
walk. There are rooms of different categories: economy, standard,
superior, suite.
9 Hotel and restaurant complex "Verkhovyna"
(Koltsevaya Doroga), p. Petropavlovskaya Borshchagovka, st.
Petropavlovskaya, 24 (from the station Zhytomyrska shuttle bus No. 23,
No. 716, No. 720, from the railway station No. 14 to the stop
Yantarnaya). ☎ +380443399931. Unlike the hotel on Pobedy Avenue, this is
a large hotel complex that has several buildings. Formally located in
Petropavlovskaya Borshchagovka, but located near the Ring Road, which is
used by public transport. Drive 5-7 min. from st. m. Zhitomirskaya. The
economy class rooms have a shower, TV, air conditioning, refrigerator,
kettle, free Wi-Fi
Average cost
10 Mini-hotel "Partner Guest
House", Basseinaya str., 19. ☎ +380 44 2285511. From 1500 UAH. Cashless
payments. Free transfer from the airport.
11 Ibis Kiev Shevchenko
Boulevard, blvd. Taras Shevchenko, 25. ☎ +380 (44) 591-2222. From 1600
UAH The first hotel in Ukraine of the French brand ACCOR "Ibis".
12
"Tourist" hotel, st. Raisa Okipnaya 2 ( Livoberezhna). from 700 UAH
27-storey hotel near Livoberezhna, built in the 1980s.
13 Rus Hotel,
per. Hospital, 4 ( Sports Palace). ☎ +380 (44) 256-40-00. Double room —
1500 UAH. The hotel was built in the Soviet era, and now belongs to the
Accord Hotels chain and has acquired a sea of pathos: the doors are
opened by a doorman, a porter helps to bring things and the like. The
quality of repair and equipment is at the level of European three or
domestic four stars. Not the lowest price is somewhat compensated by the
rich breakfast buffet included in the room rate.
14 Premier Hotel
Lybid (former hotel "Lybid"), pl. Victory 1. ☎ +38 (044) 236-95-72. From
1200 UAH Comfortable, modern hotel, located in the center of business
Kyiv, on the right bank of the Dnieper River. Business center, wired
Internet and WI-FI, satellite TV, the possibility of ordering excursion
services, theater or concert tickets, round-the-clock restaurant room
service. All rooms have individually controlled and controlled heating
and air conditioning systems.
15 Express Hotel, Blvd. Shevchenko,
38/40. ✉ ☎ +38 (044) 234-21-13, 503-30-45, 503-30-89. From 900 UAH The
hotel with a touch of the Soviet past is located a 15-minute walk from
the railway station in Kyiv.
16 Hotel Oberig, 25/16 Lobanovsky Ave.
(near Sevastopolskaya Square). ✉ ☎ +38 (044) 270-44-66. Prices from 800
UAH. Hotel "Oberig" is included in the list of the best hotels in Kyiv.
Comfortable rooms in the center of Kyiv. Free Wi-Fi, free parking,
buffet breakfast, online room reservation.
17 Hotel Bratislava, st.
Andrei Malyshko, 1 (on the left bank of the Dnieper, a 5-minute walk
from Darnitsa). ✉ ☎ +38 (044) 537-39-75. Single from 900 UAH, double -
from 1050 UAH. 337 rooms.
18 Hotel "Ukraine" st. Institutskaya 4
( Maidan Nezalezhnosti). ✉ ☎ +38 (044) 590 5474. Prices from 1500 UAH. A
four-star hotel with 371 rooms of various categories of comfort.
Expensive
19 Hotel "Khreshchatyk", st. Khreshchatyk, 14 ( Maidan
Nezalezhnosti). ✉ ☎ +38 (044) 596 80 00. Prices from 3500 UAH.
Comfortable rooms overlooking Khreshchatyk. Free Wi-Fi, buffet
breakfast, online room reservation.
20 "Hyatt Regency Kyiv", st. A.
Tarasova, 5A (near St. Sophia Cathedral). ✉ ☎ +380 (44) 581-12-34. From
8500 UAH 5 star hotel.
21 City Park Hotel, st. Bulvarno-Kudryavska,
20A. ☎ +38 (044) 451-8701. From 2600 UAH A new, modern European-style
boutique hotel in the business and historical center of Kyiv.
22
President Hotel, st. Hospital, 12, Kyiv, Ukraine, 01601 (metro
Klovskaya, Palace of Sports). ☎ +38 (044) 256 3256. Four-star hotel with
374 rooms of various categories - from Business to Presidential Suite
Payphones
In Kyiv, payphone communications are functioning and the
remaining payphones in large numbers on the streets in all districts, in
Ukrtelecom branches, hospitals and some government agencies work free of
charge when calling to city numbers.
Mobile operators
Kyivstar
Vodafone (MTS)
life
InterTeleCom
Ukrtelecom (Utel)
Etymology
According to legends, the name of Kyiv comes from the
name of Kyus, the eldest of the three brothers who are considered to be
the founders of the city. One of these legends came down to us in the
annals of the 12th century. "The story of temporary summers".
In
the sagas, Kyiv was called Koenugarðr. The name Kænugarður remained for
Kyiv in the Icelandic language. From April 27, 2022, a small square
Kænugarður / Kyiv-torg appeared in Reykjavík
Kyiv also had a
Turkic name - "Mankermen" ("big city"), "Kiva-Mankermen", which lived
next to the original name.
The Ukrainian ethnographer M. V.
Zakrevsky claimed that the "Azagarium" mentioned by Claudius Ptolemy was
located on the site of modern Kyiv. Yu. A. Kulakovsky equated Ptolemy's
"Metropolis" with Kiev, M. Yu. Brychevsky - "Sar".
According to
Arabic and Persian sources of the 9th and 10th centuries, one of the
state centers of the East Slavic entities was called Kuyaviya (Kuyabia,
Kuyaba). The most logically justified is the identification of the city
of Kuyaba with Kyiv.
Spelling
In ancient Russian monuments,
the name of the city was written as Кыѥвъ, where ы conveyed the
Proto-Slavic sound *y, and ѥ — the iotated sound [e] ("is"). Such
writing remained in the annals for a long time. Later, after the
termination of the law of second palatalization and the merging of the
sound [ɨ] with [i] into a new vowel of the front-middle row [ɪ], the
spellings Киевъ, Киевъ appear, and after the formation of the "new
yatya" - and "Кыѣвъ"[20 ], "Kiev", "Kiev". With the reorganization of
the Ukrainian orthography of the 19th century, when the letter и is
attached to [ɪ], and the iotized "new yatya" is followed by y, the
spelling takes on a modern form - Kyiv.
Translation of the city
name in English (#KyivNotKiev)
On October 2, 2018, the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs of Ukraine together with the Center for Strategic
Communications "StratCom Ukraine" launched the online campaign
"#CorrectUA", within the framework of which it will appeal to foreign
media to correct the spelling of the city of Kyiv (#KyivNotKiev).
