Veenendaal is a town and municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht, located on the Utrechtse Heuvelrug and the Gelderse Vallei. The municipality has 66,918 inhabitants (1 August 2020, source: CBS) and has an area of 19.81 km² (of which 0.17 km² is water). Veenendaal works together with the municipalities of Rhenen, Wageningen, Ede, Barneveld, Nijkerk, Scherpenzeel and Renswoude in the regional partnership Regio Foodvalley.
The name is probably the first to be used on 7 September 1543 as 'Venendael' in the Traktaat van Venlo. Then the name 'Veenendael' is used in the consecration of the church inaugurated in 1566. Before that, 'the peat' was common, a name that is still used today. In a document from 1587 the name 'Veenlantdael' is used once. Old maps also show: 'Vennedael', 'Veennedeal', 'Vennedale' and 'Venendaal'. The name must therefore be understood as 'Veenen-Daal', and not as 'Veen-en-Daal'.
Earliest History
A swampy peat area has long been located in the
Gelderse Valley north of Rhenen, also known as the Rhenense or
Stichtse venen. These originated at the end of the last ice age
because of the poor drainage of the area. At the end of the Middle
Ages, peat was increasingly used as a fuel instead of wood. As in
many other areas in the Netherlands, the peat was also mined in this
area. This took place from around 1430. The Bisschop Davidsgrift was
constructed at the end of the 15th century to ensure smooth drainage
of the peat. The peat areas were located in areas of the duchy of
Gelre as well as the foundation of Utrecht. Due to the wars between
the two parties, mining was stopped and the Grift silted up. After
Charles V also became Landsheer of the Gelderland Duchy in 1543,
dyeing was resumed. On March 12, 1546, the owners received official
permission for this by means of a patent.
Origin of a village
The first development of the new peat colony arose along the Grift
and a number of side branches. One of those side branches ran along
a sand hill (also known as the Kleine Veenloo, a small isolated
moraine). A church and a market were built on this site in 1566.
After all, it was expected that the peat industry would take a
considerable time. Veenendaal thus became a green village with
ribbon development, but still divided over two provinces. There was
a Utrecht ('Sticht') Veenendaal and a Gelderland Veenendaal. Stichts
Veenendaal was just like Renswoude under the municipality of Rhenen,
Gelders Veenendaal under Ede. In 1637 the entire population of the
village died of a plague epidemic. In 1795, some Veense citizens
took advantage of the invasion of the French armies to establish
their own municipality, separate from Rhenen and Ede. In the end,
only the Sticht part became independent, with more than 1,900
inhabitants at that time.
Industrialization and flooding
When the peat ran out in the mid-17th century, a period of
stagnation began. The cottage industry of that period was mechanized
from the middle of the 19th century, the wool industry owes its
origin to this. Together with the cigar industry, the textile
industry was decisive for Veenendaal until the first half of the
20th century. Little is left of this in 2020, because the industries
have been displaced to low-wage countries and almost all existing
factories from that time have been demolished and replaced by new
buildings. Little of the water-rich past can be found in the center.
De Grift and all its side branches have been filled in due to
pollution and road construction. What remains are strikingly wide
street profiles, this is clearly visible at the Nieuweweg, the
Hoogstraat, the Hoofdstraat and the Zandstraat. However, the
Omleidingskanaal, which was dug in 1866, still exists and connects
to the original course of the Grift outside the center. After the
Grebbedijk near Rhenen was breached on 5 March 1855, Veenendaal was
almost completely flooded. Most of the people hid in the high church
in the market square. Because Veenendaal is one of the lowest lying
parts of the Gelderse Valley, the water was very high here.
Afterwards, the people were transported by barge and train to
Utrecht. Afterwards, King William III visited the affected area.
There is a monument on Kerkewijk and the disaster is commemorated in
the historical museum, Museum Veenendaal.
War years
In the
run-up to the Second World War, approximately two thousand soldiers
were stationed in and around Veenendaal since the Dutch mobilization
in August 1939. After the German invasion on May 10, 1940, the
population of Veenendaal was evacuated because Veenendaal was close
to the Grebbelinie. At the time of the war, Veenendaal had a small
Jewish community, but it suffered the same fate as the Jewish
population in the rest of the country. At the time of compulsory
registration in January 1941, 22 Jews lived in Veenendaal. Twelve of
them died in the death camps.
Veenendaal was the last municipality on the mainland of the
Netherlands to be liberated. After the German capitulation, the
Dutch and German SS men stationed in Veenendaal initially continued
to rule. On May 7, several members of the Domestic Armed Forces went
to take a look. They got into a firefight with a group of SS men.
Three BS'ers lost their lives. A day later allied soldiers withdrew
to the village, but withdrew after skirmishes. Veenendaal was only
liberated when on 9 May several Allied sherman tanks and armored
cars entered the village. Because the bridge at Kerkewijk had been
blown up, the southern part of Veenendaal was only liberated on May
10, 1945.
