South Sudan

 

South Sudan is a landlocked country in East Africa. It borders Sudan to the north, Ethiopia to the east, Kenya to the south-east, Uganda to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south-west and the Central African Republic to the west. Its capital is Juba. However, due to the civil war that lasted from 2013 to 2018 and its ongoing political and social upheaval, South Sudan no longer exists as a cohesive, sovereign state entity.

The area was an autonomous region within Sudan from 1972 to 1983 and again from 2005 to 2011. South Sudan gained independence from Sudan on July 9, 2011.

South Sudan is one of the poorest countries in the world.

The authoritarian government regularly commits serious violations of human rights.

 

geography
In the north, the country is characterized by savannas and dry forests, in the south by tropical rainforest. The highest peak is Kinyeti (3187 m) in the Imatong Mountains. The White Nile flows through the region and forms one of the largest swamp landscapes in the world with the Sudd, depending on the season. The Nile tributary Bahr al-Arab (Kiir) forms roughly the northwestern part of the border with Sudan. However, the border is not marked, and in addition to the Abyei area, there are other border regions with pasture land and mineral deposits whose nationality is unclear, such as the enclave of Kafia Kingi. In the extreme south-east lies the Ilemi Triangle, claimed by Kenya and Ethiopia and formerly also claimed by Sudan; the position of the South Sudanese government in this territorial dispute is still unknown.

climate
High temperatures and a rainy season from April to October characterize the tropical, humid climate. During the dry season, temperatures rise to an average of 36 degrees Celsius during the day and well over 20 degrees Celsius at night. In the rainy season, temperatures are 30-33 degrees Celsius during the day and 21-23 degrees Celsius at night. The humidity is then 70-80%. The frequency and intensity of rainfall decreases from south to north.

hydrology
See also: List of rivers in South Sudan
South Sudan is only determined by the hydrology of the Nile (without the Ilemi triangle). The border with the Central African Republic is practically congruent with the catchment area border with the Congo. This is also the region with the most precipitation in the otherwise arid country. Evaporation is so high that endorheic sinks such as the Ambadi, the Abu Shanab or the Maleit Sea have formed between the Sudd and the swamps of the Bahr al-Ghazal system.

There are three prominent hydrological variables to mention:
The catchment area of the Bahr al-Ghazal, which is the largest sub-basin of the Nile in terms of area, but contributes only little water to the Nile due to the high level of evaporation.
The Sudd, which is one of the largest wetlands in the world.
The tributary Sobat, which has its source in Ethiopia and contributes about 10 percent of the water volume of the Nile at its mouth.

 

demographics
According to the official results of the 2010 census for all of Sudan, South Sudan had a population of around 8.26 million and thus represented 22% of the population of all of Sudan at the time. The South Sudanese Legislative Assembly disputed the accuracy of these figures, instead assuming a population of 9-10 million. The World Bank estimates that South Sudan had a population of 11.2 million in 2020. The fertility rate in 2021 was just under 4.5 children per woman. The life expectancy of residents of South Sudan from birth was 58.1 years in 2020 (women: 59.6, men: 56.6). The median age of the population in 2020 was 19 years.

population structure
As is often the case in other African countries, the average age in South Sudan is relatively low, currently around 16.1 years.

The largest population group are the Dinka, who belong to the Nilotes; there are also the Nuer and Shilluk, who are also Nilotic, the Azande and a number of other groups.

In 2021, 21 percent of South Sudanese residents lived in cities.

Languages
The interim constitution of 2005 established English and Arabic as the government's working languages. In addition, all native languages were recognized as national languages and were allowed to be used as the working language at lower administrative levels and as the language of instruction in schools until 2011.

The new interim constitution of 2011 after the state's independence stipulates English as the sole official language, while Sudanese Arabic and Juba Arabic are common as lingua francas. According to the new transitional constitution, all native languages will continue to be recognized as national languages.

Most languages in South Sudan belong to the Nilo-Saharan language family. Of these, the East Sudanic branch is represented in particular with the subgroup of the Nilotic languages, with the most speakers being Dinka, Nuer, Bari and Shilluk. The Central Sudanic branch is mainly represented in the northwest, with a number of languages spoken by relatively small ethnic groups (the so-called Fertit). In the southwestern part there are also Ubangi languages of the Niger-Congo language family, especially Azande.

religions
In contrast to the mostly Islamic Sudan, the population in South Sudan mainly professes Christianity or local religions. Especially after the Sudanese government expelled foreign missionaries from the country in 1964, South Sudanese increasingly converted to Christianity. The majority of Christians are Catholics and Anglicans. The Roman Catholic Church Province of Juba, which encompasses the entire South Sudan, states the number of around 3.12 million Catholics (around 38% of the total population).

The majority of residents (76.8%) now belong to Christian denominations, followers of African religions make up 21% and Muslims 2.2%.

Education
The illiteracy rate in South Sudan was 65.5% in 2020, among the highest in the world. The expected length of schooling for the current generation of students is just 5.3 years, the lowest in the world. Primary education is free in the public schools for South Sudanese citizens aged six to thirteen.

Primary education is eight years, followed by four years of secondary education and then four years of university education. The primary language of instruction is English, in contrast to the Republic of Sudan where the language of instruction is Arabic. In 2007, South Sudan adopted English as its official language. The country has 7 state and 5 private universities. (See: List of Universities in South Sudan)

According to UNESCO, the illiteracy rate of the population older than 15 years is over 70%.