The first reports about the correction of the spelling of the city
of Kyiv appeared: in their texts, the BBC and The Guardian write Kyiv
instead of Kiev; London Luton Airport, Budapest and Tallinn Airports,
Belgium changed their name from Kiev to Kyiv. At the same time, UIA
refused to change Kiev to Kyiv, explaining that Kiev is the official
transliteration of the International Air Transport Association IATA.
On September 16, 2020, the English Wikipedia renamed the article
about Kyiv from "Kiev" to "Kyiv", while certain articles with the
corresponding oikonym remain unchanged, in particular about Kievan Rus'
("Kievan Rus'").
Establishment
According to the legend "Tales of the Timeless
Years", Kyiv was founded by the legendary Polyansk prince Kyi together
with his brothers Shchek and Khoryv and sister Lybidya. The chronicle
does not have a date of foundation of the city. Archaeological and
written sources testify that Kyiv developed on the basis of a pagan
settlement of the late 5th - early 6th centuries. According to
Encyclopedia Britannica, the city was founded in the 6th or 7th
centuries. Its center was Starokyivska Gora on the right bank of the
Dnieper. In the 6th and 7th centuries, the neighboring elevations were
inhabited. The location of Kyiv on the Dnieper road, in the ethnic
border zone, on the border of the forest and the forest-steppe,
contributed to the city's promotion to the role of the political center
of the Middle Dnieper region.
Kievan Rus
At the turn of the
8th and 9th centuries, Kyiv became the main city of the Rus land, an
inter-tribal union of southern East Slavic tribes, and from 882, after
its conquest by the Varangians, became the "mother of Russian cities" -
the capital of the Russian state. At the same time, the medieval
division of the city into princely Dytynets on Starokyivska Gora and
trading and craft Posad on Podil was formed. The nobility and clergy
lived in the first, and the common people in the second. The city was
one of the centers of international trade with Byzantium, Scandinavia,
Western Europe, and the Muslim world. From the first half of the 10th
century, the first Christian church operated in Podil.
During the
reign of Grand Duke Volodymyr (980-1015), the territory of Kyiv Dytynets
was expanded and strengthened and reached 10 hectares. In
historiography, it is called "the city of Volodymyr". Dytynets was
surrounded by a rampart with three gates, the most important of which
were Sofia's. After the baptism of Rus in 988, Kyiv became the center of
the Metropolitanate of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. The main city
church was the Tithing Church, built near the princely palace and the
Babyn Torzhok market. Volodymyr's son, Yaroslav (1019-1054), expanded
Dytynets even more, building and surrounding the so-called Yaroslav's
city with defensive ramparts and moats. He built new fortress
fortifications, more than 3.5 km long, which surrounded an area of 72
hectares. Kyiv was transformed into the largest fortress of Russia. The
new main gate became the Golden Gate, and the main temple was St. Sophia
Cathedral, the chair of the Metropolitans of Kyiv. Yaroslav's
descendants Izyaslav (1054-1068, 1069-1073) and Svyatopolk (1093-1113)
built a new fortification - the so-called Svyatopolk town. Its center
became the Kyiv-Mikhailivskiy Golden-Domed Cathedral, which gave its
name to the monastery of the same name. Thus, Kyiv at that time had
three fortifications (gardens) with an area of 80 hectares.
The
largest district of Kyiv was the Dnieper Podil. In the 12th and 13th
centuries, it occupied an area of about 200 hectares, which was
surrounded by a defensive rampart. In the center of Podol was located
the main city market - "Torgovishche", around which stood the church of
Pyrohoshcha, Borysoglibska and Mykhailivska churches. To the west of the
city lay Kopyriv end, where during the reign of Svyatoslav Yaroslavich
(1073-1076) the monastery of St. Simeon was founded. Outside the city,
there were monasteries - Kyrylivskyi, Klovskyi, Pecherskyi (since 1598 -
Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra) and Vydubytskyi Svyato-Mikhailivskyi. The suburban
villages of Predslavyne and Berestov, princely and boyar courts,
Dorogozhichi and Uhorske tracts stretched around the city.
By the
middle of the 12th century, Kyiv had about 50,000 inhabitants, about 400
churches, and 8 bazaars. The area of the city was up to 400 hectares.
In 1169, Prince Andrei "Bogolyubsky" of Vladimir-Suzdal took
possession of Kiev. In 1240, the city was captured by the Mongol
conquerors led by the grandson of Genghis Khan, Khan Baty, and the
development of the city was interrupted.
Despite the devastation
and destruction during the Mongol invasion of 1240, Kyiv continued to
play a prominent role in the political life of Eastern Europe. Although
the number of its inhabitants decreased sharply, all its main historical
districts (Upper Town, Podil, Zamkova Gora, Pechersk, Berestov, Klov,
Vydubychi, etc.) were inhabited. The main core of the city (Gora and
Podil) was located within the traditional boundaries: the Golden and
Lyad gates on Gora and the Pochayna River on Podil. In the second half
of the 14th century, Zamkova Gora turned into the City's Child.
In 1321, after the defeat of the Grand Duke Gedimin of Lithuania in the
battle on the Irpin River, Prince Stanislav fled to Ryazan, and his
place was taken by Mindovg Holshansky, the first Kiev prince from the
Holshansky family.
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russia, and
Zhemanti
Around 1362, Kyiv became part of the Grand Duchy of
Lithuania. Volodymyr Olherdovych became its prince. Entry took place
peacefully, according to agreements that left everything "in the old
fashioned way". Volodymyr pursued an independent policy, minted his own
coin, which, however, led to his replacement in 1394 by Prince Skirgail
Olherdovich, and after the latter's death, to the establishment of the
governorship. At the end of the 14th and the beginning of the 15th
centuries, Kyiv was a political center where the Grand Dukes of
Lithuania, Vytautas, the King of Poland and the Supreme Prince of
Lithuania Vladislav II Jagailo, the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasiliy
Dmytrovych, Metropolitans Kyprian, Photius, Grigoriy (Tsamblak), Khan
Tokhtamysh held negotiations. . The city became the main base of
Vytautas' army.
Since the end of the 14th century, the names of
students from Kyiv appear in the lists of the Paris Sorbonne and other
universities, under the year 1436 the first doctor of the "Ruthenian
nation from Kyiv" — Ivan Tynkevych — is mentioned.
In 1440, the
Kyiv principality was restored under the leadership of Prince Olelko
Volodymyrovych. In the years 1455-1470, Semyon Olelkovich reigned in
Kyiv. Both princes enjoyed authority, had dynastic ties with the great
Moscow and Tver princes, the Moldavian master Stephen III the Great. The
time of their rule became a period of development for Kyiv (based on the
traditions of the material and spiritual culture of the Old Russian
era): the Assumption Cathedral and other churches were repaired, stone
bas-reliefs depicting Oranta were created, as well as new editions of
Paterik of Kyiv-Pechersky and other written works . Kyiv continued to be
an important center of domestic and international trade, and had the
right to warehouse. Many goods from the East, Europe, Muscovy, etc.
passed through the city in transit.
