Ternopil region (Ukrainian Ternopil region), colloquial.
Ternopilshchyna (Ukrainian: Ternopilshchyna) is an
administrative-territorial unit in western Ukraine, founded on December
4, 1939. The regional center is the city of Ternopil. Until August 9,
1944, it was called the Tarnopol region (the center is the city of
Tarnopol).
In historical and ethnographic terms, it covers the
eastern part of Galicia, the western part of Podolia and southern
Volhynia. Geographically, it is located on the Podolsk Upland; the
southern border of the Ternopil region runs along the Dniester River,
the eastern border - along the Zbruch River.
On the territory of
the region there is the longest karst cave in the world
Optimisticheskaya with a length of 260 kilometers, as well as one of the
"Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine" - the Dniester Canyon. Also, the
Ternopil region is known for the Pochaev Lavra, the miraculous Icon of
the Mother of God in Zarvanytsia and the spiritual center of
Zarvanytsia. By the number of castles (34) Ternopil region ranks first
in Ukraine.
Area - 13,824 km² (2.29% of the territory of
Ukraine), 1,038,923 inhabitants (December 1, 2020), including 474,992
urban people (44.18%) and 599,931 rural people (55.82%). There are 18
cities, 17 urban settlements, 1022 rural settlements, 3 districts (until
July 17, 2020 - 17 districts), 580 village councils in the region. The
national composition of the population, according to the 1970 census:
Ukrainians - 96.1%, Russians - 2.3%, Poles - 1%, Jews - 0.5%.
Cities
Ternopil
Kremenets
Chertkov or Chortkov
On the territory of the Ternopil region there are: 426 archeological
monuments (of which 6 are of national importance), 1673 historical
monuments (of which 1 is of national importance), 1315 monuments of
architecture and urban planning (of which 180 are of national
importance), 164 monuments of monumental art. The List of historical
settlements of Ukraine, approved by the Decree of the Cabinet of
Ministers of Ukraine dated July 26, 2001 No. 878, includes 30
settlements of the Ternopil region: Berezhany, Borshchiv, Buchach,
Vyshnevets, Grimailov, Husyatyn, Zheleznye, Zalishchyky, Zbarazh, Potok,
Kozova, Kopychintsy, Koropets, Kremenets, Lanovtsy, Mill-Podolskaya,
Mikulintsy, Monastyriska, Pidvolochisk, Podgaytsy, Pochaiv,
Skala-Podolskaya, Skalat, Terebovlya, Ternopil, Tolstoy, Khorostkov,
Chortkiv, Shumskoye.
There are 962 cemeteries in the region, 14
are closed. There are burial places for Jews, Poles, Czechs, Slovaks,
Austrians, Germans and other nationalities. There are many graves of
participants in the hostilities of the period 1941-1944 on the territory
of the region. There are 5 burials (tombs, chapels, necropolises and
mausoleums) of the 17th-20th centuries, included in the state register
of national and cultural heritage: the Chapel of the Mikhailovsky family
in the city cemetery of the city of Chortkov, the Sapigs' Tomb (XVIII
century) in the village of Bilche-Zolotoe, the Sapigs' Tomb ( XVIII
century) in the village of Pilatkovtsy, the tomb of Marcelina Darovskaya
(XVII-XVIII centuries) in the village of Yazlovets, the Poninsky
Mausoleum (XIX century) in the village of Nyrkov and the Jewish
necropolis of the XV-XX centuries in the town of Podgaitsy.
About
85 wooden churches are concentrated on the territory of the Ternopil
region, 2 more churches - a church from the village of Sokolov,
Buchatsky district and a church from the village of Zelenoe, Gusyatinsky
district, as well as a wooden bell tower from the village of
Kut-Tovstoye, Husyatinsky district, were transferred to the skansens of
Lviv and Kiev.
