Boulogne-sur-Mer Listening is a French commune, sub-prefecture of
the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region. Its
inhabitants are called the Boulonnais. With 40,874 intramural
inhabitants at the last census in 2017, the city is the second in
the department by its population behind Calais, and first by its
population density. Boulogne-sur-Mer is also the center of an
agglomeration of about 132,000 inhabitants, the 61st most populous
urban area in the country.
Located on the edge of the English
Channel, facing the English coast, the town is known to be the first
fishing port in France, for having been an important connecting port
with England until the end of the twentieth century (place aujourd '
hui occupied by Calais) and for its 2000 years of eventful history,
mainly marked by the desires of conquest of Julius Caesar and
Napoleon I. Classified as a "tourist resort", the one commonly
called the "capital of the Opal Coast" is one of the main tourist
destinations in the region thanks to its rich historical heritage,
its beach and those of the neighboring seaside resorts. as well as
at the national center of the sea Nausicaá, one of the most visited
tourist sites north of Paris, considered as “the largest aquarium in
Europe” since its last extension in 2018.
Listed historical monuments of the walled city
The fortified
town (also called the old town or upper town) was built on the site
of a Roman camp which became the Gallo-Roman town of Gesoriacum, one
of the bases of the “Classis Britannica”. Built by Philippe Hurepel
de Clermont, son of the King of France Philippe Auguste, the
fortifications that surround it and the castle (now a museum)
constitute one of the best preserved medieval architectural groups
in France. The bases of these ramparts are those of the Gallo-Roman
ramparts.
Today a district of Boulogne-sur-Mer, the fortified
city retains the dimensions and the historical layout of the
orthogonal roads (cardo, decumanus, forum), the last vestiges of the
castrum. It is home to many historical monuments:
Belfry: MH
inscription by decree of June 10, 1926, UNESCO World Heritage
listing in 2005. This was originally the keep of the first castle
known to the Counts of Boulogne, attributed to Renaud de Dammartin
(late 12th century ). Its rooms host a lapidary museum (stained
glass window by Godefroy de Bouillon, stone and cast iron balls,
wells, etc.)
Basilica of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception:
classification by decree of March 26, 1982. It was built by Father
Benoît-Agathon Haffreingue between 1827 and 1866 on the site of the
cathedral razed in 1798. Its dome, 101 cm high m, can be seen for
miles around. Visitors can discover the splendid Torlonia altar, a
masterpiece of Italian mosaic, made in the Vatican workshops.
Weighing 16 tons, it is made up of 147 kinds of marble and
ornamental stones. Many works by Eugène Delaplanche are also
presented there (statue of Notre-Dame de Boulogne, cenotaph of Abbé
Haffreingue, altar of the Sacred Heart, etc.)
Crypt of the
basilica: classification with the basilica. Its foundations date
from Roman times. This one is very impressive by its dimensions (one
of the largest crypts in France and Northern Europe), its rooms (low
crypt, dome crypt, chapel of the Virgin ...), its covered walls. of
frescoes (nineteenth-century "grisailles" and medieval paintings),
its sculptures and its treasury of sacred art (including the
reliquary of the Holy Blood, donated by Philippe le Bel in 1308).
Château d'Aumont: registration by decree of June 10, 1926,
classification by decree of October 6, 1977. Today a castle-museum,
it includes various collections: masks from Alaska, fifth world
collection of Egyptian antiquities (after the museum of Cairo, the
British Museum, the Louvre and the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities in
Turin), objects from Africa and Oceania, Roman and medieval
sculptures, paintings by Georges Mathieu. The visitor discovers at
the same time the Roman foundations of the building as well as the
room of the Barbière (Gothic room vaulted with ribs), the count's
room and the chapel. The ramparts are inscribed with the castle.
Imperial Palace, or Hôtel Desandrouin or des Androuins: registration
by decree of September 20, 1946, partially classified by decree of
June 27, 1984. Built in 1777 by Giraud Sannier for Viscount
François-Joseph-Théodore Desandrouin, the First Consul stayed there
briefly then Emperor Napoleon, Empress Marie-Louise of Austria and
Tsar Alexander I.
Saint-Wilmer Abbey and Church: buildings
containing the remains of the abbey and the church: registration by
decree of January 11, 1944.
Fontaine aux Dauphins, rue de Lille:
registration by decree of January 16, 1947.
Louis XVI fountain
and pavilion, behind the Gayole gate: fountain, with the facade of
the pavilion which surmounts it and the wall on which it leans over
a length of approximately 10 meters on each side of the monument:
inscription by decree of October 5, 1945.
Maison du Croissant,
rue de Lille, facade and porch: registration by decree of April 5,
1948.
Entrance structures to the fortified town: Porte des
Degrés, Porte Gayole (facade of the two towers which form the door,
excluding the interior premises), Porte Neuve (or Porte de Calais or
Porte Flamengue) and Porte des Dunes classified in 1905.
Ancient and Prehistoric Origins
The history of Boulogne-sur-Mer,
located in the Pas-de-Calais department of northern France, dates back
to prehistoric times. The area was inhabited by the Celtic Boii tribe,
who are credited with founding the settlement known to the Romans as
Gesoriacum. This town was an important center for the Morini people,
described as a Germanic-speaking "sea people" by the late 4th century.
Archaeological evidence suggests early human activity in the region,
with the site's strategic coastal position making it a natural hub for
trade and maritime activities.
