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Anadyr (Chuk. Kagyrgyn (southern and deep
Chukchi), Vyegyn (northern Chukchi)) is a city in the extreme
north-east of Russia, the administrative center of the Chukotka
Autonomous Region. It is the most eastern city of Russia, located in
the border zone. Anadyr is located on the right bank of the Anadyr
River (near the mouth of the Kazachka River), which flows into the
Anadyr Bay of the Bering Sea, in the permafrost zone. The distance
from Anadyr to Moscow is 6192 km.
MSC + 9 (Kamchatka time)
Anadyr is located in the MSC + 9 time zone (Kamchatka time). The
offset of the applied time relative to UTC is +12: 00.
In
accordance with the applicable time and geographical longitude, the
average sunny noon in Anadyr comes at 12:10.
The word "Anadyr" is found on the pages of historical annals in
various lexical variations: Onandyr is a Chukchi river, Anadyrsk is a
prison from the times of Semyon Dezhnev and Kurbat Ivanov (mid-17th
century).
Presumably, the toponym Onandyr (Onandyr) goes back to
the Yukaghir base enu-en~anu-an~anu-on, which means "river"; the Chukchi
name of the Anadyr River - Y'aivaam - is interpreted as "gull". Perhaps
Yaʼaivaam is a Chukchi adaptation of the Kerek toponym Yaaiveyem.
The local Chukchi population calls the city V'ӈyn “zev”, “entrance”,
or Kagyrgyn “entrance”, “hole”, “mouth”, which reflects its location at
a narrow neck that opens the entrance to the upper part of the Anadyr
estuary.
Anadyr is located on the shores of the Anadyr estuary of the Anadyr
Bay of the Bering Sea, at the mouth of the Kazachka River and the mouth
of the Anadyr River (the place of its extended confluence with the
estuary after Onemen Bay), in the permafrost zone.
The distance
from Anadyr to Moscow is 6192 km.
Anadyr is in the MSK+9 time
zone. The offset of the applicable time from UTC is +12:00.
According to the applied time and geographic longitude, the average
solar noon in Anadyr occurs at 12:10.
On August 3, 1889, following the Decree of the Government of the
Russian Empire on the formation of the Anadyr District in the
northeasternmost territory of the state of the Anadyr District,
Russian military doctor and polar explorer Lev Frantsevich
Grinevetsky laid the Novo-Mariinsk post at the mouth of the Kazachka
River. The city of Anadyr began to develop from it.
The
construction of the city proceeded slowly; Basically, state-owned
and private trading warehouses expanded. By 1914, a long-wave radio
station was built here - one of the most powerful at that time in
Russia.
After the October Revolution, Soviet power in
Novo-Mariinsk was finally established only by 1924, at the same
time, by a resolution of the Kamchatka Provincial Revolutionary
Committee, the modern name of the settlement, Anadyr, was approved.
In 1927, Anadyr became the administrative center of the Anadyr
region, three years later - the center of the newly created Chukotka
national district.
In 1934, the village of Novo-Mariinsk,
also known as Anadyr, was transformed into the working settlement of
Anadyr.
A big impetus to the development of the village was
the construction of a large seaport on the shore of the estuary in
the late 1950s. In 1963, a dam was built on the Kazachka River,
which made it possible to conduct water supply to Anadyr.
On
January 12, 1965, according to the Decree of the Presidium of the
Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, the village of Anadyr received the
status of a city.
In 1984, the first non-stop regular flight
of the Il-62 aircraft was carried out on the route Moscow - Anadyr.
In 1992, the city acquired the status of district subordination
and was withdrawn from the Anadyr region.
By the law of
November 29, 2004, the city of Anadyr with the village of Tavayvaam,
within the framework of the organization of local self-government,
formed a separate urban district of Anadyr.
By plane
There are few flights to Anadyr airport from Moscow
(Utair, 2 times a week), Khabarovsk, from Yakutsk, in transit
through Magadan (a / c Yakutia). The airport also serves local
flights of small aircraft. A feature of the location of the airport
is its location through the estuary from the city, in the town of
Ugolnye Kopi. Thus, arriving passengers should think in advance how
they will be in Anadyr. In winter, you can drive through the frozen
bay by car, in summer on boats. In the off-season, there are SVPs (4
people, 4,000 rubles as of 2019) and a helicopter (10,000 rubles per
person), there will be a queue for both types of transport. Also,
the airport’s risks include a high dependence on weather conditions,
you can “hang out” in Anadyr.
