Treviso (Treviso in Veneto) is an Italian town of 85 760
inhabitants, capital of the province of the same name in Veneto. The
city is located on the lower Venetian plain, in an area rich in
water resources: there are numerous resurgent springs, locally
called fontanassi. Numerous resurgence rivers arise within the same
municipal area, the most important of which is the Botteniga. The
latter, after receiving the waters of Pegorile and Piavesella,
crosses the walls at the height of Ponte de Pria and then divides
into the different branches, called cagnani (Cagnan Grande,
Buranelli, Roggia), which characterize the historic center so much.
Another, more modest resurgent watercourse, arises within the
walls, the Cantarane (0.447 km, largely underground). The main
watercourse is the Sile which, after having lapped the southern
walls, receives the waters of the Botteniga cagnani. Other important
rivers, all tributaries of the Sile, are the Storga, the Limbraga
(from the left) and the Dosson (from the right). The city rests on a
land made up of fine, silty-sandy materials. The distribution of the
various stratigraphic levels is very irregular due to the frequent
diversions and course variations suffered by the rivers during the
last geological era.
The minimum altitude is 6 m a.s.l. and
is found at the south-eastern end of the municipal territory, in the
locality of Sant'Antonino; on the other hand, the maximum point, 31
m a.s.l., corresponds to the north-western end, near Santa Bona. The
town hall, Ca 'Sugana, is located at 15 m a.s.l. As regards the
seismic risk, Treviso is classified in zone 3, ie low seismicity.
The city of Treviso, linked to a long religious and monastic
tradition that has affected it for many centuries, preserves many
religious architectures: within the walls stand the oldest churches and
surviving monasteries; in the more modern neighborhoods, developed in
the twentieth century, there are the relative parish churches, examples
of modern and contemporary religious architecture.
St. Peter's
Cathedral (Duomo), the main place of worship in Treviso, seat of the
diocese of the same name, is consecrated to St. Peter the Apostle. Its
origins date back to the early Christian age (6th century), while the
current building was built around 1770 in neoclassical style by Andrea
Memmo and Giannantonio Selva, following the project of the castle
architect Giordano Riccati. Inside, in the crypt, the relics of San
Liberale, patron saint of the city, are kept. In Piazza del Duomo there
is also the church of San Giovanni Battista, now used as a baptistery,
and the episcopio, residence of the bishop.
Temple of San Francesco,
a group of Franciscan friars, sent by Francis himself, arrived in
Treviso in 1216 and took up residence in the area beyond the Cagnan
Grande, near an oratory dedicated to the Madonna. The community soon
became so numerous that in 1231 construction work began on a new church
and convent, which was completed in 1270. In 1806, following the
Napoleonic suppression, the buildings were used for military purposes,
until they were restored in 1928 and reopened for worship. The
architecture is transitional between Romanesque and early Gothic. The
interior has a single nave and five side chapels. Inside you can see the
tombs of Dante Alighieri's son and Francesco Petrarca's daughter.
Monumental Temple of San Nicolò, built at the beginning of the 14th
century by the Dominicans thanks to the 70,000 florins left by the
Treviso Pope Benedict XI, is the largest church in the city, even
surpassing the Cathedral. In the adjoining convent complex, now the seat
of the Episcopal Seminary, an important cycle of frescoes by Tomaso da
Modena is preserved. Worthy of note are the depictions of Hugh of
Saint-Cher and Nicholas of Rouen, believed to be the first pictorial
works to feature glasses and a magnifying glass respectively.
Church
of San Martino Urbano, of the ancient chapel (the first mention dates
back to 790) today only the bell tower remains: the sacred building was
in fact destroyed during the bombing of 1944. The current church was
built by the architect Angelo Tramontini, begun in 1960 and consecrated
on 5 December 1970 by bishop Antonio Mistrorigo.
The Basilica of
Santa Fosca in Santa Maria Maggiore, or "Madonna Granda" is a Catholic
place of worship located in the historic center of Treviso, parish
headquarters. The birth of the church of Santa Maria Maggiore dates
back, according to tradition, to the very first times of the
evangelization of the Treviso area carried out by Saint Prosdocimus,
protobishop of Padua and disciple of the apostle Peter.
Freshly
restored, completed in 2015, the Tempietto del Beato Enrico in Via
Canova is once again accessible to the public.