Kyiv was a potential center
for the unification of Russian lands that were part of the Grand Duchy
of Lithuania, therefore, after the death of the Kyiv prince Semyon
Olelkovich, the Lithuanian authorities turned the principality into a
voivodeship. In 1497, the Grand Duke of Lithuania and Russia, Oleksandr
Jagiellonchik, granted Magdeburg rights to Kyiv. At the end of the 15th
century, the city had a castle, the residence of the Kyiv voivodes, and
a town hall, the seat of the Kyiv magistrate. In 1569, at the request of
the Kyiv nobility and by the decision of the Union of Lublin between the
Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, which formed the
federal state of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Kyiv together with
the voivodship became part of the Polish crown.
Hetmanship
The
end of the 15th century was the beginning of the decline of Kyiv, which
was caused by the general crisis of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania — its
inability to organize the protection of the lands subject to it from the
attacks of the Crimean Tatars, the largest of which was carried out in
1482. After the Union of Lublin, despite the pressure from the Polish
feudal lords and the Catholic Church, the economic rise of the city took
place at that time. Since 1625, Kyiv has been the center of the Cossack
Kyiv regiment, which in 1649, as a result of the Khmelnytskyi region,
became part of the state of the Zaporizhzhya Army. Despite Kyiv's small
size, it was the largest Orthodox center of the Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth and the Cossack state. The city housed the residence of the
Orthodox Kyiv Metropolitans and the Orthodox Kyiv Collegium, which in
1659 received the status of an academy.
The next period of Kyiv's
history began with its occupation by Moscow troops after the Pereyaslav
Union in 1654, concluded between the Zaporizhzhya Army and Muscovy. Kyiv
was needed by the Moscow government as a "stronghold of colonialist
policy in the south." Kyiv became the residence of Moscow governors. In
1667, as a result of the signing of the Peace of Andrus, which divided
the Cossack state between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the
Moscow Empire, the city became part of the latter. Formally, Kyiv
remained under the control of the Zaporizhzhya Army, but in fact the
city was managed by the Moscow administration. According to the "eternal
peace" of 1686, Kyiv finally passed to the Muscovite state.
The
severing of ties with the western regions of Ukraine led in the 18th
century. to stagnation in the economy and trade. From 1782, Kyiv became
the main city of the viceroyalty, the territory of which covered a
significant part of the Hetmanship. After the 2nd partition of Poland
(1793) and the annexation of Western Ukrainian voivodeships to Muscovy,
in 1797 the Kyiv province was formed. The annual (in January) Contract
Fair was moved from Dubno to Kyiv. These events renewed Kyiv's ties with
the western regions and contributed to the influx of Poles, mainly the
nobility, which occupied a significant place in the life of Kyiv until
the Polish uprising of 1830-1831. At that time, the Moscow government
took measures to transform Kyiv, through Russification and displacement
of the Polish and Jewish population, "into a purely Russian city.
Due to the border character of Kyiv, Moscow collateral was
constantly in it. At the beginning of the 18th century, the construction
of the Pechersk fortress was completed. Kyiv lost its status as the
center of the Kyiv regiment in connection with the transfer of the
regimental office to Kozelets. In 1708, the city became the
administrative center of the Kyiv province of the Russian Empire. From
the fall of 1770 to the summer of 1771, Kyiv suffered from a plague
epidemic. 2,819 people died, mostly in Podil. After the abolition of the
autonomy of the Zaporizhzhya Army in 1782, Kyiv finally came under the
rule of the Russians. Only the Mazepyn churches remain as monuments of
the Cossack era in the city.
Russian Empire
During the reign
of the Russian Empire in the 18th and early 20th centuries, Kyiv was a
large provincial city, the fifth largest among the imperial cities after
St. Petersburg, Moscow, Warsaw and Odessa.
In the 20s of the XIX
century. Kyiv had a population of about 40,000, of which 18,000 were
military.
After the uprising of the Decembrists, in 1827, a
general governorship was established in Kyiv, uniting the Kyiv, Podil
and Volyn provinces, whose task was to carry out the Russification
policy of tsarism and fight against the revolutionary movement.
In 1840, the Lithuanian statute was abolished.
The cultural and
educational life of the city's Ukrainians became complicated after the
Valuev circular of 1863 and the Em decree of 1876.
In contrast to
previous centuries, for the first time the people of Kyiv had the
opportunity to develop their city in peaceful conditions. Russian local
authorities paid attention not only to the development of the historic
Podil and Starokyivska Gora, but also to the development of the
infrastructure of the surrounding areas - Besarabka, Khreshchatyk,
Pechersk, etc. The main street of the city was Volodymyrska, and the
center of business life was the contract fairs on Kontraktova Square.
In the 19th century, the first university and the opera house
appeared in Kyiv, the telephone and telegraph were built, and the Kyiv
tram began operating. Despite the liberal socio-economic policy, the
imperial government carried out strict Russification of the local
Polish, Ukrainian and Jewish population.
The Ukrainian revolution
During the days of the Ukrainian revolution and liberation struggles,
Kyiv was the center of the struggle for Ukrainian statehood. On March 3,
1917, after the fall of the tsarist regime, the Ukrainian Central
Council was established in the city. On November 20, 1917, it proclaimed
the Ukrainian People's Republic with the III Universal, and Kyiv as its
capital. On February 8, 1918, the city was taken over by the Bolsheviks,
but after the conclusion of the Brest Peace, it was liberated by the
troops of the Central Powers. From April 29 to December 14, 1918, Kyiv
was the capital of the Ukrainian State, which was ruled by Hetman Pavlo
Skoropadskyi. After the overthrow of the Hetmanate, until February 14,
1919, the UNR Directory was based in Kyiv. In February 1919, the city
was reoccupied by the Bolsheviks, in August by the troops of Anton
Denikin, and in December by the Bolsheviks again. On May 7, 1920, Kyiv
was recaptured by the allied forces of the units of the UNR army and the
Polish army during the Soviet-Polish war. However, as a result of the
Bolshevik counteroffensive, it finally returned to Soviet power.
Soviet period
Stalin's terror, the destruction of Ukraine
In the
1930s, bus and trolley traffic was introduced in Kyiv, the Yevgenia
Bosch bridge was built, the first automatic transmission system was put
into operation, and central heating was organized.
In 1934, the
capital of the USSR was moved from Kharkiv to the city.
Starting
from the 1930s, Stalinist repressions began in Kyiv. Mass executions
were carried out on the territory of Bykivna. Communists who professed
militant atheism destroyed most of Kyiv's unique churches: Michael's
Golden-roofed Monastery, the Church of the Three Saints, the Church of
Our Lady of Pyrohoshcha, the Epiphany and Military Mykyl Cathedrals,
Resurrection and Peter and Paul Churches in Podil, the Church of the
Annunciation-bell tower of the Cyril Monastery, churches in the
classicist style of Mykola Merry Christmas, St. Olga, etc. On the site
of the destroyed monuments, the communists massively erected monuments
to their ideologues and heroes. Khreshchatyk became the central street
of Soviet Kyiv.