Tourism
The main tourist sites now are the
National Natural Parks "Dniester Canyon" and "Kremenets Mountains", the
Kremenets-Pochaev Historical and Cultural Reserve and the National
Reserve "Castles of the Ternopil Region", the cities of Ternopil,
Chortkiv, Berezhany, Buchach, Borshchiv, the resorts of Husyatin and
Mikulintsy, with. Zarvanitsa, Terebovlya district.
According to
the register of the State Agency of Ukraine for Tourism and Resorts in
the region in 2012, 123 tourism enterprises operated: 23 tour operators
and 100 travel agencies. In 2009-2012, enterprises engaged in tourism
activities provided services to about two million people, including 600
thousand people for domestic tourism and 200 thousand foreign tourists.
Excursion services were provided to 700 thousand people. The number of
employees employed in tourism and related industries in the Ternopil
region is tens of thousands of people. Since 2006, the newspaper Tourism
and Recreation has been published in Ternopil.
Ternopil region is located in the west of Ukraine. It borders in the
north with Rivne, in the east - with Khmelnytsky, in the south - with
Chernivtsi, in the southwest - with Ivano-Frankivsk and in the northwest
- with Lviv regions of Ukraine. Territory - 13,823 km² (2.29% of the
territory of Ukraine).
The northernmost settlement of the region
is the village of Peremorovka, Kremenets district. There are two
westernmost here - these are the villages of Shaybovka and Dulyaby of
the Ternopil region. And at the same time, the most southern and eastern
settlement is the village of Okopy (Ternopil region) of the Chortkovsky
district.
The region is located within the Podolsk Upland, the extreme
northwestern part is on the plains of Lesser Polissya. The relief of the
region is elevated plateau-like with a general slope from north to
south. The amplitude of absolute heights exceeds 300 m, the maximum
height is 443 m (in the Berezhany district near the village of
Mechischev on the border with Ivano-Frankivsk region), the minimum is
116 m (in the southeast). The relief of the extreme north-western part
of the region is low-lying hilly, absolute heights are 210-250 m. Flat
and hilly areas predominate in the central part (Ternopil plateau).
Separately, the Tovtr region (6–12 km wide and 380–400 m high) is
singled out, crossing the central part of the region from the northwest
to the southeast. In the north of the region are the Kremenets mountains
(heights up to 408 m), in the extreme south-west - Opole (heights
360-400 m). The relief of Transnistria is hilly forest, deeply cut by
canyon-like river valleys, gullies and ravines; absolute heights are
120–170 m. Karst landforms predominate in the southeast.
Geological structure and minerals
The territory of the Ternopil
region is located on the Volyn-Podolsk plate of the East European
platform. At a depth of 1500-3000 meters lies the Precambrian
crystalline basement. From above it is covered with sedimentary rocks.
The oldest deposits that come to the surface of the region are the
rocks of the Upper Silurian (in the Dniester valley, downstream from the
village of Dniester - and to Zbruch). They are represented by dolomites,
dolomitic marls, limestones, mudstones and siltstones. Devonian rocks
lie on the Silurian rocks and are found west of the village of
Dnestrovskoye in the Dniester valley, as well as in the valleys of its
tributaries (Golden Linden, Strypa, Seret, Koropets, Nichlava). They are
represented by dolomites, limestones, red sandstones, clays and
mudstones.
From the Mesozoic period in the Ternopil region,
Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks have an exit to the surface. In
particular, rocks of the Jurassic period are found in the southwestern
part of the region, as well as in the valleys of the Dniester and its
tributaries (Zolotaya Lypa and Koropets). They are represented by clays,
mudstones, sandstones, dolomites, limestones and conglomerates. The
rocks of the Cretaceous system are most common in the Lesser Polissya,
as well as in the river valleys of the Pripyat, Zolotaya Linden,
Koropets, and the upper reaches of the Seret and Strypa. These are
limestones, sandstones, marls, chalk, chalk-like limestones.
The
largest area of the Ternopil region is covered by Cenozoic rocks. Breeds
from all its periods are presented. The rocks of the Paleogene do not
have a significant thickness and occur in the valleys of Viliya and
Goryn. These are sands, sandstones and marls. The most common deposits
in the Ternopil region are the rocks of the Lower Neogene. They are
represented by sands, clays, sandstones, limestones, gypsums, marls and
brown coal.
