Vermont — a
federal state in the northeastern part of the United States. The
capital is Montpellier.
Vermont is located in the New
England region, on the northwestern side of the United States.
According to the size of the surface, Vermont is the 43rd state
in America with 24,000 km². Vermont has a population of 630,337
as of the 2010 census and is the second smallest state in the
United States, second only to Wyoming. This is the only state in
America that does not border the Atlantic Ocean. Lake Champlain
occupies half of Vermont's western border, which shares the
border with New York. Vermont borders Massachusetts to the
south, New Hampshire to the east, New York to the west, and the
Canadian province of Quebec to the north. Vermont is inhabited
by two major American tribes (the Algonquin tribe who spoke the
Abenaki language and the Iroquois tribe), most of the territory
of present-day Vermont was conquered by France in the early
colonial period. For many years, nearby colonies, especially New
Hampshire and New York, had control of the territory (then
called the New Hampshire Grants). The settlers who lived in that
territory fought and created an independent state – the Republic
of Vermont. It was created in 1777 during the Revolutionary War
and existed for fourteen years. Vermont is one of the seventeen
US states (along with Texas, Hawaii, the California Republic,
and each of the Thirteen Colonies) that had a monarchist
government. In 1791 Vermont joined the United States as the
fourteenth state, the first outside the Thirteen Colonies. It
did not support slavery while independent and after entering the
Union became the first country to do so. Vermont is the largest
producer of maple malt in America. The state capital is
Montpellier, which with a population of 7,885 is the most
populous capital in America. The most populated city is
Burlington, whose population is 211,261 inhabitants. Burlington
is located in the heart of Chittenden County with a population
of 160,000 as of the 2010 census.
Northeast Kingdom (Caledonia, Essex, Orleans Counties)
This
remote and rural corner of Vermont remains densely wooded with
vast forests covering much of the landscape, featuring a low
population density that evokes the state's traditional,
untouched character from earlier eras. Spanning over 2,000
square miles, it borders Canada to the north and the Connecticut
River to the east, offering a blend of open valleys, rugged
mountains, winding back roads, and serene glacial lakes ideal
for outdoor enthusiasts. Visitors can explore quaint small
towns, extensive wilderness areas, and miles of rivers and
lakeshores, with activities including biking on the renowned
Kingdom Trails, hiking, fishing, skiing at Jay Peak Resort,
mountain biking, and snowmobiling amid stunning mountain views
and fresh water lakes. The region is especially celebrated for
its fall foliage displays and maple syrup production, preserving
a sense of Vermont's authentic, unspoiled heritage.
Northwest Vermont (Chittenden, Franklin, Grand Isle Counties)
Encompassing the Vermont side of the Champlain Valley, this area
is characterized by fertile, gently rolling terrain that
supports numerous dairy farms and serves as home to
Burlington—the state's largest city—along with the University of
Vermont. As the most populous region in Vermont, it stretches
from the shores of Lake Champlain eastward to the foothills of
the Green Mountains, featuring sheltered bays, productive
bottomlands, and rivers such as the Winooski, Lamoille, and
Missisquoi. Dotted with orchards and rural communities, it's a
hub for boating, fishing, and water sports on the lake, as well
as hiking trails and vibrant cultural scenes in Burlington,
including arts, music festivals, and a thriving food culture
influenced by local farms. The area also offers cool summer
escapes and spectacular foliage viewing, drawing visitors to its
mix of natural beauty and urban amenities.
Central
Vermont (Addison, Orange, Washington Counties)
Known for its
delectable ice cream offerings, world-class skiing
opportunities, and the planet's largest deep-hole granite
quarry, this heartland region boasts a diverse terrain of
forested mountains and river valleys. Centered around the state
capital of Montpelier and towns like Barre, Stowe, and
Waitsfield, it features 77% forested land across 23
municipalities, with vibrant historic downtowns and a rich array
of cultural attractions. Highlights include tours of the Ben &
Jerry's factory for ice cream lovers, premier ski resorts such
as Stowe and Mad River Glen, and the impressive Rock of Ages
quarry in Barre. Outdoor pursuits abound with biking, hiking,
golfing, and exploring the Green Mountain National Forest,
Quechee Gorge, and traditional maple sugar operations, making it
a year-round destination for adventure and relaxation.
Southern Vermont (Bennington, Rutland, Windham, Windsor
Counties)
This southern expanse features premier ski resorts,
charming villages, and historic mill towns nestled amid
picturesque settings. Bordering Massachusetts and New York, it
offers a wealth of attractions including shopping outlets,
verdant village greens, cozy inns, iconic covered bridges, and
vibrant fall foliage. Key spots like the Battenkill River
provide opportunities for paddling, rafting, and tubing, while
Mount Equinox—the tallest peak in the Taconic Range—delivers
stunning vistas. The Deerfield Valley stands out as a
world-class hub in the Green Mountains, blending natural
splendor with community events and culinary experiences,
alongside ski areas like Stratton and Mount Snow, and artistic
anchors in towns such as Brattleboro, Manchester, and
Bennington. With its mix of mountain vistas, farms, and
weathered barns, the region captures Vermont's quintessential
appeal for vacations and outdoor recreation.
Montpelier serves as the capital of
Vermont and is the least populous state capital in the United
States, with a population of 8,074 as of the 2020 census.
Located in north-central Vermont near the state's geographic
center, it features the iconic Vermont State House, Hubbard Park
with its observation tower, and a historic district.
Historically, it was chartered in 1781 and selected as the
capital in 1805, with a economy centered on state government,
insurance, and tourism. Uniquely, it's the only U.S. state
capital without a McDonald's or Starbucks, and it's prone to
flooding from nearby rivers.
Burlington
is Vermont's largest city, home to around 44,743 residents
according to the 2020 census. Situated on the eastern shore of
Lake Champlain in Chittenden County, it's a vibrant college town
hosting the University of Vermont and Champlain College, along
with the Church Street Marketplace and a redeveloped waterfront
with bike paths. Founded in 1783, it boomed as a lumber hub in
the 19th century and became the first U.S. city to run entirely
on renewable energy in 2015. Its economy thrives on education,
healthcare (via the UVM Medical Center), manufacturing, and
tourism, with notable companies like Ben & Jerry's and Burton
Snowboards.
Colchester is a town in Chittenden County with a
population of 17,524 as of the 2020 census, making it the
third-most populous municipality in Vermont. Located on the
eastern shore of Lake Champlain at Malletts Bay, it borders
Burlington and features Niquette Bay State Park for outdoor
activities, the Island Line Trail, and institutions like Saint
Michael's College. Chartered in 1763, it lost part of its area
to the city of Winooski in 1922. The economy includes strong
retail sales, with major employers such as Costco and Champlain
Cable Corporation, and it attracts summer vacationers to its
lakeside areas.
Essex, a town in Chittenden County, has a
population of 22,094 based on the 2020 census. Positioned at the
crossroads of the county, it includes communities like Essex
Center and conservation areas such as Indian Brook and Saxon
Hill Town Forest. Incorporated in 1763, it saw the separation of
Essex Junction as an independent city in 2022 after merger
debates. Its economy supports a median household income of about
$58,441, with good access to transportation via routes like
Vermont Route 289 and nearby Amtrak services.
Rutland is a
city in Rutland County with 15,807 residents as per the 2020
census. Surrounded by Rutland Town and located about 65 miles
north of the Massachusetts border, it's nicknamed the Marble
City for its historic quarries and features Pine Hill Park, the
Rutland Halloween Parade, and a downtown historic district.
Chartered in 1761, it prospered from marble production in the
19th century but faced declines in the late 20th. The economy
now focuses on healthcare (Rutland Regional Medical Center),
manufacturing like General Electric, and retail, with Amtrak and
airport connections.
Hartford, a town in Windsor County,
counts 10,686 people in the 2020 census. Situated on the New
Hampshire border at the confluence of the White and Connecticut
rivers, it comprises villages like White River Junction and
Quechee, with the Appalachian Trail passing through. Chartered
in 1761, it's remembered for Vermont's worst railway disaster in
1887. The economy reflects a median household income of around
$42,990, supported by its strategic location at Interstates 89
and 91.
Bennington, located in Bennington County, has a
population of 15,333 according to the 2020 census. In
southwestern Vermont bordering New York, it's known for the
306-foot Bennington Battle Monument commemorating the 1777
Revolutionary War battle, historic districts, and Bennington
College. Chartered in 1749 and settled in 1761, it has a
manufacturing history in pottery and textiles. The economy
includes healthcare (Southwestern Vermont Medical Center),
tourism, and retail, with annual events like the Garlic and Herb
Festival.
Brattleboro is a town in Windham County with 12,184
residents as of the 2020 census. Positioned near the
Massachusetts line at the confluence of the West and Connecticut
rivers, it's a cultural hub with the Brattleboro Retreat, New
England Center for Circus Arts, and events like the Strolling of
the Heifers. Chartered in 1753, it was a 19th-century center for
bookbinding and organ manufacturing, and hosted Rudyard Kipling.
Its economy relies on healthcare, manufacturing, and tourism as
a gateway via Interstate 91, with a strong arts scene ranked
among the best small art towns in America.
The Green Mountains: This iconic mountain range forms the backbone of
Vermont, stretching approximately 250 miles from the Massachusetts
border to Quebec, Canada, and serving as a subrange of the larger
Appalachian Mountains. Known for their lush forests of spruce, maple,
beech, and birch, the peaks offer year-round recreation, including
hiking along the famous Long Trail and skiing at various resorts. Mount
Mansfield, the highest at 4,395 feet, provides stunning panoramic views,
while the range's name inspired Vermont's nickname, "The Green Mountain
State."
Killington: As Vermont's second-highest peak at 4,229
feet, Killington stands out as the premier ski destination in the
eastern United States, boasting the largest ski resort with 155 trails
spanning 1,509 acres and a impressive vertical drop of 3,050 feet.
Nicknamed the "Beast of the East," it features 21 lifts, including
express gondolas, extensive snowmaking capabilities covering over 600
acres, and top-ranked terrain parks for snowboarders. Beyond winter
sports, the area offers summer activities like mountain biking and golf,
attracting around 800,000 visitors annually.
Lake Champlain
Islands: These charming islands dot the center of Lake Champlain,
forming Grand Isle County, Vermont's smallest, with highlights including
Grand Isle, Isle La Motte, and North Hero amid roughly 80 square miles
of serene farmland and meadows. Accessible by bridges, causeways, or
even bicycle ferries, the area features gentle biking terrain, state
parks like Alburgh Dunes with sandy beaches, and historic sites marking
Samuel de Champlain's 1609 visit. Ideal for outdoor pursuits such as
boating, fishing, and apple picking, the islands offer a peaceful escape
with views of distant mountains.
Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller
National Historical Park, Woodstock: This unique park in Woodstock
safeguards a 19th-century example of sustainable forestry and farming
practices, encompassing a historic mansion, gardens, and 550 acres of
managed woodland that illustrate the evolution of land stewardship in
America. As Vermont's only national park, it honors figures like George
Perkins Marsh, Frederick Billings, and the Rockefellers through guided
tours of the Queen Anne-style home and 14 miles of carriage roads for
hiking. Visitors can explore trails in the Mount Tom Forest, the oldest
continuously managed scientific forest in the U.S., and learn about
conservation history.
Moosalamoo National Recreation Area (USFS),
Green Mountains: Managed by the U.S. Forest Service within the Green
Mountain National Forest, this 16,000-acre expanse near Middlebury and
Brandon provides abundant outdoor adventures with over 70 miles of
trails for hiking, mountain biking, and cross-country skiing. Highlights
include scenic waterfalls like the Falls of Lana, lakes such as Silver
Lake for camping and kayaking, and diverse wildlife habitats supporting
moose, bears, and birds. Established in 2006, it offers remote
campgrounds and interpretive trails, like the Robert Frost Trail, making
it a haven for nature enthusiasts year-round.
White Rocks
National Recreation Area (USFS), Green Mountains: Overseen by the U.S.
Forest Service in southern Vermont's Green Mountain National Forest,
this 22,624-acre area (renamed Robert T. Stafford in 2007) focuses on
preserving wilderness values while offering recreation like hiking,
snowshoeing, fishing, and picnicking. It includes wilderness zones such
as Big Branch and Peru Peak, with key attractions like the White Rocks
Cliffs for panoramic views and the Ice Beds Trail leading to unique
boulder fields. Traversed by 30 miles of the Appalachian and Long
Trails, it supports wildlife like deer and bears, and features streams
for trout fishing.
Vermont stands out as the second-least populous state in the United
States, home to approximately 647,464 residents as of recent estimates,
and it ranks as the sixth smallest by total geographic area. Bordering
the northwest with New York State and Canada is Lake Champlain, a major
natural freshwater lake covering around 490 square miles and recognized
as the 13th-largest lake by area in the U.S., offering opportunities for
boating, fishing, and scenic views that draw outdoor enthusiasts
year-round.
The state is divided from north to south by the
rugged Green Mountains, a spine of the Appalachian range that provides
ample recreational options like hiking trails in summer, skiing resorts
in winter (including popular spots like Stowe and Killington), and
vibrant fall foliage displays that attract tourists from afar.
On
the eastern side, the Connecticut River serves as the natural boundary
with New Hampshire, supporting ecosystems rich in wildlife and
recreational river activities. As the only landlocked state among the
New England group (lacking direct ocean access), Vermont is frequently
underappreciated in broader regional travel literature, despite its
unique charm and accessibility via major highways like I-89 and I-91.
The state's pinnacle elevation reaches 4,393 feet at Mount Mansfield,
its tallest peak and a hub for adventure sports, while the lowest point
dips to 95 feet at Lake Champlain's surface level.
Predominantly
rural and verdant, Vermont's landscape features rolling valleys abundant
with family-owned farms that emphasize sustainable agriculture, dairy
production, and agritourism experiences such as farm stays and local
markets.
Its biggest urban center is Burlington, with a
population of about 44,432, a vibrant college town on Lake Champlain's
eastern shore known for its lively arts scene, the pedestrian-friendly
Church Street Marketplace, and proximity to the University of Vermont.
Among Vermont's key economic outputs are high-tech items like
integrated circuits and aircraft parts, alongside traditional staples
including artisanal cheese (famous for varieties like Cabot cheddar),
pure maple syrup from its vast sugarbush forests, and quarried materials
such as marble, slate, and granite used in construction and design
worldwide.
Travelers may want to avoid or prepare for "Mud Season"
(typically March through April), a transitional period when frozen
ground thaws, rendering unpaved roads muddy and challenging to
navigate—though it coincides with the enchanting maple sugaring season,
where visitors can tap trees, boil sap, and enjoy fresh syrup at local
sugarhouses, turning a potential drawback into a delightful cultural
experience.
The majestic Appalachian Mountains surrounding Vermont are believed
to have formed primarily during the Taconic Orogeny, a significant
geological event involving the collision between the North American
continent (Laurentia) and a volcanic island arc, occurring roughly
between 470 and 440 million years ago. This orogeny was part of the
larger process that began closing the ancient Iapetus Ocean and
contributed to the early stages of the Appalachian chain's development.
Over millions of years, these mountains have been extensively worn down
by glacial ice, rivers, and winds, resulting in their relatively modest
elevations today—though evidence suggests their ancient peaks may have
once towered over 4,000 meters (about 13,000 feet), rivaling some of the
world's highest ranges at the time. Vermont's highest point now is Mount
Mansfield at 4,393 feet, which features rare alpine tundra patches amid
its slopes.
In the present day, Vermont boasts a rich array of
ecosystems supporting diverse plant and animal life. These include
expansive northern hardwood forests dominated by species like sugar
maple, yellow birch, and beech; dense coniferous woodlands with spruce
and fir; vital wetlands that serve as breeding grounds for amphibians
and birds; agricultural farmlands that provide open habitats; utility
corridors like powerline rights-of-way that create edge environments for
wildlife; and even small areas of tundra on higher elevations. The
state's varied terrain, from lush valleys to forested hills, supports a
wide range of fauna beyond the notable black bears, moose, and pileated
woodpeckers—such as white-tailed deer, bobcats, coyotes, beavers, red
squirrels, various bats, and numerous bird species including migratory
songbirds and raptors like the peregrine falcon. Wetlands, in
particular, play a crucial role by offering food sources, shelter, and
nesting sites for many of these creatures, enhancing biodiversity across
the Green Mountain State.
Similar to other New England states, Vermont's local governance relies heavily on town governments, which handle many responsibilities typically associated with cities, such as public services, zoning, and administration. This setup can puzzle outsiders, as the line between "town" and "city" is more about charter and incorporation status than size or function—cities are simply towns that have adopted a city charter for potentially more streamlined governance. For example, Barre promotes itself as Vermont's fourth-largest city with a population of around 8,500, but when ranking all municipalities together (including towns), it falls outside the top 10. Vermont's most populous places include Burlington (a city with about 44,700 residents), South Burlington (city, ~21,700), Colchester (town, ~17,800), Rutland (city, ~15,600), and Bennington (town, ~15,300), followed by vibrant spots like Brattleboro (town, ~12,100) and Essex (town, ~22,100). These larger towns often rival cities in cultural and economic significance, hosting events, businesses, and attractions that draw visitors, while all local entities operate under state statutes that limit their authority and funding to ensure balanced regional development.
The traditional Vermont dialect, often referred to as the
conservative or rustic style of speech, features distinctive broad
pronunciations for vowels like "a" and "e," giving words a stretched,
open quality reminiscent of older New England English influences from
early British settlers in the 18th and 19th centuries. For instance,
this includes a tendency toward non-rhotic speech in some areas, where
words ending in "r" are softened with a subtle "uh" or schwa sound,
similar to how Bostonians might drop the "r." Additionally,
single-syllable words are frequently elongated into two syllables for
emphasis or rhythm. Classic examples of this Vermont lingo include
pronouncing "that" as "tha-at," "there" as "they-uh," and "idea" as
"oi-dea," which reflects a raised diphthong shift akin to patterns in
nearby Quebec French or Canadian English. Other notable traits include
the use of glottal stops—replacing the "t" sound with a brief catch in
the throat—as in "Vermont" becoming "Vermon'" or "mitten" as "mi'en,"
and a nasal twang that's especially prominent in rural areas, sometimes
humorously described as "gargling marbles."
Over the past few
decades, this dialect has significantly diminished due to factors like
population influx from out-of-state migrants, widespread media exposure,
improved education, and urbanization, which have homogenized speech
patterns across much of the state. However, it persists more strongly in
the remote Northeast Kingdom region—a sparsely populated, forested area
in the northeastern corner of Vermont known for its agricultural
heritage and isolation—where older residents and multigenerational
families continue to preserve these linguistic quirks. In contrast,
urban centers like Burlington have seen the accent evolve or fade
entirely among younger generations.
Locals often use colorful slang
to distinguish insiders from outsiders: if you're not born and raised in
Vermont, you might be dubbed a "flatlander," a term originally poking
fun at people from flatter terrains like Massachusetts or New York who
struggle with Vermont's hilly landscape and harsh winters. Tourists or
short-term visitors could earn the nickname "white plater," alluding to
the white license plates common in neighboring states (such as New
Hampshire or Massachusetts), in contrast to Vermont's signature green
ones, which symbolize the state's environmental ethos. Meanwhile, true
native Vermonters proudly embrace the moniker "woodchucks," evoking the
image of the groundhog-like rodent abundant in the region's woods and
fields, and sometimes used self-deprecatingly to highlight their hardy,
down-to-earth nature.
While you might not encounter a thick Vermont
accent in everyday interactions across most of the state—except perhaps
among elderly folks in small towns—it's still alive and well in pockets
of the Northeast Kingdom, where community events or local diners offer
glimpses into this fading oral tradition. Furthermore, near the Canadian
border, particularly in communities with historical French-Canadian
ties, a variant of French akin to Québécois is spoken as a first
language by some residents, incorporating loanwords and intonations that
blend with English in bilingual households, a legacy of 19th-century
immigration from Quebec for logging and farming opportunities.
By Air
Vermont is accessible via several airports, with Burlington
International Airport (BTV), also known as Patrick Leahy Burlington
International Airport, serving as the primary gateway. This compact
facility primarily handles regional jets and turboprop aircraft for
commercial passengers. Direct flights are available from major hubs
including Atlanta (via Delta), Chicago O'Hare (via United), New York
City (LaGuardia and JFK via Delta and American), Newark (via United),
Orlando (via Breeze and Frontier), Philadelphia (via American),
Washington D.C. (Dulles via United and Reagan National via American),
and Detroit (via Delta). Additional seasonal or less frequent routes
include Charleston (via Breeze), Charlotte (via American), and others
operated by airlines like Breeze Airways, Frontier, Sun Country, and
more. With six main carriers—American, Breeze, Delta, Frontier, Sun
Country, and United—the airport offers around 17 domestic destinations,
making it convenient for travelers seeking a low-stress entry point to
the state.
For southern Vermont, Rutland Southern Vermont Regional
Airport (RUT) provides limited service with three daily flights to and
from Boston Logan International Airport, all operated by Cape Air. These
quick hops take about 1 hour and 17 minutes, ideal for those heading to
areas like Killington or Manchester.