Church of Sant'Agostino;
Church of San Giovanni Battista
(Cathedral Baptistery);
church of Santa Maria Maddalena;
church of
San Leonardo;
Church of Santa Lucia (Treviso);
Church of
Sant'Andrea in Riva;
church of Sant'Agnese;
Church of Santo
Stefano;
Church of San Vito;
Church of San Gregorio (Treviso);
Church of San Gaetano (Treviso);
Church of Sant'Angelo, in the
Sant'Angelo district;
Church of Sant'Ambrogio, in the Sant'Ambrogio
district;
Church of Sant'Anna, in Santa Maria del Rovere;
Church
of San Giuseppe, in San Giuseppe.
Church of Santa Bona, in Santa
Bona.
Deconsecrated churches
former church and convent of
Santa Caterina, now home to the Civic Museums;
former church of Santa
Croce;
former church of Santa Margherita, now home to the Salce
Collection National Museum;
former church of San Teonisto;
The
Canonicals
The complex of the Canoniche della Cattedrale is located
south-east of the Cathedral of Treviso. The Old Canons currently house
the Diocesan Museum of Sacred Art, while the New Canons house the
Treviso Chapter Library.
The complex of buildings of which the
Old and New Canons are part is among the oldest in the city and is
located in an area where, it is said, the theater of the Roman Tarvisium
stood. Numerous artefacts have been found: the most important testimony
is certainly the 4th century mosaic flooring visible in via Canoniche.
Piazza dei Signori, the square is the heart of the city and its
cultural, historical and social centre. To the east of the square is the
Palazzo dei Trecento or della Ragione, built in the 12th century,
formerly the seat of the Maggior Consiglio. A scar on the external walls
of the building recalls the significant damage suffered in 1944, during
the bombing of Treviso. To the north are the Palazzo del Podestà (late
15th century, façade remodeled several times until the 19th century) and
the characteristic civic tower, which at 48 meters high is the tallest
of the city's towers. Not far from the palace, at the beginning of via
Calmaggiore, there was once the Fontana delle Tette, then removed and
currently preserved under the loggia of the Palazzo dei Trecento. To the
west of the square and parallel to the Palazzo dei Trecento, is the
Palazzo Pretorio or "Palazzo dei Rettori Veneti".
Monte di Pietà and
Cappella dei Rettori, the ancient headquarters of the Monte di Pietà is
located in the square of the same name, behind the Palazzo del Podestà.
Formerly the seat of the fourteenth-century Monte dei Pagni, the palace
was rebuilt in 1462, the year in which the Franciscans proposed the
establishment of the Monte di Pietà, which was officially founded in
1496 thanks to the interest of Bishop Nicolò Franco. At the beginning of
the 16th century the building was enlarged, incorporating today's church
of Santa Lucia and, subsequently (1561), the church of San Vito. The
last interventions took place in the eighteenth century, so that
currently the palace and the two churches appear as a single complex
complete with a shared portico. From the beginning of the 19th century,
the institution began to be frowned upon by first the French and then
the Austrian authorities. Due to the heavy taxes, the Monte di Pietà
abandoned the project of further expansions and, indeed, significantly
reduced its activity, so much so that, in 1822, it was converted into a
savings bank (the future Cassamarca). Inside there is the Chapel of the
Rectors, a valuable environment which preserves frescoes by Fiumicelli,
canvases by Pozzoserrato and leather from Cordova. The theme of the
decorations allude to help and indulgence. Since December 2004 the Monte
di Pietà has been purchased by the Cassamarca Foundation. It currently
houses UniCredit offices and some public businesses.
Loggia dei
Cavalieri, symbol of the political power assumed by nobles and knights
in the period of the Free Municipality, the Loggia dei Cavalieri is an
example of Treviso Romanesque style with influences of Byzantine
elegance. It was built under the podestà of Giacomo da Perugia (1276) as
a place for conferences, conversations and games.
The Towers of
Treviso date back, in their general layout, to the Middle Ages.
Monument to the fallen of all wars, called "Gloria" is an important
symbol of the history of Treviso. It stands in Piazza della Vittoria in
the historic center of Treviso, it was inaugurated in 1931 in the
presence of the King and was wanted to honor the sacrifice of the city
in the last phase of the Great War.