Three geomorphological regions can be distinguished
in the region: Lesser Polissya, Podolia and Opole.
Maloye
Polissya is represented by denudation flat-undulating, slightly
undulating and, in some places, stepped plains. The glacier was moving
towards them. There are sandy hills - "manes". In some places there are
remnant hills and depressions of karst origin.
Most of the
territory of Podolia is occupied by loess plateaus. In the north and in
the middle part, the river valleys are slightly incised here - up to
80-100 meters. In the south, the river valleys are much more dissected -
up to 150 meters or more. In the southern part - Transnistria - karst
landforms are quite common: caves, lakes, leuko- and dish-like
depressions. Here, ravines and deeply incised canyon-like river valleys
are also widely distributed.
The watershed structural-denudation
upland, slightly transformed by a heap of loess deposits, occupies the
territory of the Kremenets mountains and Medobory. In the Kremenets
mountains there are many ledges, depressions, ravines, ravine-like
valleys and mountains-outliers. Tovtrovy ridge consists of limestone
hills and ridges with significant ledges on the south side.
In
the Ternopil region there are significant reserves of building mineral
raw materials (limestone, chalk, marl, gypsum, quartz sand, sandstone,
brick-tile clay, loam, gravel-pebble materials). There are also peat
reserves and small deposits of brown coal. There are significant
reserves of mineral medicinal waters that can be used for diseases of
the internal organs, the musculoskeletal system and other diseases.
Sources of hydrocarbonate, chloride, hydrogen sulfide and sulfate waters
have been explored.
The soils of the Ternopil region were formed as a result of the
interaction of the parent rock (subsoil), climate, vegetation, and
microorganisms. The bases of soil formation of rocks in the region are
loess and loess-like loams, limestones, clays, and alluvial deposits.
These rocks on the territory with flat relief and forest-steppe
vegetation became the basis for the formation of different types of
soils.
The largest area in the region (about 72%) is occupied by
forest-steppe podzolized soils:
chernozems
light gray
gray
forest
dark gray
The most common are podzolized chernozems.
They occupy the interfluve of the Strip and Seret rivers and the gentle
slopes of the hills. They are distinguished by deep humus content: the
humus layer has a depth of 83-90 cm, humus coloring is also observed in
the parent rock, the humus content in the upper horizon is 3.6-3.9%.
Of the total area of the land fund, which is 1382.4 thousand
hectares, 85% are lands used for agriculture. The plowed area is 64%.
Arable land in the structure of agricultural land is 84.2% (about 890
thousand hectares), which is one of the highest rates in Ukraine.
120 rivers flow through the territory of the region, each more than
10 km long. They belong to the basins of the Dniester (Golden Linden,
Koropets, Strypa, Dzhurin, Seret, Nichlava, Zbruch, Rotten, Secret) and
Pripyat (Goryn, Gorynka, Ikva, Zherd, Zhirak). The Dniester flows in the
south along the border with the Ivano-Frankivsk and Chernivtsi regions.
Rivers are fed by rain, snow and groundwater. On the territory of the
region there are about 270 ponds and reservoirs, including part of the
Dniester reservoir. On the Dzhurin River there is the largest flat
waterfall in Ukraine - Dzhurinsky (Chervonogradsky).
Recreational
resources
About 200 thousand hectares of landscape areas of the
region (15% of the total area) are of recreational importance. There are
more than 400 territories and objects of the natural reserve fund in the
Ternopil region, including the Medobory reserve, 89 reserves, including
15 of state importance, 308 natural monuments, including 12 of state
importance, 18 parks - monuments of landscape art, of which 4 state
importance.
The main objects of sightseeing tourism are the
Tovtrovy Ridge, the Kremenets Mountains, the Dniester Canyon, karst
caves (among them the largest cave in Europe - Optimisticheskaya).