World War II and the post-war period
On
September 19, 1941, during the Second World War, after 78 days of
defense, Kyiv was abandoned by the Soviets and captured by German
troops. For two years, the city became the administrative center of Kyiv
General, City and Rural Districts. On November 6, 1943, the Soviet
authorities regained the city.
In the course of the fighting,
Kyiv suffered a lot, in particular due to the sabotage of communist
partisans. Restoration work continued until the early 1950s. In 1948,
the construction of the Dashava-Kyiv gas pipeline was completed, and in
1949, the Darnytskyi railway bridge and the Paton Bridge were built. In
1950, the first EOM in the USSR, MESM, was created, and in 1951, the
first television center in Ukraine began broadcasting.
In 1960,
the first section of the subway was launched, and new housing estates
were built on the left bank of the Dnieper. The Theater of Drama and
Comedy and the Youth Theater, the Museum of Folk Architecture and Life
of the Ukrainian SSR, the Museum of the History of Kyiv and the Museum
of the History of Ukraine in the Second World War (until 2015 it was
called the "Museum of the History of the Great Patriotic War") were
opened. At the same time, from the mid-1960s, the ideological
dictatorship was renewed, and Kyiv became the center of the dissident
movement. The cessation of repression and the return of political
prisoners to Ukraine began only during the period of perestroika after
1986.
Independent Ukraine
The end of the 20th — the beginning
of the 21st century
In 1991, Kyiv became the capital of independent
Ukraine. However, it was difficult to implement positive changes in the
city: there were signs of a nationwide socio-economic crisis, which led
to unemployment and a reduction in production. At this time, the metro
line to Lukyanivka and the Kharkiv massif was completed, and the Singing
Field was opened.
In the new century, Kyiv repeatedly became the
center of protest actions. At the end of 2000 and the beginning of 2001,
Kyiv became the center of the political action "Ukraine without Kuchma".
It was the largest demonstration of force against the authorities during
the time of independence. From November 2004 to January 2005, mass
protests against the falsification of the presidential elections took
place in the city, which were called the Orange Revolution. From
November 2013 to February 2014, Kyiv became the center of the Revolution
of Dignity, during which more than a hundred protesters were killed and
several hundred were seriously injured in clashes with Berkut special
forces in the city center.
On March 11, 2016, 79 boulevards,
streets, squares and alleys in Kyiv received new names as part of the
implementation of the law on decommunization (the corresponding document
was published on the website of the Kyiv City State Administration).
Read more: 2019 coronavirus pandemic and 2019 coronavirus in Ukraine
On March 11, 2020, the Cabinet of Ministers adopted a resolution on
preventing the spread of the COVID-19 coronavirus on the territory of
Ukraine, which established a quarantine on the territory of Ukraine from
March 12 to April 3, 2020, and prohibited:
visits to educational
institutions by its recipients;
conducting all mass events in which
more than 200 people participate, except for events necessary to ensure
the work of state authorities and local self-government bodies. Sports
events are allowed to be held without the participation of spectators
(fans).
On March 16, 2020, Ukraine closed its borders. Citizens of
Ukraine traveling in their own transport can cross checkpoints. The
checkpoints will work for Ukrainians returning to Ukraine. Foreigners
who have a local residence permit can also enter Ukraine. Checkpoints
will be open for cargo transportation, medical cargo will be inspected
by customs in one day.
Late in the evening of March 16, 2 cases
of coronavirus disease were detected in Kyiv. One Kyiv case originates
from Radomyshl. Church services and rituals were also temporarily banned
on March 16.
Russian-Ukrainian war
The military aggression of
the Russian Federation as part of the Russian invasion of Ukraine
continued on the outskirts and in the city itself from February 24 to
April 2, 2022. It was accompanied by massive rocket, air and artillery
shelling.
Lasted 1 month, 1 week and 1 day, causing serious war
crimes and crimes against humanity in the occupied territories during
this period. This led to sharp criticism of the Russian government by
the United States of America, the countries of the European Union and
other developed countries. In response to the Buch massacre, Denmark,
Estonia, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Spain and
Sweden decided to expel some of the Russian diplomats from their
countries, which was followed by a powerful package of economic
sanctions.
After the large-scale publicity of the tragedy by the
international media, the US Congress passed the pro-Land-Lease law to
defend Ukraine's democracy.
The symbols of the city of Kyiv are the coat of arms of Kyiv, the
flag of Kyiv and the anthem of Kyiv. The city also has a logo in two
versions: in Ukrainian and in English.
The modern coat of arms of
Kyiv is the image of the patron saint of the city, Archangel Michael, on
a blue shield. This coat of arms was officially approved by the Kyiv
City Council on April 18, 1995. It is similar to the coat of arms of
Kyiv Voivodeship. The flag of Kyiv is identical to the coat of arms —
Archangel Michael on a blue cloth.
The oldest known coat of arms
of Kyiv is the coat of arms dated 1480. It depicts a bow with an arrow
drawn by two hands protruding from the cloud. In the 17th century, a
coat of arms depicting a crossbow began to be used instead of a bow held
by only one hand. This coat of arms is now used as the modern coat of
arms of the Podilsky District. The coat of arms with the image of
Archangel Michael was used as the coat of arms of the Kyiv Voivodeship
(on a red background) and the Kyiv Regiment (on a blue background) until
1782, and from 1782 until the capture of Kyiv by the Bolsheviks as the
coat of arms of the city of Kyiv. From the early 1920s until 1969, the
city did not have its own coat of arms, until the Soviet coat of arms of
Kyiv was approved, which featured a bow and chestnut branch along with
the star of the hero city and a hammer and sickle. The Soviet coat of
arms of Kyiv served as the official coat of arms until the approval of
the modern coat of arms in 1995.
Kyiv's national anthem is the
song "How you don't like it, Kyiv is mine!", which was created in 1962
by the composer Ihor Shamo and the poet Dmytro Lutsenko and first
performed by the singer Yury Gulyaev in the same year. The song was
approved by the Kyiv City Council as the official anthem on November 13,
2014, and before that it was an unofficial national anthem for a long
time. During the celebration of Kyiv Day on May 30, 2015, on Sofia
Square, about 3,000 participants, together with the mayor Vitaliy
Klitschko, took part in setting an all-Ukrainian record for the largest
performance of this song. "Song about Kyiv" by Honored Artist of Ukraine
Yurk Yurchenko is also dedicated to Kyiv.
a certain feature of
the city: a drop symbolizing the Dnipro River; chestnut, which
symbolizes Kyiv as a park city; the dome, which symbolizes a large
number of churches and temples; a heart that symbolizes the love of the
people of Kyiv for their city.