As an alternative, consider
Manchester-Boston Regional Airport (MHT) in New Hampshire, which acts as
a secondary hub for northern New England. It's within a 3-hour drive or
less to most parts of Vermont and offers more flight options from larger
jets, often at competitive prices compared to Boston Logan. Similarly,
Montreal's Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport (YUL) is a
viable option for international travelers, with direct flights to
Burlington starting around $314 one-way via carriers like United. From
YUL, you can drive (about 1.5-2 hours to northern Vermont) or take a
bus, which runs in 4-5 hours for $30-55.
By Train
For rail
enthusiasts, check out Rail Travel in the United States for broader
context. Amtrak operates two key routes through Vermont, providing
scenic journeys without direct service from Canada. In summer, the
Adirondack train from Montreal to New York stops at Port Kent, New York,
followed by a short ferry to Burlington. Outside peak season, the
closest stop is Plattsburgh, New York.
The Ethan Allen Express offers
daily runs between New York City and Burlington, passing through Albany
and Rutland, with extensions to Burlington that began in recent years
for enhanced access to northern Vermont. The Vermonter provides daily
service from Washington, D.C., through New York City to St. Albans in
northern Vermont, marking its 30th anniversary in 2025. It includes
eight stops within the state: Brattleboro, Bellows Falls, Windsor, White
River Junction, Randolph, Montpelier-Berlin, Waterbury-Stowe, and Essex
Junction (serving Burlington). The full trip from D.C. takes about 13
hours, with departures like 7:30 a.m. from St. Albans arriving in D.C.
around 8:50 p.m.
By Car
Road access to Vermont is straightforward
via two main interstates: I-91, which travels north-south along the
eastern edge of the state with exits like Brattleboro (Exits 1-3),
Dummerston (Exit 4), and Westminster (Exit 5), and I-89, running
northwest-southeast through central areas like Burlington and
Montpelier. These highways offer stunning views of the Green Mountains
and connect to major routes from neighboring states, making self-driving
a popular choice for exploring rural spots. Note that while interstates
are efficient, secondary roads like US-2 provide more scenic
alternatives across the state.
By Bus
Several bus companies
connect Vermont to nearby cities. Greyhound provides routes from Boston,
Albany, Montreal, and other New England points, with stops in Burlington
offering amenities like free Wi-Fi, power outlets, and extra legroom.
Megabus serves Burlington from Boston and New York City, with affordable
fares and real-time tracking via their app; connections often involve
partners like Dattco or Vermont Translines for seamless transfers. Other
options include Bonanza (1-888-751-8800) to Bennington from New York,
Adventure East (1-718-601-4707) for Manhattan-to-ski-resort trips, and
Dartmouth Coach (1-800-637-0123) to Hanover, New Hampshire (near White
River Junction, Vermont) from Boston or Logan Airport. For broader
searches, platforms like Wanderu list deals starting at $1.
By
Boat
Crossing Lake Champlain by ferry adds a scenic element to your
trip. Lake Champlain Ferries operate two main routes from New York:
Plattsburgh to Grand Isle, Vermont (running 24/7 year-round with a
14-minute crossing), and Essex, New York to Charlotte, Vermont (offering
breathtaking views of the Adirondacks and Green Mountains). The
Charlotte-Essex route follows a summer schedule starting May 26, 2025,
with departures every 30 minutes from 5:00 p.m. to 8:30 p.m., and
discounts available excluding surcharges.
To get around Vermont effectively, especially in its more rural and
spread-out areas, having access to a personal vehicle is often
essential, as many destinations lack convenient public options and the
state's winding roads and scenic byways make driving the most flexible
choice.
For information on intercity and long-distance bus routes,
check resources from the Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTrans) and
Vermont Translines, which operate services connecting Vermont to
neighboring states like New York. For instance, Vermont Translines
provides daily routes to Albany, NY, with fares typically ranging from
$20-40 depending on the distance, and they occasionally adjust schedules
for holidays or weather—note that service to Albany was briefly paused
on December 2, 2025, but resumed the next day.
In the northwest
region, Green Mountain Transit (GMT) offers reliable public bus
services, including commuter routes that are ideal for daily travel.
From Burlington, you can connect to key spots like Montpelier (the state
capital), Waterbury (home to Ben & Jerry's factory), St. Albans,
Middlebury (with its charming college town vibe), Vergennes, and
Bristol. Recent updates in August 2025 enhanced GMT's offerings, such as
introducing service every 15 minutes on high-demand routes between
downtown Burlington and South Burlington, along with redesigned maps and
guides for easier navigation. Fares are affordable, often $2-4 per ride,
with discounts for students, seniors, and multi-ride passes available.
Beyond the northwest, various regional transit providers cover other
parts of the state:
Tri-Valley Transit serves Addison County, Orange
County, and northern Windsor County, focusing on community shuttles and
demand-response services for flexible pickups.
The Bus (operated by
Marble Valley Regional Transit) handles Rutland County, with routes
linking to shopping areas, medical centers, and ski resorts like
Killington.
Green Mountain Community Network (also known as Green
Mountain Express) operates in Bennington County, providing connections
to Manchester and beyond.
MOOver covers Windham County and southern
Windsor County, famous for its free ski shuttles in winter and routes to
Brattleboro.
Rural Community Transportation manages the Northeast
Kingdom, with expanded services starting January 1, 2026, including
fixed-route buses and demand-response in Franklin and Grand Isle
counties—previously handled by GMT.Additionally, Advance Transit offers
fare-free buses in the Upper Valley region (spanning parts of Windsor
County and into New Hampshire), making it a budget-friendly option for
areas around White River Junction and Norwich.
For broader travel
between larger towns, Greyhound buses stop at hubs like Burlington,
White River Junction, Montpelier, and Bennington, connecting to major
cities such as Boston or New York, though schedules are limited to a few
departures per day and fares start around $19 for short trips. Amtrak
provides rail options via two main routes: the Vermonter (daily from
Washington, D.C., to St. Albans, with nine stops in Vermont including
Brattleboro, White River Junction, and Essex Junction near Burlington,
taking about 13 hours end-to-end but shorter for intra-state segments)
and the Ethan Allen Express (daily from New York City to Burlington via
Albany and Rutland). However, both Greyhound and Amtrak services run
infrequently—often just once or twice daily—and can be significantly
slower than driving due to stops and indirect paths; for example, a
2-hour drive might take 4-5 hours by train or bus. Keep in mind
potential budget cuts in 2025 have led to reduced routes in some areas,
so always verify current schedules via the Vermont Public Transportation
Association (VPTA) website for the latest maps, fares, and real-time
updates. In bigger towns like Burlington or Brattleboro, rideshare apps
like Uber and Lyft are also available as supplements.
Vermont, known for its largely rural character, boasts a wealth of
sightseeing experiences rooted in its stunning natural landscapes. The
state's terrain is primarily composed of rugged mountains and deep
valleys, offering breathtaking panoramic views at nearly every bend in
the road. The Champlain Valley stands out as the most extensive lowland
area, dotted with expansive, level farmlands ideal for agriculture. Each
autumn, countless travelers journey northward from neighboring states to
immerse themselves in Vermont's renowned fall foliage, where leaves
transform into a vibrant tapestry of reds, oranges, and golds, peaking
typically from late September to mid-October in areas like the Green
Mountains.
Popular foliage hotspots include the charming town of
Stowe, with its ski resorts and hiking trails, and Woodstock, often
hailed as one of New England's prettiest villages, while scenic byways
like Route 100—dubbed "Vermont's Main Street"—wind through picturesque
countryside for over 200 miles.
For enthusiasts of wildlife
photography, Vermont provides exceptional opportunities to capture
animals in their natural habitats. Moose, the state's largest mammals
with an estimated population of around 3,000, roam throughout but are
most reliably spotted in the remote wetlands and forests of the
Northeast Kingdom, particularly around dawn or dusk in spots like Island
Pond or Maidstone. Canada geese are a major attraction during migration
seasons, with large flocks pausing to rest and feed in open fields
across the state as they head south. One of the most spectacular
gatherings occurs at Dead Creek Wildlife Management Area in Addison,
where thousands of migrating snow geese (often mingling with Canada
geese) create a mesmerizing spectacle in the fall, drawing birdwatchers
from afar. Other notable wildlife includes black bears, white-tailed
deer, and a variety of birds, with prime viewing at sites like Moose Bog
in the Wenlock Wildlife Management Area, home to rare species such as
spruce grouse and black-backed woodpeckers.
The state's urban and
rural communities also serve as captivating scenic draws, blending
history with quaint charm. As one of the original 13 colonies—though its
territory was hotly disputed between New York and New Hampshire until it
became the 14th state in 1791—Vermont preserves some of the nation's
earliest architecture and landmarks. Federalist-style buildings,
characterized by their symmetrical designs and classical details, are
prominent across the state but especially concentrated in Bennington,
site of the pivotal 1777 Revolutionary War battle. Many small towns
feature idyllic village greens, or commons, framed by historic
structures like 200-year-old white-steepled churches, stately town
halls, and colonial-era homes that evoke a sense of timeless New England
heritage. Iconic covered bridges, numbering over 100 and dating back to
the 19th century, add to the man-made allure; these wooden structures,
designed to shield trusses from harsh weather, are densely clustered in
the Upper Valley along the Connecticut River, with Montgomery earning
the title of "Covered Bridge Capital" for its eight examples, and others
near Woodstock and Quechee offering photogenic settings amid rolling
hills.
Vermont is rich in cultural venues, with art galleries and
museums scattered throughout its communities. The highest densities
appear in vibrant hubs like Burlington, home to contemporary galleries
and the University of Vermont's Fleming Museum, and Brattleboro, known
for its eclectic arts scene including the Brattleboro Museum & Art
Center. A standout attraction south of Burlington is the Shelburne
Museum, which houses the country's most extensive collection of
Americana, spanning 39 buildings on 45 acres with exhibits like a
restored 220-foot steamboat Ticonderoga, a Shaker round barn, folk art,
quilts, and impressionist paintings by artists such as Monet and Degas.
Additional gems include the Fairbanks Museum and Planetarium in St.
Johnsbury, a Victorian-era repository of natural history artifacts and
interactive science displays, and the Bennington Museum, featuring the
world's largest public collection of works by folk artist Grandma Moses.
Vermont State House
Nestled at 115 State Street in Montpelier, the
Vermont State House is the city's most iconic landmark, distinguished by
its striking golden dome and functioning as the hub where the Vermont
General Assembly convenes. Open to the public for self-guided tours,
this historic structure is one of the oldest and best-preserved state
capitols in the U.S., designed in the Greek Revival style by architect
Thomas Silloway between 1857 and 1858, with occupancy beginning in 1859.
It's also noted as the smallest state house in the country, featuring a
copper dome that was first gilded in 1906 for added luster. Visitors can
explore its interior, including legislative chambers and historical
exhibits, from Monday to Friday, 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m., though it's
closed on weekends and select holidays like November 11, 27, and 28. For
a deeper experience, guided tours are available, and the building often
pairs well with nearby visits to the Vermont History Museum.