Partly because of and as a result of the
experiences in the Second World War, an emergency hospital was set
up in Veenendaal, which would be continued after the war on the
outskirts of the village (on Rhenen's territory); it was called
Julianaziekenhuis Veenendaal (see the relevant page for further
details).
Expansion
In 1960, Gelders Veenendaal joined
Stichts Veenendaal through a boundary correction, while pieces of
Rhenen and Renswoude were also annexed. This created a municipality
with an area of almost eighteen square kilometers and (then) more
than 23,000 inhabitants. After this, Veenendaal has grown in more
than forty years to a population of more than 63,000 people. This
could be achieved, among other things, by the construction of the
Dragonder, Petenbos and West districts. To enable the construction
of three new, life-course-proof residential areas in Veenendaal-East
(Buurtstede, Groenpoort and Veenderij), a piece of land was once
again acquired from Ede in 1998. Veenendaal can thus grow to more
than 70,000 inhabitants. In 1997 Veenendaal was the Greenest City in
Europe.
21st century
Veenendaal was the Bicycle City of
the Netherlands in 2000 and 2020 and nominated for that in 2002,
2008 and 2018. In 2004 the prize for the greenest city in the
Netherlands was awarded to Veenendaal and in 2013 Veenendaal won the
National City Marketing Award for medium-sized municipalities.
The then Queen Beatrix and her family visited Veenendaal and
Rhenen in 2012 during Queen's Day.
Veenendaal consists of a number of neighborhoods, which were
built in different periods and which are therefore also based on a
different urban design vision. Until the Second World War, the
buildings were limited to the historic ribbons and some loose
streets that connected to them. After this, the expansions took on a
more planned character in view of the housing shortage that
prevailed in the Netherlands from that moment on. The following
statistical districts are distinguished:
Centre
The
Centrum district (local language: 't Dorp) is the heart of the
municipality with an urban facility structure and some historically
characteristic elements, such as some former industrial sites. 80%
of the buildings in the district consist of apartments, both for
sale and for rent. The shopping center is located in this district.
The shopping center consists of more than 300 shops, 150 of which
are located in the covered shopping centers Passage-De Corridor and
de Scheepjeshof. In the new construction project Brouwerspoort
canals can be found, as a reminder of the many waterways that used
to be in Veenendaal in the past. The district consists of the
neighborhoods Koopcentrum, Vijgendam and surroundings, Beatrixstraat
and surroundings and the Schrijverswijk.
Northeast
Northeast consists of the neighborhoods: Dragonder-Noord,
Dragonder-Zuid, De Compagnie-Oost, Spitsbergen, Dragonder-Oost and
Veenendaal-Oost. The Veenendaal autoboulevard is located on the De
Compagnie-Oost industrial estate in this district. The De Meent
nursing home is also located in this district. Furthermore, the
district with Spitsbergen has a sports park. In Dragonder-Noord
there is a neighborhood shopping center called Aller Erf. A
neighborhood shopping center is currently under construction in the
new district Dragonder-Oost. A supermarket has already opened.
Southeast
Southeast consists of the neighborhoods:
Engelenburg, Het Ambacht, Boslaan and surroundings, Petenbos-West,
Petenbos-East, Nijverkamp, De Groene Velden, De Blauwe Hel and
Bezuiden de Middelbuurtseweg. Near De Groene Velden you will find
both the city park of Veenendaal and the recreational lake 'De
Surfvijver'. The Groene Velden consists largely of sports fields
(hockey, football, baseball, Frisbee, korfball) and an ice rink. De
Blauwe Hel is a protected nature reserve.
Southwest
Southwest consists of the neighborhoods: 't Goeie Spoor and
surroundings, French Gat and Salamander. The district includes a
large neighborhood shopping center, the Bruïneplein. The Veenendaal
Centrum station is sandwiched between this district and the Center.
Northwest
Northwest consists of the neighborhoods: Molenbrug,
't Hoorntje, De Pol, De Gelderse Blom, De Compagnie and De
Batterijen. The Compagnie and Batterijen are an industrial estate
with large companies such as DPD and Profile's headquarters, but
this is also where the Basiliek and hotel Van der Valk are located.
West
West consists of the neighborhoods: Oudeveen and De
Schans and surroundings, Composers neighborhood, Vogelbuurt,
Schepenbuurt, Dichtersbuurt, De Faktorij and De Vendel, Fort
Buurtsteeg (Veenendaal) and Bezuiden de Dijkstraat. Fort Buurtsteeg
is a fort on the border of Veenendaal and Renswoude. The district
includes the Ellekoot shopping center, and Veenendaal West Station
is next to the shopping center.