During the Roman era, beginning around
the 1st century BC, Gesoriacum emerged as a key port for Roman trade and
military operations with Britain. Julius Caesar used the shores of
Boulogne as a launch point for his expeditions to Britain in 55 BC.
Emperor Caligula constructed a lighthouse, the Tour d'Ordre, around 39
AD, possibly in preparation for an invasion of Britain; this structure
stood until it collapsed due to coastal erosion in 1644. Following
Emperor Claudius's successful invasion of Britain in 43 AD, Gesoriacum
became the primary base for the Roman navy's Classis Britannica fleet.
The city prospered as a vital link between the Roman Empire and its
province across the Channel. However, in 286 AD, the fleet's admiral,
Carausius, rebelled, leading to a siege in 293 AD by Constantius
Chlorus, who recaptured the city. Sometime between this event and 310
AD, the name shifted to Bononia, possibly reflecting a refounding or
integration with a nearby community. The Roman period also saw the
Christianization of the area, marking a transition from pagan to early
Christian influences by the 5th century.
Medieval Period
After
the fall of the Roman Empire, Boulogne experienced Germanic incursions,
including destruction by the Normans in 882 AD, followed by rebuilding
around 912 AD. By the mid-9th century, it had become the capital of the
County of Boulogne. Eustace II, Count of Boulogne, played a significant
role in the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, assisting William the
Conqueror. His wife, Ida of Lorraine, founded the Notre-Dame cathedral
around the 11th century, which became a major pilgrimage site from the
12th century onward, attracting 14 French kings and five English kings.
The city thrived as a whaling center until 1121 and later shifted to
herring fishing, which became its economic backbone. In 1203, Count
Renaud of Dammartin granted Boulogne a municipal charter, enhancing its
administrative autonomy.
The medieval era was marked by territorial
disputes, particularly during the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453), when
Boulogne was repeatedly occupied by English forces. In 1492, Henry VII
of England besieged the city, an event resolved by the Peace of Étaples.
Boulogne was a frequent prize in Anglo-French conflicts, reflecting its
strategic importance as a port. A smuggling culture flourished until
1659, when the Treaty of the Pyrenees adjusted French borders northward,
reducing such activities.
Renaissance and Early Modern Period
Conflicts with England persisted into the Renaissance. From 1544 to
1550, Boulogne was occupied by English troops under Henry VIII, who
captured it during the Italian War of 1542–1546. The Peace of Boulogne
in 1550 returned the city to France in exchange for 400,000 crowns, also
ending the "Rough Wooing" wars involving Scotland. This period
solidified Boulogne's role in European diplomacy and warfare.
In the
18th century, the city continued as a fishing and trade hub, but the
French Revolution brought significant changes. In 1800, under Napoleon's
reorganization, Boulogne became a subprefecture in the Pas-de-Calais
department. It was elevated to an Imperial City (Ville Impériale) in
1803.
19th Century and Napoleonic Era
The early 19th century
saw Boulogne as a staging ground for military ambitions. In 1805,
Napoleon assembled La Grande Armée—over 200,000 soldiers—in Boulogne for
a planned invasion of Britain, though it was abandoned due to naval
defeats and continental distractions. The Column of the Grande Armée
commemorates this episode. Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte (future Napoleon
III) passed through the city in 1840 during his return from exile, later
imprisoned for a failed revolt.
The mid-19th century marked a shift
toward tourism and industry. After the 1848 completion of the
Longueau–Boulogne railway, Boulogne became France's second seaside
resort, attracting wealthy Parisians for sea bathing. The Basilica of
Notre-Dame was reconstructed in the 1820s–1860s by priest Benoît
Haffreingue, who claimed divine inspiration. By this time, Boulogne had
become France's largest fishing port, with 7,000 residents involved in
herring fishing.
20th Century and World Wars
Boulogne's
strategic location made it pivotal in both World Wars. During World War
I (1914–1918), it served as a major entrepôt for the British
Expeditionary Force and Commonwealth troops, one of three key base ports
on the Western Front. Closed briefly in August 1914 due to German
advances, it reopened in October and became a hospital hub with
Wimereux. Allied conferences on armaments were held there, and war dead
were buried in local cemeteries like Cimetière de l'Est and later
Terlincthun.
In World War II, during the Battle of France in May
1940, British Guards defended Boulogne against the German 2nd Panzer
Division but were evacuated under heavy fire. Post-D-Day, on June 15,
1944, the RAF bombed the harbor to disrupt German operations, destroying
it completely. Adolf Hitler declared Boulogne a "fortress" in August
1944, but it fell to the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division in September
during Operation Wellhit, aided by a French civilian who guided troops
through a secret passage into the old town.
Post-war reconstruction
in the 1950s and 1960s focused on functional, brutalist architecture for
housing and facilities, rebuilding the devastated infrastructure.
Contemporary Era
Today, Boulogne-sur-Mer remains a vital fishing
port and maritime center, hosting institutions like IFREMER (French
Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea) and a branch of the
Pasteur Institute. With a population of around 41,039 as of 2022, it
emphasizes tourism along the Côte d'Opale, leveraging its 2,000-year
history of Roman origins, medieval fortifications, and Napoleonic
legacies. The city preserves its heritage through sites like the
Château-Musée, Nausicaä Centre National de la Mer (Europe's largest
aquarium), and the walled old town, blending historical significance
with modern economic activities in fisheries, research, and eco-tourism.