Burlington Waterfront and Church Street Marketplace
In Burlington,
the vibrant Waterfront Park and Church Street Marketplace form a
delightful pedestrian-friendly zone along the shores of Lake Champlain,
bustling with art galleries, boutique shops, and eateries offering live
performances, craft beers from local breweries, and prime spots for
observing the lively crowd. This area represents Vermont's closest
approximation to urban nightlife, with year-round events, entertainment,
and a mix of outdoor activities. The Church Street Marketplace, an
award-winning outdoor mall with over 100 stores and restaurants, was
named the No. 1 Public Square in America by USA Today in 2022, making it
ideal for browsing, dining, or catching a show at venues like the Flynn
Theater. Nearby attractions include the Burlington Greenway for walking
or biking, the weekly Farmers Market for fresh local produce, and picnic
spots in Waterfront Park with stunning lake views—perfect for enjoying
sunsets or summer concerts. Don't miss trying crepes at The Skinny
Pancake or seafood at Splash at the Boathouse for a true taste of the
region.
Presidential Historic Sites in Vermont
Vermont boasts
two state historic sites dedicated to the birthplaces of U.S.
presidents, offering insights into their early lives. In Plymouth, the
President Calvin Coolidge State Historic Site preserves the rural
village of Plymouth Notch, where Coolidge was born in 1872 and later
sworn in as president in 1923 following Warren G. Harding's death.
Spanning 130 acres, it includes his family homestead, a museum with
artifacts, barns, and period buildings, all maintained as they appeared
during his era—providing a glimpse into early 20th-century Vermont life.
The site, which began preservation efforts in 1947, features clean
facilities and is tucked away in the Green Mountains. In Fairfield, the
President Chester A. Arthur State Historic Site marks the 1829
birthplace of the 21st president with a reconstructed modest home, a
granite monument, and exhibits detailing his path from Vermont boyhood
to the White House. A small museum in the nearby Fairfield Town Hall
explores his life and legacy, making it Vermont's first state-owned
historic site.
Fall Foliage in Vermont
From September through
October, Vermont's forested hills transform into a spectacular display
of vibrant hues as leaves change color, drawing crowds that pack hotels,
eateries, and roadways—advance bookings are essential, especially around
Columbus Day weekend when congestion peaks. The state's compact size and
countryside charm allow for easy foliage viewing from nearly anywhere,
with guided bus or bike tours highlighting prime spots and ski resorts
providing chairlift rides to elevated vistas for panoramic sights. The
season kicks off in mid to late September in northern areas and higher
altitudes, building daily to "peak" typically in the first or second
week of October, when maples ignite in oranges and reds, birches, ashes,
and aspens shine yellow, and oaks shift to purplish-brown. Post-peak,
leaves fall rapidly, with colors diminishing over the following week;
colder temperatures accelerate changes, starting north and high before
progressing south and downward. Pack layers and rain gear, as New
England's weather can shift unexpectedly, and check weekly foliage
reports for optimal timing.
Manchester Center
Situated in
southern Vermont at the base of the 3,816-foot Mount Equinox, Manchester
Center is a shopper's haven, distinct from its quaint village
counterpart with bustling signage, attractions, and an array of outlets
and boutiques. The town is renowned for Hildene, the 412-acre Georgian
Revival summer estate of Robert Todd Lincoln (Abraham Lincoln's son),
featuring manicured formal gardens inspired by French parterre designs,
a goat dairy, cutting and kitchen gardens, a restored Pullman car named
Sunbeam, an observatory, a teaching greenhouse, and 12 miles of walking
trails. Other highlights include the Southern Vermont Arts Center for
exhibits and events, hikes in the Equinox Preserve, the Merck Forest and
Farmland Center for outdoor exploration, and the Mount Equinox Skyline
Drive for scenic views. Summer brings concerts and festivals, while
year-round options like the Northshire Bookstore and local cafes add
charm.
Vermont Toy & Train Museum
At Quechee Gorge Village in
Quechee, the Vermont Toy & Train Museum houses an enchanting assortment
of over 100,000 toys, born from the vision of a single collector who
gathered items from the local community spanning from the 1900s to the
2000s. Located upstairs in the Cabot cheese store, entry is free (with
donations appreciated), allowing visitors to stroll through displays of
vintage trains, dolls, miniatures, playsets, and arcade games for a
nostalgic trip down memory lane. Open daily from 10:00 a.m. to 5:00
p.m., it's a fun, interactive spot for all ages, complete with playable
vintage games and ties to the surrounding antique mall and gorge
attractions.
Vermont, affectionately known as the Green Mountain State, is a haven
for outdoor enthusiasts with a wide array of activities year-round. The
state's namesake Green Mountains run like a backbone through its center,
offering premier hiking opportunities along their rugged ridges. These
trails vary in difficulty, from gentle walks to challenging ascents with
panoramic views of rolling hills and dense forests. Flanking the main
range, smaller peaks to the east and west provide equally rewarding
hikes, often with fewer crowds and diverse terrain including waterfalls
and wildlife sightings.
Camping is a beloved pastime here, with
options ranging from well-equipped sites in over 50 state parks to more
primitive backcountry spots nestled along hiking routes. These parks
often feature amenities like picnic areas, restrooms, and fire pits,
making them ideal for families, while trail-side campsites appeal to
thru-hikers seeking immersion in nature. Vermont's commitment to outdoor
recreation ensures that many areas are well-maintained for sustainable
enjoyment.
The state boasts numerous lakes, with Lake Champlain
standing out as the largest at about 120 miles long and shared with New
York. This expansive body of water is perfect for summer pursuits such
as boating, swimming in crystal-clear coves, kayaking through serene
inlets, and fishing for species like bass, trout, and walleye. Come
winter, the frozen surface transforms into a playground for ice
fishing—where anglers drill holes to catch perch or smelt—and high-speed
snowmobile adventures across the ice. Safety is paramount; always
measure ice thickness (at least 4-6 inches for walking, more for
vehicles) and check local conditions to avoid risks.
Skiing and
other mountain-based pursuits draw the majority of visitors to Vermont,
thanks to its reliable snowfall and varied terrain that ranks among the
best in the U.S. The state is home to 25 ski resorts, spanning intimate
family-owned hills with just a single lift to expansive mega-resorts
boasting hundreds of trails. As the epicenter for eastern U.S. skiing,
Vermont offers everything from groomed runs for beginners to steep
glades and terrain parks for experts. Notable destinations include:
Bolton Valley in Bolton, known for its night skiing and backcountry
access.
Bromley in Manchester, a family-friendly spot with sunny
southern exposure.
Burke Mountain in East Burke, featuring
challenging expert terrain and a bike park in summer.
Jay Peak in
Jay, famous for its heavy snowfall (averaging 355 inches annually) and
glade skiing.
Killington Resort in Killington, the largest in the
East with over 150 trails and a long season often extending into May.
Mad River Glen in Waitsfield, a co-op owned resort emphasizing natural
snow and no snowmaking on most trails.
Magic Mountain in Londonderry,
a throwback vibe with affordable lift tickets and steep pitches.
Mount Snow/Haystack in Mount Snow, part of a larger network with
excellent snowmaking and terrain parks.
Okemo in Ludlow, praised for
its groomed cruisers and upscale amenities.
Pico Mountain in Rutland,
a smaller sibling to Killington with a loyal local following.
Smugglers' Notch in Jeffersonville, ideal for families with kid-focused
programs and varied slopes.
Stowe Mountain Resort in Stowe, an iconic
destination with luxury lodging and the famous Front Four expert trails.
Stratton Mountain in Jamaica, home to snowboarding's origins and a
vibrant village scene.
Sugarbush in Warren, offering two mountains
with diverse terrain and a focus on adventure.
Suicide Six in
Woodstock, one of the oldest ski areas in the U.S., perfect for a
nostalgic day on the slopes.
For dedicated hikers, the Long Trail
stands out as a must-do: this 272-mile path, the oldest long-distance
hiking trail in the United States, stretches from the Massachusetts
border to Canada, coinciding with the Appalachian Trail for about 100
miles in southern Vermont. It features 70 backcountry campsites and
demands preparation for its 68,000 feet of elevation gain, typically
taking 20-30 days to complete. Similarly, sections of the Appalachian
Trail offer scenic day hikes or multi-day treks through forested ridges.
Venturing into the Green Mountain National Forest, which spans over
400,000 acres, opens up endless exploration. Highlights include chasing
waterfalls like Thundering Brook Falls, swimming in natural pools at
Warren Falls, or spotting wildlife while hiking its extensive trail
system. The forest also supports activities like fishing, birdwatching,
and winter sports such as snowshoeing.
Watersports on Lake Champlain
extend beyond basics to include sailing lessons, stand-up
paddleboarding, wakeboarding, and even kitesurfing in windy conditions,
with rentals available in towns like Burlington. In winter, events like
ice festivals add a festive twist to frozen adventures.
As a
predominantly rural state with minimal light pollution, Vermont excels
in stargazing. On clear nights, especially in winter, you might catch
glimpses of the Northern Lights in northern areas, though they're not
guaranteed. Prime spots include remote areas like the Green Mountain
National Forest, Green River Reservoir State Park, or South Lincoln for
unobstructed views of the Milky Way. Tips for optimal viewing: Head out
on moonless nights, use a stargazing app for constellations, and dress
warmly to enjoy the crisp, dark skies.
Vermont's folklore is steeped in tales of the supernatural, often
tied to its colonial history, harsh winters, and isolated rural
landscapes. Many legends stem from tragic events like lost love,
untimely deaths, or mysterious disappearances, with reports of
apparitions, eerie sounds, and unexplained phenomena persisting into
modern times. Below, I'll detail some of the most prominent haunted
legends, drawing from historical accounts and eyewitness reports.
Emily's Bridge (Gold Brook Covered Bridge, Stowe)
One of
Vermont's most infamous haunted sites is the Gold Brook Covered Bridge,
better known as Emily's Bridge, built in the 1850s in Stowe. The legend
revolves around a young woman named Emily, who fell in love with a man
from a wealthy family. When his parents forbade the marriage due to her
poverty, the couple planned to elope, agreeing to meet at the bridge at
midnight. He never arrived, and in her despair, Emily reportedly hanged
herself from the rafters (though variations say she jumped into the
brook below). Since then, visitors have reported scratch marks appearing
on their cars as if clawed by invisible hands, strange noises like
footsteps on the bridge, tightening ropes, and blood-curdling screams.
Some claim to feel a cold presence or see a ghostly figure in white.
Paranormal investigators often visit, and the bridge has become a
hotspot for ghost hunters, especially at night. Historical records don't
confirm Emily's existence, suggesting the tale may have evolved from
local folklore, but the experiences keep the legend alive.