City
After Ukraine gained independence, a system of dual power was
implemented in the city - the simultaneous existence of the institutions
of the head of the Kyiv City State Administration (KMDA) and the Kyiv
City Mayor (Mayor of Kyiv), which was enshrined in the law "On the
Capital of Ukraine - Hero City Kyiv". The head of the KMDA is appointed
by the President of Ukraine, as in other 26 first-level administrative
units of Ukraine, and is the head of the city's executive power. The
head of the city council, as in any city of Ukraine, is elected by the
residents of Kyiv for a term of 5 years in general elections and heads
the local self-governing body — the Kyiv City Council. In 1999-2010,
both positions were held by one person.
On May 25, 2014, Vitaliy
Klitschko won the mayoral elections, and on June 5, 2014, at the first
meeting of the Kyiv City Council of the 7th convocation, he took the
oath of the Kyiv City Mayor and began to perform his duties.
On
June 25, 2014, by decree of the President of Ukraine, the current mayor,
Vitaliy Klychko, was appointed to the position of Chairman of the KMDA.
The main body of Kyiv city self-government — the Kyiv City Council —
consists of 120 deputies, who are elected by the city's residents for a
term of 5 years. The new composition was chosen on May 25, 2014.
The Kyiv City State Administration performs the functions of the
executive body of the Kyiv City Council, but at the same time performs
the functions of the local executive body. This body is accountable to
the city council for issues related to local self-government, and to the
Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine for issues of exercising powers in the
sphere of executive power.
Until October 31, 2010, there were
district councils in Kyiv, but on the eve of the next local elections,
the city council decided to liquidate them.
Nationwide
Kyiv,
as a city endowed by the Constitution of Ukraine with capital functions,
is home to all central authorities: legislative, executive and judicial.
The Office of the President is a permanent body established by the
President of Ukraine to exercise his powers, located on the street
Bankova, 11.
The Verkhovna Rada is the legislative body of
government, located on the street. Mykhailo Hrushevskyi, 5.
The
Cabinet of Ministers is an executive body of government, located on the
street Mykhailo Hrushevskyi, 12/2.
The Constitutional Court is a
judicial authority that guarantees the supremacy of the Constitution of
Ukraine as the Basic Law of the State throughout the territory of
Ukraine, located on the street Zhilyanska, 14.
The Supreme Court is a
judicial authority located on the street. P. Orlyka, 4-a.
The
National Anti-Corruption Bureau is a state anti-corruption body located
at Surikova 3.
The wettest month is June. The driest and coldest is January. The
hottest is July.
The average annual temperature is +8.4 °C.
The
average annual wind speed is 2.5 m/s.
The average annual air humidity
is 74%.
The average rainfall is 621 mm.
The total duration of
sunshine per year is 1927 hours, or 43% of the possible.
Population statistics from 1552 to 2020
Ukraine has conducted a
population census only once since its independence in 2001, which
recorded a population of 2,611,327 people. Regarding the current
population of the city, there are various official estimates, so the
population estimate carried out by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine
as of December 1, 2019 showed 3,703,100 people in the present
population, while the official population estimate given by Ukrstat as
of January 1, 2020 was 2,967,360 inhabitants .
At the end of the
18th century, the population was about 30,000 people. According to the
2001 census, Kyiv had 2,611,300 inhabitants. Currently, the population
is increasing by an average of 20 thousand people a year. From January
1, 2002 to January 1, 2010, the population of Kyiv increased by 174,000
people. As of January 1, 2018, the present population was 2,934,522
people (which is 0.3% more than January 1, 2017). The permanent
population is 2,893,215 people. The natural increase in the population
of the city is positive, its value is much higher than in the country as
a whole (+2.2 people per thousand versus -4.17 in Ukraine as a whole)
and this is one of the highest population growth rates in Ukraine after
the Transcarpathian and Rivne regions (+3.7 and +2.4 respectively).
According to the Institute of Demography and Social Research of the
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, at the beginning of 2009 the
actual population of Kyiv was 3144.3 thousand people, which is 420
thousand more than the population at that time according to official
statistics. In 2016: birth rate - 12.5 per one thousand people,
mortality - 10.5, natural increase - 2.0 (-4.4 in Ukraine as a whole).
Migration indicators: the number of arrivals per 10 thousand people -
102.8, those who left - 57.2, migration growth - 45.6 (2.5 in Ukraine as
a whole).
National composition
In the middle of the 17th
century, the vast majority of the population of Kyiv were Ukrainians, a
certain proportion were Russians, Belarusians and Poles. In addition,
Armenians, Jews, Greeks, Tatars, Germans and representatives of other
ethnic groups lived in the city.
In the 19th century, due to
assimilation in Kyiv, the share of Ukrainians significantly decreased.
So, in 1897 there were 22.2% of them, and in 1917 - 16.4%. At the same
time, the share of Russians decreased from 54.2% to 49.5% and the share
of Jews increased from 12.1% to 18.6%. Subsequently, the share of
Ukrainians increased, and in 1926 they again became the predominant
ethnic group in Kyiv with an indicator of 42.2% against 24.4% of
Russians.
By the beginning of the 21st century, the share of
Ukrainians in Kyiv increased from 72.5% in 1989 to 82.2% in 2001. At the
same time, the number of other nationalities decreased. The number of
Russians decreased the most, from 536.2 thousand people (20.9%) in 1989
to 337.3 thousand people (13.1%) in 2001. The number of Belarusians also
decreased (1989 - 25.3 thousand people, 2001 - 16.5 thousand people) and
Poles (1989 - 10.4 thousand people, 2001 - 6.9 thousand people). By the
beginning of the 21st century, the process of emigration of Jews was
completed (from 1989 to 2001, the absolute number of Jews in Kyiv
decreased from 100.6 to 17.9 thousand people, and their share in the
city's population decreased from 13.9% in 1959 to 0.7 % in 2001).
According to the 2001 census, the city's population consisted of
82.2% Ukrainians and 13.1% Russians. In a survey conducted in November
2006, 83% of the city's residents identified themselves as Ukrainians,
14% as Russians, and 3% as Jews, Armenians and representatives of other
nationalities.
Jewish community
The first information about
the Jewish community of Kyiv dates back to the 10th century. The Kiev
Letter, the first mention of Kyiv, was written in ancient Hebrew by Kyiv
Jews. Jewish travelers such as Benyamin from Tudela and Perchia from
Regensburg wrote about Kyiv as a city with a large Jewish community.
During the period of the Mongol invasion, the community, together with
the city, was destroyed and was restored only during the Polish rule.
During this period, Jews were expelled from the city in 1459 and in
1619.
In 1648, the community suffered greatly, like the entire
Jewish population of Ukraine, from the Cossack uprising of Bogdan
Khmelnitsky. After the annexation of Kyiv to the Muscovite state in
1654, Jews were forbidden to settle in the city, the ban was lifted only
after the partition of Poland in 1793, after which Polish Jews began to
settle in Kyiv.
In the 19th century, the community continued to
grow and eventually became one of the most important Jewish communities
in Ukraine. During this period, many synagogues were built in the city,
including the main synagogue of the city, the Brodsky synagogue. Several
schools and workshops were also built.