Piazza Rinaldi owes its name to
the three buildings that overlook it, residences of the Rinaldi and
Favaro families over the centuries. The oldest dates back to the
thirteenth century, when the family, having escaped from Barbarossa, had
just arrived in Treviso. The second building, decorated with curious
pointed arches inflected in a loggia on the first floor, dates back to
the fifteenth century. The third and final palace was built in the 18th
century. In the square there was a "post station". At the beginning of
the twentieth century it became a market and meeting place.
Starting from 2016, Piazza Rinaldi, the subject of a restyling with the
planting of three oak trees, has become pedestrianised.
Ponte de
Pria, (stone bridge) is a bridge against the walls, in the place where
the Botteniga enters the city and divides into the different cagnani.
Here there are some locks, designed by Fra' Giocondo to flood the
surroundings of Treviso for defensive purposes.
The Latin Quarter,
near the confluence between Sile and Cagnan Grande, created by the
architect Paolo Portoghesi by restoring the former hospital of Santa
Maria dei Battuti (otherwise known as San Leonardo), hosts the city's
university center together with the former Military District.
Ponte
Dante, which was once called "the impossible" due to the difficulties
faced during its construction. Subsequently, it took the name of Ponte
Dante, after Dante Alighieri named Treviso in the IX canto of Paradiso,
with the verse "Là dove il Sile e Cagnan s'accompagna". On the bridge
there is a stele built for the occasion of the six hundredth anniversary
of the birth of Dante Alighieri by Luigi Borro, a sculptor from Belluno.
Pescheria, is a square surrounded by water, designed in 1856 by
Francesco Bomben and subsequently restored in 2002 by Toni Follina. In
the morning, it is the site of the fish market.
Eden Village, the
construction of this workers' village was commissioned at the beginning
of the twentieth century by the industrialist Graziano Appiani with the
intention of creating an urban and social project for the benefit of the
many workers who moved to the city from the countryside and towns
neighbors to work in his company, the Sistema Privilegiato brick and
kiln factory of the Appiani & C company. The ambitious project, aimed at
giving concrete application to the ideas of the economist and
sociologist Giuseppe Toniolo, resulted in several dozen housing units
for the employees of Appiani, in the Eden Teatro, in a restaurant café,
a pigeon shooting stand and a distillery shop. Recently the Appiani Area
by the Ticino architect Mario Botta was built in that area, inspired by
medieval Italian villages.
Ca' dei Carraresi;
Ca' da Noal;
Ca' da Robegan;
Ca' Sugana,
Municipal Palace;
Ca' Spineda;
Ca' dei Ricchi;
Rinaldi Palace;
Hesperia Palace;
Palazzo dei Filodrammatici;
Caotorta Palace;
Episcopio, or Episcopal Palace;
Palazzo dei Trecento;
Palazzo del
Podestà, seat of the Prefecture;
Palazzo Pretorio, or "of the
Venetian Rectors";
Dolfin Palace - Giacomelli;
Palazzo Scotti;
University Building - Former civil hospital;
Bomben Palace;
Palazzo Ancillotto;
Court Building;
Palazzo Bortolan, or of Latin
Humanism;
Onigo Palace.
The historic center is still partially enclosed by the walls built in
1509 in view of the war of the Republic of Venice against the League of
Cambrai. In addition to the construction of imposing bastion walls and
the diversion of part of the Botteniga river, the project of friar
Giovanni Giocondo, to whom the Council of Ten had entrusted the
fortification works, also involved the demolition of several buildings,
including part of the ancient sanctuary of Santa Maria Maggiore.
Numerous openings were added to the three monumental gates mentioned
below in the second half of the 20th century.
Porta San Tommaso,
the most majestic of the three gates, was built in 1518 by the podestà
Paolo Nani (it was in fact called "Porta Nana" and is surmounted by a
statue depicting Saint Paul) based on a design, perhaps, by Guglielmo
Bergamasco. The name refers to a nearby church dedicated to St. Thomas
of Canterbury, now destroyed. Entirely covered with decorative elements
in Istrian stone, it recalls the scheme of classic triumphal arches.