Bennington Triangle (Southwestern Vermont, including Glastenbury
Mountain)
The Bennington Triangle encompasses a rugged, forested area
in southwestern Vermont, roughly bounded by Bennington, Woodford,
Shaftsbury, and Glastenbury, notorious for a series of unexplained
disappearances between 1920 and 1950. At least five people vanished
without a trace: Middie Rivers (a hunter in 1945), Paula Welden (a
Bennington College student in 1946), James Tetford (who disappeared from
a crowded bus in 1949), Paul Jepson (an 8-year-old boy in 1950), and
Frieda Langer (who slipped into a stream and was never found in 1950).
Theories range from serial killers and wild animals to more supernatural
explanations like portals, Bigfoot-like creatures, or curses from Native
American lore, which deemed the area taboo due to "bad energy." Ghosts
of the missing are said to haunt the woods, with hikers reporting
disorientation, strange lights, and whispers. The triangle overlaps with
Glastenbury Mountain, a former logging town turned ghost town, adding to
its mystique. Modern explorers often hike the Long Trail through here,
but many advise against going alone, citing an oppressive atmosphere and
unexplained phenomena.
Boots Berry at the Green Mountain Inn
(Stowe)
In the heart of Stowe, the Green Mountain Inn, dating back to
1833, is haunted by the spirit of "Boots" Berry, born in the inn's
servant quarters in 1840. Boots grew up to become a local hero, saving
stagecoach passengers from a runaway horse, but his life spiraled due to
alcoholism, leading to his dismissal as the inn's stable hand. Years
later, during a fierce snowstorm in 1902, he returned heroically to
rescue a child trapped on the inn's roof, only to slip and fall to his
death in the same spot where he had saved others. His ghost is said to
manifest during severe winter storms, with guests hearing rhythmic
tap-dancing footsteps on the third floor— a nod to his nickname, earned
from his dancing prowess. Staff and visitors have reported cold spots,
moved objects, and a playful but persistent presence. The inn embraces
the legend, even naming a room after him, and it's a popular spot for
those seeking a benign haunting.
The Equinox Resort (Manchester)
Opened in 1769 as a tavern, the Equinox Resort in Manchester has a
storied past, including hosting presidents and dignitaries. Its most
famous ghost is Mary Todd Lincoln, Abraham Lincoln's wife, who
vacationed there with her children in the 1860s and reportedly planned a
return that never happened due to her husband's assassination. Her
spirit is said to linger on the third and fourth floors of the south
wing, with sightings of a woman in Victorian dress, accompanied by
whispers and the scent of lavender. Other paranormal activity includes
shadows darting in peripheral vision, cold spots, unexplained lights,
and objects moving on their own. The resort's long history of expansions
and renovations may have stirred restless spirits, and ghost tours
highlight these encounters, blending luxury with the eerie.
Nurse
Mary at the Vermont Police Academy (Pittsford)
Originally a
tuberculosis sanatorium in the early 1900s, the Vermont Police Academy
in Pittsford retains the ghost of Nurse Mary, who cared for patients
during the TB epidemic but contracted the disease herself and died on
site. Recruits and staff report her apparition wandering the halls and
grounds, often in a white uniform, checking on "patients" by activating
old call buttons in the dorms. Doors slam, lights flicker, and a
nurturing but chilling presence is felt, especially at night. The
building's grim medical history—hundreds died from TB—fuels the legend,
and some believe Mary's spirit remains to watch over those in uniform.
The academy acknowledges the hauntings, with some officers sharing
stories during training.
The Hayden House Curse (Albany)
In
Albany, the Hayden House, a large brick mansion built in the early
1800s, is cursed by Mercie Dale, the mother-in-law of William Hayden.
After being swindled out of her fortune, Mercie accused William of
poisoning her on her deathbed in 1806, cursing the family to generations
of misfortune. The Haydens faced bankruptcies, deaths, and tragedies,
abandoning the house by the mid-1800s. Passersby report ghostly lights
in the windows, apparitions of a wrathful woman, and an overwhelming
sense of dread. The property, now overgrown, stands as a testament to
the curse's enduring power, with locals avoiding it after dark.
The Curse of Brunswick Springs (Brunswick)
In the Northeast Kingdom,
Brunswick Springs were sacred to the Abenaki people for their healing
waters. In 1748, a British soldier killed an Abenaki man and his child
during a dispute, prompting the grieving mother—a sorceress—to curse the
springs: "If any white man profits from these waters, he shall fail."
Multiple attempts to build hotels there in the 1800s and 1900s ended in
fires, floods, or bankruptcies, leaving ruins. Visitors report shadowy
figures, whispers in Native languages, and a vengeful energy that
discourages development. The site remains undeveloped, honoring the
curse.
Abandoned Places in Vermont
Vermont's economic shifts,
from logging booms to industrial declines, have left behind numerous
abandoned sites, many reclaimed by nature. These places often carry an
air of mystery, with some overlapping into haunted territory due to
their isolation and tragic histories.
Glastenbury (Bennington
County)
Once a thriving charcoal and logging town in the late 1800s
with over 200 residents, Glastenbury was abandoned by the 1920s due to
deforestation, poor soil, and economic collapse. Now a ghost town within
the Green Mountain National Forest, only foundations and cellar holes
remain amid dense woods. Its association with the Bennington Triangle
amplifies its eeriness, with hikers encountering overgrown trails and a
palpable silence broken by occasional wildlife—or unexplained sounds.
The town's charter was revoked in 1937, making it one of Vermont's
unincorporated areas.
Hyde Manor (Sudbury)
Built in 1801 as a
stagecoach stop, Hyde Manor evolved into a grand resort hotel in the
late 1800s, attracting guests with its mineral springs and luxury. It
declined after World War II due to changing travel habits and fires,
fully abandoning by the 1970s. The sprawling, decaying buildings—now
collapsing under vines and weather—evoke a sense of lost grandeur.
Hauntings include shadowy figures and whispers from former guests, with
the owner barring access for safety. Visible from Route 30, it's a
poignant reminder of Vermont's tourism heyday.
Ricker Basin
(Waterbury)
Founded in the mid-1800s as a farming and logging
community on Ricker Mountain, Ricker Basin thrived until devastating
floods in 1927 and 1934 wiped out homes and infrastructure, forcing the
last residents out by the 1930s. Now part of Little River State Park,
remnants include stone walls, foundations, and an old cemetery. Legends
of restless spirits from flood victims persist, with campers reporting
eerie cries and apparitions at night. Trails allow exploration, but the
site's isolation heightens its creepy allure.
Somerset (Windham
County)
Similar to Glastenbury, Somerset was a logging town peaking
in the 1880s with schools and mills, but depleted resources led to
abandonment by the 1930s. Its charter was dissolved in 1937, leaving it
unincorporated. Scattered ruins dot the landscape, now forested and
accessible via remote roads. No major hauntings are reported, but its
desolation invites urban exploration, with nature fully reclaiming the
area.
Elgin Springs House (Panton)
Originally a farmhouse in
the 1840s, it became a boarding house in the 1850s touting healing
spring waters, thriving until the 1870s when the business failed. It
served as a private home until condemned in the 1970s, now a vine-choked
ruin with collapsing structures. The site's remote hilltop location,
overlooking the Adirondacks, adds to its forgotten feel, with no known
hauntings but a melancholic atmosphere from its failed therapeutic
dreams.
North Concord Radar Station (East Haven)
Built during
the Cold War in the 1950s as part of the U.S. Air Force's defense
network to monitor Soviet threats, this high-elevation base was
abandoned in 1963 after technological advancements rendered it obsolete.
Vandalism, including a 2021 arson fire, has left crumbling barracks and
radar towers. UFO sightings were reported by airmen in 1961, linking it
to the famous Betty and Barney Hill abduction nearby. Privately owned
now, it's a hazardous site with a lingering aura of secrecy and decay.
Elizabeth Copper Mine (Strafford)
Discovered in 1793 and
operational until 1958, this mine produced over 50 million pounds of
copper, making it one of Vermont's largest. Abandoned due to exhausted
resources, it leaves behind deep shafts, tailings piles, and rusting
equipment in the woods. Environmental hazards from sulfur and iron
persist, but explorers note its industrial ghosts, with echoes of
miners' labors in the silent tunnels. No major legends, but its scale
evokes a bygone era of extraction.
Shopping in Vermont offers a unique blend of small-town charm, artisanal craftsmanship, and scenic backdrops that make it more than just a retail experience—it's often intertwined with the state's rural heritage, outdoor lifestyle, and commitment to local production. Unlike bustling urban shopping districts, Vermont's scene emphasizes independent boutiques, country stores, designer outlets, antique hunts, and vibrant farmers' markets. This in-depth guide covers key areas, types of shopping, standout products, and practical tips, drawing from visitor reviews, local guides, and recent experiences. Whether you're seeking high-end fashion deals, vintage treasures, or farm-fresh goods, Vermont's shopping caters to a wide range of tastes while supporting its economy of makers and small businesses.
Vermont's shopping is concentrated in picturesque towns and cities,
where historic architecture and natural beauty enhance the outing.
Burlington, the state's largest city, serves as a central hub with a mix
of urban energy and lakeside vibes along Lake Champlain.
In
Burlington, the Church Street Marketplace stands out as a
pedestrian-only outdoor mall spanning four blocks, lined with over 100
shops, eateries, and street performers. This car-free zone features
national chains like Lululemon and Patagonia alongside local gems such
as outdoor gear stores and independent bookstores. It's ideal for a full
day of browsing, with seasonal events like holiday lights or summer
festivals adding flair. Nearby, the University Mall in South Burlington
offers more traditional indoor shopping with anchors like Target and
Kohl's, plus specialty spots for home goods and apparel.
Southern
Vermont's Manchester is another premier destination, often dubbed a
"shopper's paradise" for its blend of luxury outlets and boutique charm.
The Manchester Designer Outlets feature over 40 stores from brands like
Coach, Kate Spade, and Brooks Brothers, set in a village-like layout
with mountain views. Discounts here can reach 70% off retail, making it
a draw for bargain hunters. Beyond outlets, downtown Manchester boasts
artisanal galleries, jewelry shops, and home decor boutiques, perfect
for unique finds like handcrafted pottery or Vermont-made woolens. The
area's upscale vibe extends to nearby Equinox Resort, where shopping can
pair with spa days or hiking.
Other notable areas include Stowe
for ski-related gear and luxury items at places like Remarkable Things
boutique, Brattleboro for eclectic indie shops with a bohemian flair,
and Woodstock for quaint village stores amid historic covered bridges.
Smaller towns like Waterbury or Wilmington host seasonal flea markets,
blending shopping with community vibes.
Vermont excels in diverse formats that reflect its independent
spirit.