Traces of human existence on the territory of the Ternopil region
belong to the Paleolithic. Layer III at the Middle Paleolithic site
Veliky Glybochek 1 has a thermoluminescent date of 175 ± 13 kyr ago. The
Buglov site belongs to the Middle Paleolithic. On the outskirts of the
city of Kremenets, on the slope of Mount Kulichivka, on the right bank
of the Ikva River, there is the late Paleolithic archaeological site
Kulichivka.
Near the village of Petrikov, a paired burial of the
Bronze Age was found, belonging to the Vysotsky culture dating back to
1100-600 BC.
In the cave of Verteba, a Paleolithic settlement of
Bilche-Zolotoe, two settlements of the Trypillia culture, burial mounds
of the early Scythians (VI-V centuries BC) were found.
The
Eastern Slavs, who inhabited the modern territory of Ukraine, formed a
large association of tribes in the 4th century, known as the Ants.
In the 9th-13th centuries, the Zbruch cult center was located in
Medobory on the banks of the Zbruch River, which had a complex structure
and consisted of three sanctuary towns (Bokhit, Zvenigorod, Govda) on
the right bank of the Zbruch and, possibly, one sanctuary on the left
bank of the Zbruch (Ivankovtsy , Zamchishche tract).
Most of the
territory of the Ternopil region, together with Lviv and
Ivano-Frankivsk, is part of the historical region of Galicia. This
region was part of Kievan Rus, Volyn, Terebovl, Galicia and
Galicia-Volyn principalities, and since the XIV century it was part of
Poland, the Commonwealth (1349-1772), Austria (the kingdom of Galicia
and Lodomeria, 1772-1918), Russia (1809-1815), Poland (1918-1939), USSR
(1939-1941), under German occupation (1941-1944), CCCP (1944-1991).
Most of the Kremenets region (the Pochaev Lavra is located on its
territory) fully or partially belongs to the historical region of Volyn.
These lands were part of the Volyn province of the Russian Empire since
1795 and were ceded to Poland in 1921 under the Treaty of Riga.
Ternopil region has always been and remains an agrarian region. However,
with the beginning of industrialization in the second half of the 19th
century, 8 steam and 680 small water mills, 170 alcohol and breweries,
the number of which increased to 390 in 1910, worked on the territory of
the modern Ternopil region. century. In 1939, there were about 1,700
enterprises in the Ternopil region, which employed only about 8,800
workers.
Until August 9, 1944, it was called the Tarnopol region
(the center is the city of Tarnopol).
Having survived the
destruction of the Great Patriotic War, the Ternopil region has
developed its agro-industrial potential in the post-war years. New
branches of industry arose: mechanical engineering, the chemical
industry, instrument making, the building materials industry, and
others. Ternopil has become one of the industrial and cultural centers
of Ukraine.
The agricultural sector is the leading branch of the economy of the
Ternopil region. Its share in the gross output of the region is over
60%. The agrarian sector of the Ternopil region produces 3% of the
all-Ukrainian agricultural products; sugar and alcohol - more than 10%.
At present, there are 1018 thousand hectares of agricultural land,
including 834 thousand hectares of arable land - 0.82 hectares per
inhabitant; 9307 tractors, 2547 grain combines (16 tractors per 1000
hectares of arable land, 7 combines per 1000 hectares of grain). 78.3
thousand people work, or 28% of all those employed in social production.
After the reform of the agrarian sector, 578 agricultural enterprises
were created, including 297 private-lease ones, 247 economic companies,
14 cooperatives, 8 state-owned ones, 12 other forms, 721 peasant farms,
and 25 service cooperatives.
In the Ternopil region, the grain
product and sugar-beet subcomplexes have the largest share. The grain
product sub-complex unites 432 thousand hectares of grain and leguminous
crops, 15 grain receiving points, over 250 mills and groats, almost 150
bakeries and workshops. The sugar beet subcomplex includes 9 sugar
factories with a total production capacity of 35 thousand tons per day,
as well as over 500 sugar beet farms with a total area of 78 thousand
hectares. Since 1997, the region's farms have suffered losses from the
sale of raw sugar. Most sugar factories have reduced sugar production
due to lack of raw materials.