In the second half of the
19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century, the community was
subjected to several pogroms - in 1882, dozens of Jews were killed and
wounded, many houses were looted, and in 1905, the community also
suffered from a pogrom. In 1913, the famous Beilis case took place in
Kyiv - a trial on charges of the Jew Menachem Mendel Beilis in the
ritual murder of a 12-year-old student. According to the results of the
trial, Beilis was acquitted.
During the Civil War and the
Ukrainian War of Independence, the Jewish community suffered several
pogroms by opposing forces. After the end of the war and the
establishment of Soviet power, the community began to grow rapidly,
reaching 224 thousand people in 1939.
After the invasion of Nazi
Germany into the USSR, most of the Jews managed to evacuate from the
city. On September 29-30, 1941, the remaining Jews were driven to Babi
Yar and brutally killed there. In this, one of the most famous episodes
of the Holocaust, 33,731 people died. Another 15,000 Jews were shot in
the period 1941-1942.
After the war, the surviving Jews returned
to the city, and the community revived. In 1946, there was only one
synagogue in the city, the last appointed rabbi of the city, Rabbi
Panets, retired in 1960 and died in 1968. After his death, until the
1990s, there was no rabbi in Kyiv.
Most of the city's Jews
emigrated after the collapse of the USSR and the restoration of
Ukraine's independence. In the 1990s the religious community was
revived; a memorial to the victims of the Holocaust was also opened at
Babi Yar, where an official ceremony is held every year. Today, about 20
thousand Jews live in Kyiv. The city has two Jewish schools and two main
religious communities with two synagogues - Chabad (Rabbi Moshe Asman)
and Karlin (Rabbi Jacob Bleich, also the Chief Rabbi of Ukraine).
Jeweler Iosif Marshak (1854), philosopher Lev Shestov (1866),
satirist Yakov Yadov (1873), writer Ilya Ehrenburg (1891), artist Sandro
Fazini (1892), Soviet statesman and party leader Lazar Kaganovich (1893)
were born in Kyiv and the Kyiv region. ), Israeli politician Golda Meir
(1898), pianist Vladimir Horowitz (1903), film director Maya Deren
(1917), physicist Markos Moshinsky (1921).
The linguistic history of Kyiv is complex and contradictory. In many
ways, it is a reflection of its long and rather controversial history,
as well as various changes in the language policy of recent centuries.
Intensive mixing of two closely related languages, which led to the
emergence of the so-called surzhik, was noted in Kyiv from the second
quarter of the 19th century.
As of 2000, in family communication,
18% of Kyivans used Ukrainian, 48% Russian, and 34% communicated in two
languages, depending on the circumstances.
Commenting on the
results of the first population census in 2001, the magazine "Demoscope"
called Kyiv "rather Ukrainian-speaking (in any case, wishing to appear
so)". According to the latest population census in 2001, 72.1% of
Kyivans named Ukrainian as their native language, 25.3% - Russian. This
ratio has changed a lot since the last Soviet census in 1989.
Shortly after the Baptism of Russia (988) in Kyiv, which became the
center of the Kyiv Metropolia of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, the
first stone church of Russia, the Church of the Tithes, was built.
In 2007, there were 719 religious communities in Kyiv, among them
the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate - 177, the
Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyiv Patriarchate - 91, Jehovah's
Witnesses - 49, Baptists - 45, Evangelical Christians - 40, UAOC - 24,
Seventh Day Adventists - 21, Pentecostals - 15, UGCC - 9, Muslims - 8,
Roman Catholic Church - 8, Jews - 7, Old Believers (Russian Orthodox Old
Believer Church) - 1 and at least 4 unregistered Buddhist communities.
As of July 1, 2009, 1067 religious organizations were officially
registered and operated in Kyiv, including 813 religious communities, 44
spiritual centers, 21 departments, 106 missions, 21 brotherhoods, 41
religious educational institutions and 21 monasteries.
In a
survey conducted in November 2006, 64% of Kyiv residents identified
themselves as believers, 9% identified themselves as believers in
supernatural powers, 19% did not identify their religious affiliation,
and 8% were atheists. 11% of all respondents regularly attend religious
services and institutions, 64% - occasionally. From 23% (fortune-telling
and predictions) to 52% (talismans) believe in various superstitions.
The main characteristic
In the 10th-13th centuries, the basis of
Kyiv's economy was agriculture, crafts, and trade. Artisans of more than
60 specialties worked in the city: potters, blacksmiths in ferrous and
non-ferrous metals, foundries, glass manufacturers, bone, wood and stone
workers. Kyiv jewelers possessed enamel, black, grain, and irrigation
techniques. In the 11th century, there were eight markets in the city,
the largest of which were "Babin torzhok" in the princely city and
"Torgovyshche" in Podil. Raw materials (fur, honey, wax, leather, bread)
and handicrafts (weapons, jewelry) were imported from Kyiv. Russian,
Byzantine, Jewish and European merchants permanently lived in the city.
Three international trade routes passed through Kyiv: the Greek one,
connecting Scandinavia with Byzantium; Kyivsky, which connected Russia
with Poland, the Czech Republic and Bavaria; Zalozny, which led to the
Caucasus, to Asian countries.
In 2005, the GRP was 32 billion
dollars, the 6th place among the cities of Central and Eastern Europe
after Moscow, Prague, Budapest, Warsaw and Bucharest; GRP per capita —
$12,000; the average salary is $280, and already in December 2010 it was
$528.
GRP growth in 2006 was 5.3%. In 2004, the total volume of
foreign direct investment was 2.7 billion US dollars, exports - 4.13
billion US dollars.
Kyiv accounts for 5.6% of Ukraine's
population, 20% of GDP, and 30% of foreign direct investment. GDP per
capita is 75% higher than the national average ($6,800).
In 2004,
1.35 million people had jobs, of which 884,000 (65.6%) worked in large
and medium-sized enterprises. 79% work in the service sector, 23% of
them in trade, 15% in real estate. Only 21% are employed in industrial
production. The service sector accounts for more than 82% of the city's
GRP and more than 30% of the country's turnover in the service sector.
Unemployment is below 5%.
The sectors of the service sphere that
make the main contribution to the economy of Kyiv are transport and
communications, retail and wholesale trade, real estate, legal and
financial services. The key growing sectors of the economy are retail
trade, information technology, and finance.
City budget
In the
draft budget for 2022, the capital's revenues are planned to be more
than UAH 68 billion, and expenditures are more than UAH 66 billion.
Industry
Kyiv is one of the largest industrial centers of
Ukraine. In 2010, the volume of sold industrial products of local
enterprises amounted to 39,855.8 million ₴ (about 4% of the
all-Ukrainian volume). In the structure of sold products for
January-October 2016, the largest specific weight falls on the
production of food products, beverages and tobacco products (47.9%) and
on the production and distribution of electricity, gas and heating
(19.3%). The city is a major center of engineering, in particular heavy
engineering, power engineering, machine tool engineering, ship
engineering, instrument engineering; ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy,
chemical, light, printing industries.