Outlets and Malls: For brand-name deals, Manchester's outlets
are unmatched, but Essex Shoppes & Cinema in the north provides
family-friendly options with movie theaters attached. These spots are
great for practical purchases like clothing or electronics, often with
tax-free perks on certain items (Vermont has no sales tax on clothing
under $110).
Local Boutiques and Country Stores: The state's iconic
country stores, like the Vermont Country Store in Weston or Rockledge
Farm in Orleans, stock nostalgic goods such as flannel shirts, penny
candy, and homemade jams. Boutiques in places like Montpelier or
Middlebury focus on sustainable fashion, jewelry, and art, often sourced
from local creators. Holiday shopping here shines, with gift guides
highlighting Vermont-made items for everyone from foodies to fashion
enthusiasts.
Antique and Vintage Shops: Vermont is a treasure trove
for collectors, with over 100 antique dealers statewide. The Vermont
Antique Mall in Quechee Gorge Village spans 17,000 square feet across
two floors, offering everything from mid-century furniture to vintage
toys in a multi-dealer setup. Burlington's vintage scene includes spots
like Battery Street Jeans for retro clothing and Dirt Chic for
affordable secondhand fashion. Flea markets, such as the Waterbury Flea
Market or Wilmington Flea Market, operate seasonally and draw crowds for
bargains on collectibles and crafts—plan a road trip to hit multiple, as
suggested by locals on forums. These hunts often tie into Revolutionary
War history or scenic drives, making them experiential.
Farmers'
Markets and Artisanal Goods: No Vermont shopping trip is complete
without a market visit. The Burlington Farmers Market, held year-round
(outdoors in summer, indoors in winter), features over 90 vendors
selling fresh produce, cheeses, maple syrup, and handmade crafts. It's a
sensory delight with live music and samples, emphasizing organic and
local sourcing. Similar markets in Waitsfield or Norwich offer seasonal
specialties like heirloom apples or artisanal breads. These spots double
as social hubs, where shoppers chat with farmers about sustainable
practices.
Vermont's shopping highlights "Made in Vermont" items, rooted in its
agricultural and craft traditions. Must-buys include pure maple syrup
from family-run sugarhouses, award-winning cheeses like Cabot Cheddar,
craft beers from breweries like The Alchemist, and wool flannels or
blankets for cozy winters. Artisanal glassware from Simon Pearce Mill in
Quechee combines shopping with live demonstrations. Recent trends lean
toward sustainable and vintage shopping, with eco-friendly boutiques
promoting upcycled goods. Holiday seasons amp up with pop-up markets and
gift baskets featuring local foods.
However, some urban areas face
challenges; downtowns in Burlington, Brattleboro, and Rutland have seen
increased homelessness and related issues, which can impact the shopping
atmosphere with occasional disruptions or safety concerns. Despite this,
most visitors report positive, welcoming experiences.
Best Times: Summer and fall for outdoor markets and foliage-framed
drives; winter for holiday deals and cozy indoor browsing.
Getting
Around: Rent a car for rural exploration—many shops are off major routes
like I-89 or Route 7.
Budget and Etiquette: Expect higher prices for
handmade items, but look for sales. Support locals by buying direct;
many accept cards, but cash helps at markets.
Combining with
Activities: Pair shopping with hiking, skiing, or farm tours for a
fuller Vermont immersion.
Vermont stands out for its exceptional maple syrup offerings and
artisanal cheddar cheeses, which have earned the state a stellar
reputation in the food world. As the leading producer of maple syrup in
the United States, Vermont's pure, amber-hued syrup is tapped from sugar
maples each spring and used in everything from sweeteners to gourmet
glazes. Its cheddars, often aged for sharpness and produced by renowned
creameries like Cabot, pair perfectly with local apples or crackers for
a simple yet iconic snack.
Creemees represent Vermont's beloved
version of soft-serve ice cream, distinguished by a richer texture
thanks to higher butterfat content from fresh local dairy. For an
authentic taste, opt for the maple variety, swirled with genuine Vermont
syrup for a sweet, earthy flavor that's especially popular during summer
road trips or at roadside stands.
Sugar on Snow is a delightful
seasonal treat made by drizzling boiling maple syrup over packed fresh
snow, where it quickly cools and solidifies into a chewy, taffy-like
candy. This tradition, rooted in maple sugaring parties, is frequently
accompanied by a sour dill pickle to contrast the intense sweetness,
along with plain raised doughnuts and sometimes hot coffee—creating a
balanced, nostalgic experience often enjoyed at sugarhouses in late
winter.
Ben & Jerry's, the globally celebrated ice cream company,
calls Waterbury home, where its original factory still operates and
welcomes visitors for guided tours showcasing the mixing, freezing, and
flavor-innovation process. Founded in 1978 by Ben Cohen and Jerry
Greenfield in a renovated Burlington gas station, the brand is famed for
inventive, chunky varieties like Cherry Garcia and Phish Food, all
emphasizing natural ingredients and social causes.
The Vermonter
sandwich, a staple at many Vermont delis and cafes, typically layers
maple-glazed ham or turkey with slices of sharp cheddar cheese, fresh
lettuce, tomato, and a tangy hot honey mustard for a harmonious blend of
sweet, savory, and crisp elements. Variations abound, often
incorporating thin apple slices for tartness—highlighting the state's
orchard bounty—or even bacon for smokiness, making it a customizable nod
to local flavors.
Michigans are a regional hot dog favorite,
featuring a steamed all-beef frank nestled in a soft bun and smothered
in a mildly spicy, finely ground meat sauce (reminiscent of a lighter
chili), topped with diced raw onions and yellow mustard for added bite.
Though it originated in nearby Plattsburgh, New York, this hearty snack
has become a beloved roadside and fairground item in northern Vermont,
often enjoyed at spots like Beansie's Bus in Burlington.
Across
Vermont, you'll find an array of top-notch restaurants committed to
using seasonal, locally sourced ingredients, fostering a vibrant
farm-to-fork ethos. Burlington, the bustling hub with the state's
biggest population, boasts the most diverse dining scene, from casual
bistros to upscale eateries. Yet, culinary highlights also shine in tiny
communities like Hardwick—home to innovative spots using hyper-local
greens—and Plainfield. Prime areas for food exploration include the
capital city of Montpelier with its cozy cafes, the picturesque Route
100 stretch winding from the Mad River Valley through ski-town Stowe
(featuring places like Michael's on the Hill for European-inspired
meals), and the southern charm of Manchester with its mix of fine dining
and pubs.
Vermont excels in bridging the gap between farm and
plate through immersive opportunities, such as expert-led tours of
working farms and artisanal producers, interactive workshops on butter
churning or cheese-making, and unique on-farm accommodations where
guests can wake up to fresh eggs and views of rolling pastures.
Highlights include family-style dinners at places like Valley Dream
Farm, complete with hayride tours and harvest-fresh menus, or stays at
boutique spots like The Weston for elevated, sustainable cuisine—all
emphasizing the state's dedication to fresh, ethical eating.
Vermont boasts an impressive array of innovative and top-tier craft
breweries, many of which have garnered national acclaim for their unique
flavors and high-quality brews. While exploring the Green Mountain
State, consider visiting for guided tours, tastings, or sampling their
standout offerings from these notable establishments. Several, like Hill
Farmstead and The Alchemist, consistently rank among the world's best,
with Hill Farmstead often hailed as the top brewery globally for its
farmhouse ales and IPAs, and The Alchemist famous for its hazy double
IPA Heady Topper, which helped pioneer the New England IPA style.
Magic Hat Brewing Co., 5 Bartlett Bay Rd, South Burlington, ☏ +1 802
658-BREW (2739). Acquired by a larger company in recent years, this
brewery is known for its whimsical branding and eclectic beers like the
flagship #9, a not-quite-pale ale with apricot notes; it offers
immersive tours highlighting its creative brewing process.
Long Trail
Brewing Co., Jct. Route 4 and 100A, Bridgewater, ☏ +1 802 672-501. A
veteran in Vermont's craft scene since 1989, it's celebrated for its
Long Trail Ale, a crisp altbier-style beer, and seasonal varieties; the
riverside pub features live music and outdoor seating with mountain
views.
Trout River Brewing Co., 58 Broad St/Route 5, Lyndonville, ☏
+1 802 626-9396. This small-scale operation focuses on balanced,
approachable beers like Rainbow Red Ale, emphasizing local ingredients;
it's a hidden gem in the Northeast Kingdom with a cozy taproom.
Harpoon Brewery, 336 Ruth Carney Drive, Windsor, ☏ +1 802 674-5491. Part
of a larger New England brewing family, it's renowned for its Harpoon
IPA and UFO series of wheat beers; the Windsor location offers a beer
hall with games, food trucks, and events like the annual Octoberfest.
Switchback Brewing Co., 160 Flynn Ave, Burlington, ☏ +1 802 651-4114.
Famous for its unfiltered Switchback Ale, a malty amber that's a staple
in Vermont bars; this employee-owned brewery emphasizes sustainability
and hosts taproom trivia nights.
Vermont Pub & Brewery, 144 College
St, Burlington, ☏ +1 802 865-0500. One of the state's oldest brewpubs,
established in 1988, it's known for pioneering craft beer in Vermont
with offerings like Burly Irish Ale; the downtown spot pairs brews with
pub fare and often features live music.
Rock Art Brewery, 234 Wilkens
St, Morrisville, ☏ +1 802 888-9400. Specializing in bold, hop-forward
beers like Vermonster barleywine, this family-run brewery uses solar
power and offers self-guided tours with a focus on artistic labels
inspired by Vermont's landscape.
Shed Restaurant & Brewery, 1859
Mountain Rd, Stowe, ☏ +1 802 253-9311. A historic spot blending dining
and brewing, it's acclaimed for Mountain Ale, a hearty brown ale; the
restaurant serves farm-to-table meals alongside its beers in a rustic
ski-town setting.
Alchemist Pub & Brewery, 23 So. Main St, Waterbury,
☏ +1 802 244-4120. While the original brewpub has shifted focus, their
beers like the legendary Heady Topper and Focal Banger IPAs are
available at local stores and their Stowe cannery; ranked among the top
breweries in the U.S. by outlets like Untappd and Seven Daysies Awards
in 2025, they also boast a selection of premium single malt Scotches.
Green Mountain Cidery, 153 Pond Lane, Middlebury, ☏ +1 802 388-0700
x115. Primarily a cider producer (see Cider section), but noted for its
crossover into beer-inspired ciders using local apples.
Otter Creek
Brewing & Wolavers Organic Ale, 793 Exchange St, Middlebury, ☏ +1 802
473-0727. Now under the Long Trail umbrella, it's recognized for organic
ales like Wolaver's Oatmeal Stout and collaborations with hop growers;
tours highlight their eco-friendly practices.