In the structure of industrial production in the Ternopil region, the
food industry, mechanical engineering, and light industry have the
largest share. In the structure of production of consumer goods, the
share of food products is 71%. In general, 270 industrial enterprises
operate in the region, and 347 small industrial enterprises also
operate.
The decisive role in the industry of the region is
played by the city of Ternopil. Vatra JSC, Orion and Saturn radio
plants, and a car repair plant are located here. The light industry is
represented by Texterno OJSC, a clothing and haberdashery factory; food
industry - sugar, two bakeries, two breweries, a dairy, a meat-packing
plant. Among the enterprises of the construction industry, a factory of
reinforced concrete structures, a brick, asphalt concrete and porcelain
factories stand out. There are also woodworking enterprises (furniture
factory) and chemical industry (pharmaceutical factory).
Since 2008, Ternopil region has consistently recorded the lowest level of wages among all regions of Ukraine and the highest level of officially registered unemployment.
There are 1927 institutions of culture and art in the Ternopil region, including 927 club-type cultural institutions and 927 libraries, 52 schools of aesthetic education, 4 state museums, two theaters, a regional philharmonic society, 2 higher educational institutions of 1-3 degrees of accreditation, a regional methodological center of folk creativity and the regional communal educational and methodological center. On the territory of the Ternopil region is one of the most revered monasteries of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church - the Pochaev Lavra.
An analysis of the ecological state for 2001-2003 showed that the
largest air pollutants in the region belong to the Gusyatinsky gas
compressor station, the Ternopil linear department of main gas
pipelines, sugar factories, and thermal stations. In industry, most
pollutants are emitted into the atmospheric air during the combustion of
fuel in thermal units. The largest contribution to the gross emissions
of pollutants into the atmospheric air of the Ternopil region was made
by enterprises: Ternopil city - 0.902 thousand tons, Gusyatinsky
district - 1.344 thousand tons, Kremenets district - 0.954 thousand
tons, Ternopil region - 1.317 thousand tons ., Chortkovsky district -
1.211 thousand tons. The highest density of emissions per 1 sq. km. km.
was observed in the city of Ternopil - 15.203 tons. About 74% percent
(27.139 thousand tons) of all emissions of pollutants in the region were
emitted by road transport.
The greatest use of water is carried
out from the basins of the rivers Seret, Strypa, Zolotaya Lypa, Horyn.
Less water is taken from the basins of the Zbruch, Koropets, Nichlava,
and Ikva rivers.
According to the data of 2001-2003, the main
pollutants of surface water sources were housing and communal facilities
- Chortkovsky VUVKG, Monastyryssky, Shumsky, Lanovetsky, Borshevsky,
Zborovsky combines of public utilities, Kremenets housing and communal
complex, Berezhany State Enterprise "Kommunalshchik", etc.; enterprises
of the dairy and food industry - OJSC "Vyshnivetsky Cheese Plant", OJSC
"Monastyryssky Dairy Plant", OJSC "Berezhany Butter Plant", OJSC
"Agrofood", Zalishchitsky Cannery, healthcare facilities, education,
etc. Not all settlements of Ternopilskaya are provided with wastewater
treatment plants waters, dilapidated many existing treatment facilities.
More than a third of arable land is subject to water erosion, and in
Berezhany and Zborovsky districts, it manifests itself on almost
two-thirds of arable land, and in Zbarazhsky, Lanovetsky, Monastyrissky,
Podvolochinsky, Shumsky districts, more than half of the sown areas are
subject to washout. As a result of the Chernobyl accident in the
Ternopil region, 18.7 thousand hectares of agricultural land remain
partially contaminated with cesium-137, of which 17824 hectares (94.6%)
are arable land, 709 hectares (3.8%) are meadows and pastures, 316 ha
(1.6%) are perennial plantations.