Factories of various
industries are located in Kyiv:
Kharchov: "Obolon", "Rosinka",
"Slavutich", "Roshen" (Confectionery factory named after Karl Marx),
"Olcom".
Machine-building: DVRZ, the First Kyiv Machine-Building
Plant, Kyiv Armored Plant, Forge on Rybalskyi, ANTK named after Antonov,
"Arsenal".
Chemical: pharmaceutical company "Darnytsia",
"Kyivkhimvolokno", Borshchagiv chemical and pharmaceutical plant.
Salary
As of 2022, the average salary in Kyiv was 21,347 hryvnias per
month. The highest paid professions were in the field of extractive
industry and career development (44,346 gr./month), information and
telecommunications (35,337 gr./month) and financial and insurance
activities (30,234 gr./month). The lowest paid professions were in the
field of temporary accommodation and catering (10,837 gr./month),
construction (11,573 gr./month) and agriculture/forestry/fishery (12,456
gr./month).
Tourism
A significant role in the economy of the
city is played by the tourist business, which is connected with the
reception of guests from Ukraine and foreign countries, as well as the
related economic activity in the service sector. The city has a
significant historical and cultural heritage, developed modern art and
health facilities for the formation of a tourist product, for the
transformation of tourism into an important branch of the city's
economy. According to preliminary calculations, more than 1.2 million
tourists visited Kyiv in 2011, which is 20% more than in 2010. In 2011,
the city treasury received 540 million ₴ from the activities of tourist
enterprises and hotels, including about 6 million ₴ from the
introduction of the tourist tax.
As of December 22, 2010, 2,212
tourist enterprises, 1,051 travel agents and 1,161 tour operators were
registered in Kyiv. There are more than 150 accommodation facilities of
various ownership and management with more than 9,600 rooms in the city,
of which 90 are hotels with a capacity of more than 8,000 rooms, the
rest are other means of temporary accommodation (accommodation) with
1,600 rooms.
Health care
Law enforcement and emergency authorities
In the
capital of Ukraine, the Fund for Protective Structures of Civil
Protection of the City of Kyiv was established, which consists of an
extensive system of shelter structures for reliable protection of the
population during various emergency situations, as well as during
martial law. The main office of the National Police of Ukraine in Kyiv,
the Main Office of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine in Kyiv, the
Northern Operational Territorial Association of the National Guard of
Ukraine, the Main Office of the State Migration Service of Ukraine in
Kyiv, and the Regional Service Center of the Ministry of Internal
Affairs of Ukraine in Kyiv operate in the city.
Transport
Kyiv
is the largest transport hub in Ukraine. Transport highways of the city
of Kyiv include highways, railways and waterways. Bridges over the
Dnipro River play an important role in transportation, and the subway
plays an important role in intra-city passenger transportation. The bus,
trolleybus and tram networks are also developed, and the funicular
operates. Boryspil and Zhulyany international airports play the most
important role in international traffic.
Airports
Kyiv is a
powerful air hub. There are two passenger airports, one cargo airport,
one military airport, six runways and five passenger terminals:
Boryspil International Airport is located 29 km east of Kyiv. The
airport has two runways and 5 passenger terminals — A, B, C, F and D.
The airport is the largest in the country, serving 8,650,000 passengers
in 2016. The airport is the base for the UIA airline.
International
airport "Kyiv" ("Zhulyani"), which has two passenger terminals. Located
on the southwestern outskirts of the city. After the transition to the
Wizz Air airport in 2011, the passenger flow increased by 16.2 times
compared to 2010, from 29,000 people to 469,800 people.
In 2016,
passenger traffic amounted to 1,270,000 people.
Gostomel cargo
airport, located 12 km northwest of Kyiv, is the base airport for
Antonov Airlines.
There is also a military airport in the city of
Vasylkiv. And in the state enterprise "Kyiv Aviation Plant "Aviant""
there is an airstrip.
Railway
Kyiv is a powerful railway hub.
The head office of the South-Western Railway is located in Kyiv, there
is a network of railway stations and stations. The main station is Kyiv
Passenger. There are three stations at the station: Central, Southern
and Primysky. Train stations at the Kyiv-Pasajyrskyi station serve all
domestic and international trains, the routes of which pass through
Kyiv. To decongest the central station, the construction of intercity
and suburban stations (opened in 2008) began at the Darnytsia station,
to which a subway line may be built in the future.
An important
role in the transport infrastructure of the city is played by railway
stations and stops where transfers to the subway are made. Such stations
include:
Kyiv-Pasajyrskyi;
Pochaina;
Raw material;
Svyatoshyn;
Vydubychi
They are the ones who can form a network
of transport interchanges in the future.
Railway routes diverge
from Kyiv in five main directions: Fastivskyi (southwest), Korostenskyi
(northwest), Nizhynskyi (northeast), Hrebinkivskyi (southeast) and
Myronivskyi (south, single-track). Also, the so-called northern
half-ring passes through Kyiv (from the Kyiv-Volynskyi station and the
Svyatoshyn station through the Pochayna and Kyiv-Dniprovskyi stations to
the Darnytsia station). All trunk railways are electrified. In addition
to main lines, there is a departmental non-electrified branch from the
Pochayna station to Vyshgorod and local industrial railway tracks.
On October 5, 2011, the city's electric train began operating: a
ring with a total length of 50.8 km connects 14 stations, all metro
lines, and allows you to go around the city in 1 hour and 30 minutes.
The tram became the city budget of 223 million ₴.
River transport
The Kyiv river port was founded in July 1897 after the completion of the
construction of the Kyiv harbor. The berths of the port stretch from the
harbor to the Dnipro metro station. In Soviet times, the Dnipro
regularly operated both cargo transportation and suburban and
long-distance passenger flights. Currently, the Dnipro flights are
considered unprofitable — they are mostly sightseeing and tourist
flights. The Dnipro Fairway will also be used for the transportation of
large cargoes.
Underground
In Kyiv, the idea of an underground
railway first arose in 1884. However, the deputies of the city
administration rejected this project. The same thing happened in Moscow,
where the projects of 1902 and 1912 failed. In 1916, the
Russian-American Chamber of Commerce proposed a new subway construction
project, which was also rejected by the Kyiv city authorities. However,
the idea of building a subway in Kyiv does not leave the minds of
experts and officials. The government of Hetman of the Ukrainian State
Pavel Skoropadskyi intended to build a government center and a metro
line in the Zvirynets district. These projects were not destined to come
to fruition due to the fact that the authorities soon passed to the
Directory of Simon Petlyura and the topic of creating the Kyiv metro
receded into the background.
After the end of the German-Soviet
war, Kyiv began to be rebuilt. On August 5, 1944, by the Resolution of
the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the relevant
institutions were ordered to start reconnaissance work, draw up a
technical project and a general estimate, with the aim of submitting the
design task for the construction of the Kyiv subway to the government
for approval in the fourth quarter of the same year. It took eleven
years to give life to the Kyiv metro: on November 6, 1960, the first
section of the Svyatoshyno-Brovarska line, 5.2 km long, was opened with
five stations — "Vokzalna", "Universitet", "Khreshchatyk", "Arsenalna"
and "Dnipro". Since 1960, three lines with a total length of 69.65 km
have been built, comprising 52 stations, which now serve more than 1.4
million passengers every day. Seven metro stations are recognized as
monuments of history and culture.