Bobcat Cafe & Brewery,
5 Main Street, Bristol, ☏ +1 802 453-3311. A charming brewpub offering
small-batch beers like Bobcat Brown Ale, paired with wood-fired pizzas;
it's a community favorite for its intimate atmosphere and seasonal
rotations.
Hill Farmstead Brewery, 403 Hill Road, Greensboro Bend, ☏
+1 802 533-7450. Frequently topping global lists, including Untappd's
2025 top-rated breweries with a 4.466 score, it's revered for farmhouse
ales like Edward pale ale, brewed on a family farm with well water;
limited hours make it a pilgrimage site for beer enthusiasts.
The state is seeing a rise in vineyards and wineries, overcoming its
chilly climate through resilient grape varieties and innovative
techniques. Those in the Champlain Valley benefit from Lake Champlain's
moderating effects, leading to award-winning wines. Vermont's wine scene
has expanded, with producers like Boyden Valley earning recognition for
ice wines and fruit blends, contributing to the region's growing
reputation in cold-climate viticulture.
Boyden Valley Winery, 64
Vermont 104, Cambridge, ☏ +1 802 644-8151. Specializing in
Vermont-sourced fruit wines, ice wines, and spirits like maple cream
liqueur; it offers scenic tastings on a historic farm and has been
featured in lists of top Vermont wineries for its innovative blends.
Lincoln Peak Vineyard, 142 River Road, New Haven, ☏ +1 802 388-7368.
Focused on hybrid grapes like Marquette for robust reds and whites; this
family-owned spot provides vineyard walks and has garnered praise for
sustainable farming and crisp, mineral-driven wines.
Snow Farm
Vineyard, 190 West Shore Rd, South Hero, ☏ +1 802 372-9463. Vermont's
first commercial vineyard, known for cold-hardy varieties like Vidal
Blanc in sweet and dry styles; it hosts summer concerts amid lake views
and ranks highly in visitor ratings on platforms like TripAdvisor.
Vermont hosts numerous producers of both sweet and hard ciders, with
Woodchuck leading as the nation's largest hard cider maker. The state's
apple orchards fuel this industry, resulting in innovative ciders that
have won national awards, such as those from Champlain Orchards and
Vermont Cider Lab in 2025 USA Today rankings.
Woodchuck Cider,
1321 Exchange St, Middlebury, ☏ +1 802-398-2090. As the Vermont Cider
Company, it's pioneered hard cider since 1991 with flavors like Amber
and Granny Smith; their commitment to quality has kept them at the
forefront, with tours showcasing apple pressing.
Citizen Cider, 316
Pine Street, Suite 114, Burlington, ☏ +1 802-448-3278. Crafting
small-batch hard ciders from local apples, like the Unified Press
flagship; this urban cidery features a lively taproom with food pairings
and has been lauded for its creative infusions in recent years.
Vermont consistently ranks as one of the safest states in the U.S.,
boasting some of the nation's lowest overall crime rates, including a
violent crime rate of just 173.4 incidents per 100,000 residents as of
recent data. In fact, it topped WalletHub's 2025 list for safest states,
with strong marks in neighborhood safety and low incidences of assaults
or other violent offenses. However, risks from outdoor activities far
outweigh urban threats in this rural haven. For instance, steer clear of
remote wilderness zones during peak hunting periods, particularly the
deer rifle season from November 15 to 30, when stray bullets or
accidental discharges pose a real danger—hunters must maintain at least
500 feet from park structures, but vigilance is key. When skiing, stick
strictly to designated trails at resorts like Mount Snow or Smugglers'
Notch; venturing off-piste can lead you into unmarked backcountry where
hypothermia from extreme cold—often dipping below freezing with wind
chills—can turn fatal quickly, especially if you're unprepared. Always
wear a helmet, maintain control to avoid collisions (as downhill skiers
have the right-of-way), and follow the National Ski Areas Association's
Responsibility Code, which includes skiing within your skill level and
being aware of lift loading protocols. For hiking, boating, or biking,
prioritize proven safety measures: pack essentials like a map, compass,
headlamp with extra batteries, layers of moisture-wicking clothing,
high-calorie snacks, water, a first-aid kit, and fire-starting tools;
check weather forecasts to avoid sudden storms or temperature drops;
wear sturdy footwear, sunscreen, insect repellent, and a helmet for
biking; inform someone of your route and expected return time; and for
boating, ensure life jackets are worn and boats are inspected for leaks
or mechanical issues.
On the firearms front, Vermont operates as a
constitutional carry state, meaning no permits are needed for adults
over 21 to openly or concealed carry handguns, though sales to those
under 21 are restricted and firearms are banned in schools or polling
places. That said, out-of-state visitors planning to transport handguns
into Vermont should completely bypass New York en route, as the Empire
State's stringent laws prohibit possession without a local license,
offer no reciprocity for out-of-state permits, and even federal
protections for unloaded, locked transport (under 18 U.S.C. § 926A)
aren't always reliably enforced—potentially leading to arrests or
confiscations during stops. This caution is amplified for flyers, since
Albany International Airport, a common gateway for Vermont-bound
travelers, falls under New York's jurisdiction where such rules apply
rigorously—opt instead for airports like Burlington International to
sidestep complications.
Pre-Colonial and Indigenous History
Vermont's geological history
dates back over 450 million years to the Cambrian and Devonian periods,
when shallow seas deposited sedimentary rocks that were later deformed
by tectonic activity. Fossils are abundant in the Lake Champlain region.
Following the last Ice Age, glaciers up to two miles thick retreated,
creating glacial Lake Vermont, which connected to western lakes near the
Great Lakes. This allowed unique fish species to enter the region,
giving Vermont more native fish than any other New England state. From
around 8500 to 7000 BC, the area transitioned to the saltwater Champlain
Sea, with evidence of marine life like beluga whale bones and saltwater
mollusk shells found in the Champlain Valley.
Human habitation began
during the Archaic Period (c. 7000–1000 BC), with hunter-gatherer Native
American groups migrating seasonally. By the Woodland Period (c. 1000 BC
to AD 1600), communities became more sedentary, developing villages,
trade networks, ceramics, and bow-and-arrow technology. The region was
primarily inhabited by Algonquian-speaking tribes, including the
Abenaki, Sokoki in the south, Cowasucks in the northeast, and Mohican
groups. Between 1534 and 1609, the Iroquois Mohawk drove many smaller
tribes from the Champlain Valley, using it as a hunting ground while
continuing conflicts with the remaining Abenaki. Archaeological evidence
shows Indigenous presence extending back 13,000 years, with encampments
and artifacts highlighting a rich cultural heritage tied to the land's
rivers, lakes, and forests. The Abenaki, part of the broader Algonquin
cultural group, maintained a deep connection to the area, with
settlements centered around the Champlain, Mohawk, and St. Lawrence
valleys. Today, Vermont recognizes four Abenaki tribes through the
Vermont Commission on Native American Affairs, reflecting ongoing
cultural continuity.
Colonial Era
European exploration began
with French explorer Samuel de Champlain, who claimed the Lake Champlain
area in 1609 (though some sources date the claim to 1647), naming it
"Verd Mont" (Green Mountain), which later anglicized to "Vermont" by
1760. Champlain's alliance with the Abenaki against the Iroquois
fostered long-term enmity. France claimed Vermont as part of New France,
establishing Fort Sainte Anne on Isle La Motte in 1666—the first
European settlement. Dutch-British settlers from Albany built the De
Warm Stockade at Chimney Point in 1690. Conflicts between English and
French colonies intensified, with raids like Jean-Baptiste Hertel de
Rouville's 1704 expedition up the Winooski River to attack Deerfield,
Massachusetts.
British settlement accelerated in 1724 with Fort
Dummer in southeastern Vermont, protecting areas like Dummerston and
Brattleboro during Father Rale's War. This marked the first permanent
British presence after decades of warfare. The French constructed a
stockade at Chimney Point in 1731 and Fort St. Frédéric in 1734. During
King George's War (1740–1748), raids targeted settlements like
Bridgeman's Fort in Vernon. The French and Indian War (1755–1761) saw
Vermonters join British forces against the French at Fort Carillon, and
Rogers' Rangers destroyed an Abenaki village in 1759, retreating through
northern Vermont. The 1763 Treaty of Paris ceded the region to Britain,
restricting settlement east of the Appalachians and reserving Champlain
Valley lands for Native peoples, effectively dividing Vermont. French
families were largely displaced.
American Revolution and the
Vermont Republic
Territorial disputes arose from overlapping claims
by Massachusetts, New York, and New Hampshire. Governor Benning
Wentworth of New Hampshire issued 135 land grants (1749–1764), including
Bennington in 1749, attracting settlers like Samuel Robinson. Population
surged from 300 in 1763 to 85,000 by 1791. A 1764 royal order assigned
land west of the Connecticut River to New York, leading to evictions and
resistance. The Green Mountain Boys, formed in 1770 by Ethan Allen, Ira
Allen, Levi Allen, and Seth Warner, defended settlers against New York
authorities, notably in standoffs like the Breakenridge farm incident.
The Westminster Massacre in 1775 killed two protesters, escalating
tensions.
On January 15, 1777, the region declared independence as
the Vermont Republic (initially New Connecticut), adopting "Vermont" in
June. Its 1777 constitution, drafted at Windsor's Old Constitution
House, was groundbreaking: it abolished adult slavery (first in North
America), granted suffrage to non-landowners, and mandated public
schools. However, slavery persisted minimally, with 16 enslaved people
recorded in the 1790 census. Potash production drove deforestation in
the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
During the Revolution,
Vermont's borders saw key actions. The Green Mountain Boys captured Fort
Ticonderoga in 1775. The Battle of Bennington (August 16, 1777), led by
General John Stark, defeated British forces, contributing to the
Saratoga victory—a turning point in the war. Bennington Battle Day
remains a state holiday. British General John Burgoyne's invasion
captured Ticonderoga and raided the Champlain Valley, but Stark's
militia inflicted heavy losses at Hoosick. The Battle of Hubbardton was
fought on Vermont soil. Spy David Redding was executed in 1778, and the
first printing press arrived in 1779.
The Republic operated
independently for 14 years under Thomas Chittenden as chief magistrate
(1778–1789, 1790–1791). It established counties, adopted English common
law, confiscated Loyalist lands, and printed its first newspaper in
1781. Postal service began in 1784. Secret negotiations with British
Governor Frederick Haldimand (1780–1783) failed. Denied U.S. admission
due to objections from New York and New Hampshire, Vermont finally
joined as the 14th state on March 4, 1791, after paying New York
$30,000.