Anadyr International Airport
named after Yuri Sergeyevich Rytkheu (Ugolny).
The remoteness of Anadyr and problems with supply form a sky-high price level for Russia, this should be treated philosophically.
The usual level of cost of hotels will be 8-9 thousand rubles for a
standard single room. It is better to immediately take a full board, so
the food will be much cheaper.
Hotel Anadyr.
Hotel Chukotka.
According to the 2020 All-Russian Population Census, as of October 1,
2021, in terms of population, the city was in 828th place out of 1,118
cities in the Russian Federation.
In 2009-2011, there was a
decrease in the population due to migration outflow; At the same time,
there was a tendency for the birth rate to exceed the death rate.
The city of Anadyr with the village of Tavaivaam forms a separate urban district within the framework of the organization of local self-government.
Fish processing plant.
Energy enterprises are operating - the
Anadyr thermal power plant and a gas engine station. Near the city, on
Cape Observation, there is one of the largest wind farms in Russia - the
Anadyr wind farm.
Gold and coal are mined in the vicinity. Reindeer
breeding, fishing, and hunting are developed.
Sea port
The seaport of Anadyr is the largest in the region; it
has a connection with Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Vladivostok, Magadan and
other ports. Its production capacities allow processing up to one
million tons of various cargoes. The navigation period lasts four months
(from July 1 to November 1). From Anadyr to the village of Lavrentiya
there is a passenger ship "Captain Sotnikov".
Aviation
Anadyr
Airport is located on the other side of the estuary in the village of
Coal Mines. Helicopter flights are carried out year-round to connect the
city with the airport; in winter there is an ice crossing, in summer
boats and small boats run. The airport has an international status,
regular flights are carried out to Moscow and Khabarovsk, as well as to
all settlements of Chukotka.
Highways
Due to the harsh natural
and climatic conditions, the roads in the city are covered with
concrete. About 90 road signs have been installed on city streets,
markings are being applied.
Between Anadyr and the airport there
is a federal highway A384 23 km long, part of which is a winter road on
the ice of the estuary.
In 2012, the construction of the federal road Kolyma (highway R-504)
- Omsukchan - Omolon - Anadyr began, which will provide year-round
transport links between Anadyr and the road network of the Russian Far
East.
The city has 3 bus routes, public transport is free:
"Schoolboy": orphanage - school number 2, does not go during the
holidays, Sundays and non-working holidays; leaves according to the
schedule, in the direction of the school at 7:40 and 8:00, in the
direction of the orphanage - at 12:20, 13:20 and 14:10;
"City Ring":
CHPP - Chukotka district hospital with an interval of 25-125 minutes;
does not go on Sundays and non-working holidays;
"Tavayvaam": CHPP -
p. Tavaivaam; interval - 30-165 minutes; break: 9:30-12:15.
These
routes are served by Volzhanin-5270 buses (5 units as of November 2015).
For a short time in 2012, there was the only commercial route in the
history of the city, which was served by a Hyundai County minibus (1
unit):
Shop "Kasatka" - Chukotka district hospital.
The city has a secondary school No. 1, the Chukotka Institute for the
Development of Education and Advanced Training, the Chukotka branch of
the North-Eastern Federal University. The Chukotka District Library is
the central library of the Autonomous Okrug.
The city has a
laboratory for the integrated study of Chukotka "Center of Chukotka" of
the North-Eastern Integrated Research Institute of the Far Eastern
Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
In 2002, through the
merger of the Chukotka District Museum of Local Lore, whose collections
began to form in 1931, and the State Center for the Protection and
Restoration of Historical and Cultural Monuments of the Chukotka
Autonomous Okrug, the Chukotka Heritage Museum Center was formed. The
exposition of the center includes sections on nature, ancient and
traditional cultures of the peoples of Chukotka, their art, and an art
gallery. The Museum Center has two branches: the Beringian Heritage
Museum in the village of Provideniya and the museum in the village of
Markovo.
On April 28, 2013, a ski lift system was opened on the
hill of Mikhail, the construction of the complex lasted 7 years.
Since 2017, the city has hosted the Golden Raven International Arctic
Film Festival, which has become a kind of hallmark of Chukotka.
According to the results of the All-Russian Socialist Competition,
from 1971 to 1975, Anadyr received the challenge Red Banner of the
Council of Ministers of the RSFSR and the All-Union Central Council of
Trade Unions five times in a row.
In 2004, Anadyr became a holder of
the Golden Order "Maecenas", established by the international charitable
foundation "Patrons of the Century".