Porta Santi Quaranta, which guaranteed access from the West, is named
after the Forty martyrs of Sebaste, Christian soldiers who, during the
persecution of Licinius in Armenia, refused to honor idols and were
therefore punished by freezing and burning at the stake. In the
Risorgimento period the gate took the name of Porta Cavour (the road
that goes from the Gate towards Piazza dei Signori is still called
"Borgo Cavour"), and then returned to the original name. The building
has a square plan and the façade, in Istrian stone, with three arches of
which the larger central one above which the St. Mark's lion stands out.
Porta Altinia, the name of the gate, which faces east, is linked to the
Roman city of Altino, from which it could be reached via the current
provincial "Jesolana". It was built in 1514 next to a previous medieval
gate of which the vaults still exist. Its appearance, with exposed
bricks and few stone decorations, is decidedly more sober than the other
two doors. The upper part is shaped like a tower with large windows on
the internal and external facades, while the lateral fronts still have
the holes of the gunboats.
Sometimes called "little Venice", Treviso is bathed by several
canals, all originating from the division into branches (called
"cagnani") of the Botteniga. The river enters the city passing under the
"Ponte de Pria" (Stone Bridge) where there are locks, designed and built
by Fra' Giocondo. Two other branches of the Botteniga run alongside the
city walls and then flow, like the "cagnani", into the Sile river which
laps the southern side of the historic centre.
The Cagnan Medio
or Buranelli canal is one of the most picturesque branches of the
Botteniga that characterize the historic center. The toponym refers to
one of the bridges that crosses the waterway, called the Buranelli
bridge, near which there is still a sixteenth-century building that was
once the home and warehouse of traders from the Venetian lagoon island
of Burano.
Another picturesque watercourse is the Canale della
Roggia, from which the name of the street of the same name (Via Roggia)
derives, which runs through the west wing of the historic centre, passes
near Piazza Duomo and subsequently Piazza Borsa, and then merge into the
Sile at Riviera Santa Margherita.
Already in the 14th century the Florentine poet Fazio degli Uberti,
in his Dittamondo, sang of "the clear fountains" of Treviso and the
"pleasure of love that is exquisite there". Abbot Bailo, in his 1872
city guide, praises the purity of the waters of Treviso, to the point of
writing: "these waters deserve the foreigner to taste them, nor will one
say they know Treviso if they have not tasted the its waters".
The thirty-three fountains still present within the walls were
installed, with the exception of the fountains in Piazza S. Vito and
Piazza S. Leonardo and the particular Tette fountain, for reasons of
domestic use. The relationship with the inhabitants of the street or
square was daily and punctuated by the events linked to the unfolding of
the day (lunch, dinner, cleaning...).
Among the city's fountains
we can mention:
Fountain of the Tits;
fountain in Piazza San
Leonardo;
fountain in Piazza San Vito;
fountain of the Three
Faces;
fountain of the Hospital of Santa Maria dei Battuti;
fountain in Piazza Pola;
Pola alley fountain.
The numerous Venetian villas registered by the IRVV in the
municipality of Treviso cover a wide period of time, from the 17th to
the 19th century due to the expansion of Venice on the mainland.
Particularly interesting are Ca' Zenobio Alverà Ceccotto in Santa Bona
and Villa Manfrin known as Margherita in Sant'Artemio.
Urban
parks
Within the city of Treviso there are numerous green areas
including:
- The Regional Natural Park of the Sile River and the
Restere:
- The Storga Park and the Sant'Artemio Park, a protected
area managed by the Province of Treviso established with the aim of
protecting the local naturalistic and ethnographic heritage. Inside the
Sant'Artemio Park there is the former Sant'Artemio psychiatric hospital
now home to the Provincial Administration of Treviso;
- The Park of
Villa Margherita;
- The park of the Walls, from Bastione San Paolo to
Bastione San Marco and Porta Santi Quaranta.
The first mention of Treviso, albeit indirect, appears in the III book of Pliny the Elder's Naturalis historia in which the «Fluvius Silis ex montibus Tarvisanis» is mentioned. It will be necessary to wait for Venanzio Fortunato's De vita sancti Martini to get a first mention of the toponym «Tarvisus», followed shortly after by the Anonymous Ravenna with «Trabision». There are also numerous references in Paolo Diacono's Historia Langobardorum: «Tribicium seu Tarbision», «apud Tarvisium» etc. The most probable hypothesis is that Tarvisium, which can be broken down into Tarv-is-ium, is of Celtic origin: in fact we recognize tarvos "bull" and the formant -is- typical of Gallic toponyms.