19th Century: Growth, War, and Social Change
Thomas
Jefferson and James Madison toured Vermont in 1791. The War of 1812
brought 5,000 troops to Burlington, straining resources. Merino sheep
introduction in 1812 boomed the wool industry (peaking at 1 million
sheep by 1837), but it collapsed by the 1840s due to western
competition. The legislature was unicameral until 1836. The 1830
"Torrent" flood devastated the state. The Underground Railroad operated
from 1843, with Shaftsbury as an early site. Railroads like the Central
Vermont began in 1846. Strict alcohol prohibition passed in 1853 but was
unevenly enforced.
French-Canadian immigration surged in the
1810s–1830s for work in farms, factories, and quarries, often clashing
with Irish immigrants over resources. An 1854 Senate report opposed
slavery, shifting politics to Republicans; Vermont voted for Lincoln in
1860. Over 28,100 Vermonters served in the Civil War, with 17 infantry
regiments and significant losses (5,194 total, 1,832 in battle). They
fought in major engagements, and the St. Albans Raid (1864) was the
northernmost land action. Post-war, veterans organized in the Grand Army
of the Republic. Hops production peaked in the 1860s before declining.
Rail expansion fueled growth, but the Panic of 1873 spurred emigration.
Women's limited suffrage began in 1880 for local elections. Satirical
"Ancient and Horribles" parades emerged in the 1870s.
20th
Century: Industrialization, Conflicts, and Modernization
Local
alcohol options replaced prohibition in 1902. Ku Klux Klan activity
targeted French-Canadian Catholics, with membership estimates of
2,000–10,000 by 1925. Eugenics policies (1931–1936) sterilized
marginalized groups, including Indigenous and mixed-heritage
individuals. Women's and children's workweeks were capped at 58 hours in
1923. Beavers were reintroduced in 1924. The Great Vermont Flood of 1927
killed 84 in the state. The U.S. Supreme Court resolved the eastern
boundary with New Hampshire in 1934. Sugar maple tapping peaked pre-1935
at 5.5 million trees. The 1938 New England hurricane destroyed one-third
of forests. Hydropower provided 90% of electricity by 1940.
Vermont
facetiously "declared war" on Germany in 1941. Over 6,000 served in
World War II (874 deaths); 94 died in Korea. Post-war DDT use harmed
wildlife until its 1972 ban, aiding recoveries like bear populations
doubling to 6,000 by 2013. "One-man, one-vote" redistricting occurred in
1964. The 1965 Northeast Blackout lasted 12 hours. State welfare
replaced poor farms in 1968. A 1973 flood caused major damage. Farmland
declined from 2,500 square miles in 1984 to 1,900 by 2013.
21st
Century to Present
Vermont pioneered civil unions on April 25, 2000,
following Baker v. Vermont, signed by Governor Howard Dean—the first
U.S. state to do so. Maple syrup production grew from 275,000 gallons
(25% of U.S.) in 2001 to 410,000 (37%) by 2005, with over 2 million
trees tapped by 2017 using efficient methods. Vermont had the highest
per-capita Iraq War death rate by 2007 due to National Guard
deployments. The Great Recession severely impacted median income.
Tropical Storm Irene in 2011 caused widespread flooding, closing 260
roads and prompting $235 million in federal aid. In 2014, Vermont ranked
last in government accountability amid scandals. Forest cover has
increased with sustainable practices. As of 2025, Vermont continues to
emphasize environmental conservation, progressive policies, and tourism,
with a population around 647,000, focusing on issues like climate
resilience, rural development, and Indigenous recognition.
Vermont is a state in the New England region of the northeastern
United States, covering a total area of 9,614 square miles (24,900 km²).
This includes 9,250 square miles (24,000 km²) of land and 365 square
miles (950 km²) of water, ranking it as the 43rd-largest state by land
area and 47th by water area. It is the only landlocked state in New
England and the smallest landlocked state by area in the U.S., though it
is larger than El Salvador but smaller than Haiti. Vermont stretches 159
miles (256 km) from north to south, with an east-west width varying from
89 miles (143 km) at the Canadian border to 37 miles (60 km) near
Massachusetts, averaging 60.5 miles (97.4 km). Its geographic center
lies about three miles east of Roxbury in Washington County. The state
has a low population density of around 68 people per square mile, the
second-lowest east of the Mississippi River after Maine, with Burlington
(population ~45,000) as its largest city in the relatively flat
Champlain Valley.
Vermont's landscape is predominantly rugged and
forested, with an average elevation of 1,000 feet (305 m) above sea
level. Its highest point is the summit of Mount Mansfield at 4,395 feet
(1,340 m). The terrain contributes to a rural character, with 66% of
road mileage unpaved (dirt or gravel), leading to seasonal challenges
like the annual "mud season" from snowmelt runoff.
The Green Mountains form the backbone of Vermont's topography,
running north-south for most of the state's length, slightly west of
center. This range is part of the Appalachian Mountains and creates a
densely forested, hilly environment. Other notable mountain ranges
include the Taconic Mountains in the southwest. Peaks such as Mount
Mansfield (highest), Killington Peak (second-highest at 4,235 feet or
1,291 m), Camel's Hump (third-highest at 4,083 feet or 1,244 m), and
Mount Abraham (fifth-highest at 4,006 feet or 1,221 m) feature alpine
ecosystems with timberlines that persist year-round.
Valleys and
lowlands provide contrast, particularly the fertile Champlain Valley in
the northwest along Lake Champlain, which is the sixth-largest
freshwater body in the U.S. and forms much of Vermont's western border
with New York. This valley supports more settlement and agriculture due
to its flatter terrain. Other significant water bodies include Lake
Bomoseen in the south and numerous rivers, with the Connecticut River
marking the eastern border with New Hampshire (defined at the mean low
water mark on the west bank, encompassing 41% of Vermont's land in its
watershed). The Poultney River also contributes to the western boundary.
Towns and villages are often nestled in valleys, connected by rural
highways through mountain passes known as notches, gaps, or gulfs.
Vermont experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb), with an
annual mean temperature of 43°F (6°C). Seasons are distinct: springs are
muddy from melting snow, early summers mild, Augusts hot, and autumns
vibrant with foliage colors from sugar maples turning red, orange, and
gold. Winters are harsh, especially at higher elevations, with the
Northeast Kingdom averaging 10°F (5.6°C) colder than southern regions.
Annual snowfall varies from 60 to 100 inches (1,500 to 2,500 mm),
influenced by lake-effect snow from Lake Champlain. The state ranks as
the seventh-coldest in the U.S., with 2,200–2,400 hours of sunshine
yearly.
The growing season spans 120–180 days, with USDA plant
hardiness zones ranging from 3b (−35°F/−37°C) in the north to 5b
(−15°F/−26°C) in the south. Extreme temperatures include a record high
of 105°F (41°C) in Vernon on July 4, 1911, and a low of −50°F (−46°C) in
Bloomfield on December 30, 1933—the lowest in New England, tied with a
Maine record. Precipitation averages around 37.53 inches (953 mm)
annually in places like Burlington, with snowfall there at 87.5 inches
(222 cm). Monthly temperatures in Burlington range from 20.9°F (−6.2°C)
in January to 72.4°F (22.4°C) in July.
Vermont is divided into five physiographic regions: the Northeastern Highlands (rugged and elevated in the northeast), the Green Mountains (central spine), the Taconic Mountains (southwest), the Champlain Lowlands (fertile northwest valley), and the Vermont Piedmont (eastern rolling hills). The Northeast Kingdom, encompassing parts of the Northeastern Highlands, is notably rural, colder, and less populated. The Champlain Valley stands out as a key area for settlement and farming due to its soil fertility.
Vermont's geological history features ancient rocks dating back one
billion years in the central and southern Green Mountains, formed during
mountain-building events (orogenies). A second orogeny around 400
million years ago created peaks possibly as high as 15,000–20,000 feet
(4,600–6,100 m), akin to the modern Himalayas, evidenced by faults like
the Champlain Thrust. Eastern Vermont contains Silurian and Devonian
rocks, while the west has Pre-Cambrian and Cambrian materials with
granite deposits. Fossil-rich sites, such as the Chazy Formation on Isle
La Motte, preserve ancient tropical reefs with stromatoporoids from 200
million years ago.
The state was once part of the supercontinent
Laurentia in tropical latitudes 500 million years ago and may have
connected to Africa via Pangaea, as indicated by rock formations and
fossils. Earthquakes are infrequent, with the largest nearby event being
a magnitude 6.0 in 1952 centered in Canada.
Vermont falls within the temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome,
including New England-Acadian forests (conifers and northern hardwoods)
in the Green Mountains, Eastern Great Lakes lowland forests around Lake
Champlain, and northeastern coastal forests (mixed oaks) in the
southwest. Over 2,000 higher plant species exist, with sugar maples
central to the maple sugaring industry. Threats include acid rain,
invasive pests like Asian longhorn beetles and pear thrips, deer
overbrowsing, and climate change, which may push sugar maples northward
by reducing necessary cold periods for sap production. Invasive plants
like wild honeysuckle also pose risks to native forests.
Wildlife is
diverse: 41 reptile and amphibian species (e.g., spring peeper frogs),
89 fish species (12 non-native), 193 breeding bird species (including
the state bird, hermit thrush), 58 mammal species (e.g., black bears,
coyotes, fishers, foxes, porcupines, woodchucks), and over 15,000 insect
species (e.g., luna moths). The timber rattlesnake is the state's only
venomous snake, found in western Rutland County. Species recoveries
include wild turkeys (exterminated but reintroduced in 1969, population
~45,000 by 2009) and ospreys (recovered post-DDT ban). Declines affect
shrubland birds from habitat loss, bats from white-nose syndrome, New
England cottontails from competition, and 19 bee species including the
yellow-banded bumblebee. Invasives like spotted-wing drosophila harm
crops, and diseases such as eastern equine encephalitis affect moose and
deer statewide.
The rugged terrain influences settlement patterns, with populations
clustered around rivers and the Champlain Valley. Vermont has ten
incorporated cities, led by Burlington (44,743 residents) and South
Burlington (20,292), alongside large towns like Essex (22,094) and
Colchester (17,524). The northern border with Canada features 15
crossings along the 45th parallel north, adjusted by the 1842
Webster–Ashburton Treaty. Borders are defined by natural features: the
Connecticut River (east), Lake Champlain and Poultney River (west), and
a buffer east of the Hudson River (partial west).
Protected areas
include the Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park in
Woodstock and segments of the Appalachian National Scenic Trail.
Climate change has increased rainfall over the past 50 years, leading to more storms, flooding, warmer and shorter winters, and impacts on tourism and maple sugaring. Vermont's mountainous terrain and river valleys make it prone to flooding, with historic events like the 1927 Great Flood (84 deaths), the 1973 flood, Tropical Storm Irene (2011), and recent floods in July 2023 and 2024. Flood control includes six dams built by the Army Corps of Engineers post-1927. The state adopted greenhouse gas emission goals in 2006 to combat global warming, but extreme weather is projected to intensify.