According to the results of the
All-Russian competition for the title "The most comfortable city in
Russia" in 2005, Anadyr was awarded a special prize and a certificate
from the Federal Agency for Construction and Housing and the All-Russian
Trade Union of Essential Workers for attracting investments in the
development of the urban environment, and was also included in the
encyclopedia "The most comfortable city Russia for 2005”.
According
to the results of the All-Russian contest "The most comfortable city in
Russia" for 2006, Anadyr took the third prize in the nomination
"Administrative centers of the constituent entities of the Russian
Federation" and was awarded a diploma of the Government of the Russian
Federation, as well as a cash prize.
In 2007, Anadyr was awarded the
Order of Peace.
The climate of the city is subarctic, maritime, severe. The average
temperature in January is -22 °C, in July it differs greatly from year
to year, but, on average, +11 °C. The warm period is very short.
Precipitation is 350 mm per year - mainly in the warm period. Due to the
proximity to the sea, winters in the city are warmer and summers are
cooler than in the continental regions of Chukotka. The winter is
severe, due to constant winds and air humidity, frosts intensify. There
are often fogs in summer. The water surface temperature in the summer
months is about +10 °C.
Average annual air temperature: -6.9 °C.
Average annual air humidity: 81%.
Average annual wind speed: 6.6 m/s.
TV channels
For the first time television in the city appeared in
1972 by means of a ground station for ultra-long-range space
transmissions of the Orbita satellite system.
Seal
The city
publishes the regional weekly newspaper Krayniy Sever (until 1993 -
Sovetskaya Chukotka), the founder of the publication is the government
of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug.
Until 2003, the Yukon tropospheric junction station, which was part
of the Sever communication line system, operated in the vicinity of
Anadyr.
Mobile operators MTS, Beeline and Megafon operate in the
city. Internet and cable TV services are provided by the local company
Arctic Region Svyaz, as well as Chukotka Svyaz Inform (part of
Rostelecom) - Internet access services (ADSL technology), IP TV and
telephony.
The Holy Trinity Cathedral, the world's largest wooden Orthodox church built on permafrost, operates in the city. The temple can accommodate about 1000 people. There is also an ascribed Temple of the Transfiguration of the Lord.
In 2011, during a paleontological expedition in Anadyr, a completely
preserved petrified forest of the Upper Paleocene time was discovered.
Previously, it was believed that forests did not grow in this area.
The following year, near Mount Temlyan, scientists found a fossil
flora dated to the late Cretaceous - Paleocene. This flora was
identified as the Temlyan fossil flora and includes over 21 species of
higher plants, among which conifers (Glyptostrobus, Metasequoia,
Mesocyparis) and flowering plants (Corylus, Platanus) predominate in the
fossil state. For the first time, branches of Mesocyparis with shoots
attached to them were found in the fossil state. The collected
collections are stored in the fund collections of the museum center
"Heritage of Chukotka" in Anadyr.
The memorial complex "The First Revolutionary Committee of Chukotka",
opened in 1957 near the seaport in memory of the first Chukotka
Bolsheviks.
A monument to Lenin made of pink granite, erected on the
central square of Anadyr in 1967, later, in 2002, transferred to the
Palace of Children's Creativity (a monument to the writer Rytkheu was
erected in its place). It is included in the collection of monuments of
history and culture of the Russian Federation, as a work of monumental
and sculptural art. Sculptor - Mikhail Rakitin, architect - Nikolai
Shveide, consultant - People's Artist of the USSR, Lenin Prize laureate
Evgeny Vuchetich.
The memorial "Chukotka to the Front", opened on the
occasion of the 60th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic
War, is a six-meter red granite stele with a bronze bas-relief. On the
front side of the monument are carved the names of the natives of
Chukotka who died in battle.
The Bronze Worshiping Orthodox Cross was
erected in 2003 at the highest point of Anadyr - Camel Hill.
The
monument to St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, a ten-meter bronze monument,
mounted on a pedestal lined with black labradorite, was erected in 2004.
It is the largest monument to this saint in the world.
Monument to
the writer Yuri Rytkheu, erected in 2011 on the site of the monument to
Lenin, sculptor Alexander Rukavishnikov.
The monument to the founder
of Anadyr Leonid Grinevetsky in the new park bearing his name was
erected in 2014. The author of the sculpture is Sergei Mikhailovich
Isakov, Honored Artist of Russia, who previously created a monument to
St. Nicholas the Wonderworker for the city.