Paleoveneto village built in pre-Roman times on three hills located near a bend of the Sile, in an area rich in water resources, the ancient Tarvisium became a municipality in the aftermath of the Roman subjugation of Cisalpine Gaul. The proximity to some important arteries, such as the Postumia road, and the waterways themselves, made it a lively commercial center in Venetia et Histria since ancient times.
The decline of the late Roman period from 284 to 476 also made
itself felt in Treviso although, in the aftermath of the fall of the
Western Roman Empire and during the reign of Theodoric, the city was
still a first-rate food center. Disputed during the sixth century
between Ostrogoths and Byzantines, according to tradition the city
was the birthplace of Totila, a glorious Germanic military leader
who won the Byzantines right at the gates of Treviso.
Conquered by the Lombards, it was erected as the seat of one of the
thirty-six duchies of the kingdom and was endowed with a very
important mint. The latter continued to flourish even under the
Carolingians (under whom the local bishop had the title of count),
and still under the Serenissima the bagattino was minted there.
However, it was with the rebirth of the year 1000 that Treviso, having given itself municipal statutes and defeated by the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa alongside the cities of the Veronese and Lombard leagues, experienced a remarkable development, expanding in size and enriching itself with monuments and palaces, which nickname of urbs picta. Living in Treviso became synonymous with pleasure life and the city came alive with festivals and celebrations, such as that of the Castello d'Amore. Mentioned by Dante Alighieri who spent part of his exile there and by Fazio degli Uberti in his Dittamondo, the city grew further in wealth and splendor throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, acquiring one of the first universities (1321) and competing with neighboring Padua and Verona played the role of main city of what, at the time, was called Marca Trivigiana, meaning a large part of the current Veneto with the expression.
Similarly to the main cities of Northern Italy, Treviso
also witnessed the crisis of the municipal government and the
subsequent passage to the lordship. It must be taken into account,
however, that from the very beginning power was in fact in the hands
of a small aristocratic oligarchy, among which some families such as
the Tempestas stood out.
The first house to take possession
of Treviso was that of the Ezzelini, who ruled between 1237 and 1260
with the figures of Ezzelino III and Alberico. The city was
therefore prey to new infighting between the pro-papal Guelphs and
the Ghibellines, supporters of a rapprochement with the Empire, so
much so that only in 1283, following the victory of the former, was
there a decisive economic and cultural recovery that will last.
until 1312.
Dante Alighieri was also interested in the
troubled political situation in Treviso at the beginning of the 14th
century, dominated by the Collaltos and the Da Camino, who dedicated
the famous verse no. 47 of canto IX of Paradise: "and where Sile and
Cagnan accompanies himself / such a lord and goes with his head held
high, / who already makes a spider for him". With these words Dante
alludes to Rizzardo II da Camino, who took over from his father
Gherardo da Camino in 1306 in the position of captain general of
Treviso, and considered to have a haughty attitude by the great
poet. The latter was murdered in 1312 while playing chess on the
veranda.
A period of wars and looting followed for the Marca
that began in 1329 and continued until 1388. The city was in fact
occupied for about a decade also by the Scaligeri (1329-1339), and
in 1339 it gave itself spontaneously to the Serenissima, going to
constitute the first possession on the mainland. Treviso was however
involved in the wars for primacy on the Italian peninsula: the city
was therefore ruled for a short period by the Archduke of Austria
between 1381 and 1384 to pass, in 1384 and until 1388, to the da
Carrara. Only then did the city definitively return to the Republic
of Venice, following its fate and wishes for the next four
centuries.
Finally under Venice, Treviso was able to
enjoy a long period of stability and relative well-being, except for
the interlude of the War of the League of Cambrai, which saw the
construction of the current fortifications (1509), and the imperial
and French siege, lifted in 1511. The Treviso area was among the
Venetian provinces the one most directly controlled by the
Serenissima (together with Padovano): it was the only area in which
vicariates were never created, thus ousting the town noble faction
from direct control of the territory. In their place, a series of
podesterias were created entrusted to Venetian rectors.
The
post-unification period and the two wars
On 21 October 1866, the
plebiscite of annexation to the Kingdom of Italy was held in the
Venetian Provinces: the "yes" (the "no" were only two) clearly
prevailed in Treviso. During the nineteenth century, families of the
entrepreneurial bourgeoisie, of "forest" origin (including Bosco San
Giorgio) settled in the city and gave the first impetus to local
industries and the process of urbanization of the peasant
population.