The Kyiv metro was actively
developing: in 2010-2013, six new stations were opened in the south of
the Obolonsko-Teremkivska line - "Demiivska", "Holosiivska",
"Vasylkivska", "Exhibition Center", "Ipodrom" and "Teremki". However,
the construction and design of new stations and lines was subsequently
suspended: preparations for the construction of the fourth
(Podilsko-Vygurivska) line, design work on the fifth (Livoberezhnaya)
subway line were suspended.
Tram
Kyiv was the first city in
Ukraine, as well as the entire Russian Empire at that time, in which
electric trams were introduced. The first tram was launched in June 1892
on a 1.5 km long line by Oleksandrivskyi (now Volodymyrskyi) Uzvoz. On
December 30, 1978, the first high-speed tram line in the USSR from
Peremogy Square to the South Borshchagivka housing estate, built on the
initiative of Volodymyr Veklych and Vasyl Dyakonov, became operational
in Kyiv.
1990 was the culminating year in the development of the
tram network — the total length of tracks was 275.9 km, the production
base included 904 passenger tram cars, the annual volume of
transportation reached 438 million. Since the mid-1990s, the tram
industry has gradually declined, and by 2005 the relevant indicators had
decreased up to 258.3 km and 509 tram cars, the annual volume of
transportation was about 175.6 million. After the reconstruction of the
Patona bridge in 2005, the city's tram network was divided into two
separate parts - the left bank and the right bank. In 2010, the
reconstruction of the Borshchagivska line of the high-speed tram was
completed, and in 2012, the reconstructed and extended Troeshchynska
line of the city electric train, which was built in 2000 but later
closed due to low passenger traffic, was opened.
Funicular
The
problem of communication between the Upper City and the lowland Podil
has existed as long as Kyiv has existed. At first, ancient Kyivans used
the steep paths, then the Andriiivsky Uzvoz. The idea to build a
mechanical lift between the upper and lower parts of the city in the
form of a small inclined railway with cable traction was proposed by
engineer A. A. Abrahamson; the project was developed by engineers M. K.
Pyatnytskyi and M. I. Baryshnikov. The funicular, or "Mykhailiv Electric
Rope Lift", was built at the expense of the Kyiv City Railway Company.
The construction of the funicular continued during 1902-1905. The
funicular was opened on May 7, 1905. The ascent tracks stretched for 200
meters.
In 1958, a radical reconstruction of the funicular was
carried out: more modern equipment was installed in the engine room,
which, in addition to everything, also guaranteed complete safety of
movement. And at the end of 1984, the funicular underwent another
update: the line was lengthened by 38 meters.
Every year, this
unusual form of transport carries 2.8 million passengers, including many
tourists.
Since the most similar mode of transport to the
funicular is the tram, tram tickets are also valid for the funicular,
and the cost of one trip is 3 hryvnias. Until November 2008, there were
single tickets that were valid both in buses, trolleybuses, trams, and
in the funicular. Currently, special tokens for passage at the funicular
station have been introduced.
Trolleybus
Work on the
organization of trolleybus traffic in Kyiv began in 1934 with the return
of Kyiv to the status of the capital. The first trolleybus route was
Chervonoarmiiska (now Velyka Vasylkivska) street. In the post-war
period, the trolley bus industry of Kyiv is constantly developing.
On June 12, 1966, Kyiv inventor Volodymyr Veklych created the
world's first trolleybus train. By the time of 1983, more than half of
the Kyiv trolleybus fleet was operating in 296 trolleybus trains under
the Volodymyr Veklych system, which made it possible to free up more
than 800 drivers and increase the carrying capacity of the capital's
trolleybus transport by 1.6 times. The successful experience of Kyiv was
adopted by electric transporters of Riga, Leningrad, Tallinn,
Dnipropetrovsk, Kharkiv, Sevastopol, Krasnodar, Novosibirsk and many
other cities of the former USSR.
Since 1991, domestically
produced trolleybuses have been running on the trolleybus routes of
Kyiv, including those of the Kyiv Electric Transport Plant (manufactured
in 1991-1994), the Kyiv Aircraft Plant, Pivdenmash Enterprise (Dnipro)
and the Lviv Automobile Plant.
As of 2000, 35 trolleybus routes
operated in Kyiv. The length of the network reached 324.9 km, the fleet
consists of 640 cars, of which 24% are amortized. In May 2006, the
number of trolleybus routes in Kyiv reached 44. There are 4 trolleybus
depots.
Bus
The first attempt to introduce regular bus traffic
in Kyiv was in 1913, and the first bus line was opened in 1925 along the
route: 3rd International Square (now - European Square) - Pyatakov
Street (now Saksaganskoho Street). In December of the same year, the
second line (Demiivska) was opened. Mercedes-Daimler and Fiat buses were
used. Since 1929, the city's bus fleet has been replenished with
Soviet-made vehicles; since 1932 - with 19-seater ZIS-18 buses, since
1938 - with 24-seater ZIS-16 buses. In 1934, a bus and taxi base was
created, which was located on Boyensky Lane (later Ivan Kudri Street,
now John McCain Street). It had about 30 units of rolling stock. In
1937, there were 60 buses in the bus park of the capital of Ukraine, in
1939 - about 80. The city's bus industry developed rapidly in the
post-war years. The number of passengers transported in 1967 compared to
1947 increased 88 times. In 1978, the city was served by 862 buses
operating on 87 routes; the total length of bus lines was 647 km, the
number of transports was about 1 million passengers per day. Currently,
there are about 90 bus routes in Kyiv that cover all parts of the city,
the number of buses exceeds 700 units. 8 bus fleets operate.
Bridges across the Dnipro
The first capital bridge across the Dnipro
was built in 1853 — the so-called Chain Bridge. In 1870, under the
leadership of the military engineer A. E. Struve, a metal railway bridge
was built in Darnytsia, the second railway bridge - Petrivskyi - was
built in 1917, but it was soon destroyed (restored in 1929). In the area
of the current Paton bridge, there was a Navodnytsky bridge of pontoon
construction, which gave the name to Staronavodnytskyi and
Novonavodnytskyi streets. In 1914, a stationary wooden bridge was built
in its place, which was destroyed in 1920. It was restored in 1921 and
lasted until 1935, when it was replaced by another wooden bridge. During
the Second World War, all bridges across the Dnipro River were
destroyed. After the liberation of Kyiv (November 6, 1943), temporary
wooden bridges were built.
Today, the banks of the Dnipro within
the city limits are connected by 8 bridges, of which 4 are road bridges
- North, Metro bridge, Patona and South bridges, two railway bridges -
Darnytskyi and Petrivskyi, one railway and road bridge - Kirpy, as well
as a pedestrian bridge. Podilsky is under construction.