At the end of the century, poverty in the
countryside was rampant: pellagra was the order of the day and many
suffered from it until they became mentally ill (the so-called
"pellagrose madness" which caused hallucinations and delusions);
just to face these difficulties, the new provincial psychiatric
hospital, the Sant'Artemio, was built in Treviso. Because of this
difficult economic situation, many proletarians sought their fortune
elsewhere, particularly in Brazil.
During the First World
War, Treviso, the "rear city", suffered several aerial bombardments
by the Austrians. Due to the retreat of Caporetto, the province was
cut in two and thousands of Treviso refugees were evacuated and
scattered throughout the peninsula. Starting in 1916, an entrenched
camp was built as a defensive system for the city. The
reconstruction and the ambitious urban projects started later,
during the twenty years, partly changed the appearance of the city.
In the first years after the march on Rome, local power remained
in the hands of pre-Fascist personnel. The previously very strong
Catholic movements (white leagues and cooperatives) were dissolved.
In 1938 Benito Mussolini visited the city. The first years of the
Second World War were decisive for Treviso's economic development,
especially in the tertiary sector. As a very important railway
junction towards the east, on 7 April 1944 (it was Good Friday), the
city was heavily bombed by the US air force (Bombing of Treviso). On
April 29, 1945 the first allied troops entered Treviso, welcomed by
the partisans who, after September 8, 1943, also operated in
clandestinity in the Treviso area.
After
the fall of the Italian Social Republic, the Church once again
became the interlocutor and moderator of Treviso society. During the
first years of government of the Christian Democrats, the most
important historical buildings destroyed by the bombing were
rebuilt, the roads were also improved and numerous housing for the
homeless were built.
In the eighties and nineties, in the
province of Treviso, thanks to its factories, often of small
dimensions, the economic boom broke out that led it, in a few years,
from a depressed economic area to one of the most economically
lively realities in Italy. In those years a new political entity
appeared on the Venetian scene, the Northern League: in 1994, after
years of Christian Democratic administration, Giancarlo Gentilini,
nicknamed "the Sheriff", was elected mayor.
In the 2000s, new
problems appeared in Treviso society: petty crime, social security,
precarious work, traffic, fine dust pollution in the winter,
building speculation. In 2013, after being administered by the
Northern League for about twenty years, the city elected a
center-left junta for the first time, choosing the lawyer Giovanni
Manildo (Democratic Party) as mayor. In the municipal elections of
June 2018 the city returns to be administered by the Northern
League, electing Mario Conte as the new mayor.
The climate of Treviso is sub-continental, presenting
characteristics similar to those found in general in the Po-Veneto
plain, albeit with the necessary and multiple microclimatic
variations depending on the area. Winters are moderately cold and
summers hot and muggy. The average minimum temperatures in the
winter quarter are below zero, with frequent frosts, especially in
periods of atmospheric stability with clear skies. In such
situations, the minimum temperatures can drop several degrees below
zero.
There is no shortage of foggy episodes, sometimes
persistent throughout the day, especially in the areas south of the
historic center. Snow in Treviso is certainly not a rare phenomenon,
as it usually occurs, with or without accumulation in most of the
winter seasons, even if the Treviso plain is usually less snowy than
other areas of the Venetian plain and often the snow changes.
quickly in rain. It should also be considered that Treviso is
located in the eastern part of the Veneto-Friuli plain and is
exposed to the masses of continental air from the east which, if
sufficiently intense, can lead to days of ice.
Although this
phenomenon has been less frequent in recent years, in December 2009
the city saw a very heavy snowfall.
Summers are hot and
muggy, with an evident phenomenon of "heat island" that especially
in certain periods afflicts the historic center. During the phases
characterized by the presence of the Subtropical Anti-cyclone, which
in the last 15 years occur practically in every summer season,
during the night hours the heat in the area inside the Walls can be
consistent and determine temperature values even higher than 4 -5
degrees compared to the peripheral areas. During the summer, the hot
phases can be abruptly interrupted by infiltrations of fresh air
which often cause even violent phenomena, with hail and downburst.
Average annual rainfall exceeds 900 mm and the maximum values are
found in autumn and spring.