Kuldur is an urban-type settlement in the Obluchensky District of the Jewish Autonomous Region of Russia. The name comes from 'Chul-Ji-Uri', which in the Aboriginal language means 'hot, warm'.
The settlement is located in the valley
of the Kuldur river (Bira basin), in the spurs of the Bureinsky
ridge.
The railway station is located on the Izvestkovaya -
Novy Urgal line. Distance to the village. The limestone is 30 km
away.
Road to the village. Kuldur goes north from the village
of Birakan (stands on the Chita - Khabarovsk highway), the distance
to the village. Birakan is 25 km away.
Distance to
Birobidzhan - 135 km, distance to Obluchye - 77 km.
The resort "Kuldur" is located at the spurs of the Lesser Khingan, in
the valley of a mountain river, where the Kuldur spring flows.
Kuldur hot mineral springs have been known to the local Tungus
population since time immemorial, as evidenced by the name of the rivers
washing Kuldur - translated from the Tungus "hot" and Kolobolok, which
means "near the boiler". Both these thermal springs and the surrounding
area were considered sacred by the local population, their location was
kept a strict secret from the Europeans.
The legend of antiquity
attributes the discovery of this source to the Tungus hunter, who found
many animals in this place. The hunter, of course, was amazed by the
vision: the high temperature of the source, the smell of hydrogen
sulfide ... This place was called sacred and was kept secret under pain
of death. The secret belonged only to the Tungus, for many centuries it
was sacredly kept among this tribe. There were sacrifices here, and
treatment for various ailments began little by little, as the hunters
were convinced that fractures and wounds heal well from Kuldur water.
This secret, perhaps, would have been kept for many more years,
centuries, but ... Once, the Tungus, pitying a familiar sick Russian
Cossack, took him to be treated to a source. He led him with his eyes
closed, through the impenetrable taiga. In various ways - through
alcohol, money - the Cossack achieved the disclosure of the secret: this
is how he was amazed by the healing effect of the source. This is how
the Russians learned about Kuldura.
In 1897, Kuldur was first
mentioned in the literature (Nature and Hunting magazine No. 3), and in
1910 in the Proceedings of the Amur Expedition.
In 1910, there
was an exploration party in these places, headed by E. E. Anert. The
water of the source was taken for the first time for research in the
laboratory of the geological office. According to its chemical
composition, it belongs to nitrogen-siliceous low-mineralized
hydrocarbonate-chloride-sodium alkaline waters with a high content of
fluorine. Mineral water has a temperature of +75°.
In 1913, F. T.
Zhilyaev strenuously sought to lease the source, and a year later new
tenants appeared - Plotnikov and Postnykh, who also failed. At the same
time, state organizations did nothing. A primitive analysis of the
Kuldur source was made by the local physician A. Buk (1913). He used
healing water in the treatment of the first builders of the Far Eastern
Iron Hub at the Sololi station (Obluchye) since 1911. A. Buk sent an
analysis of the water and treatment methods to the Khabarovsk Society of
Doctors and the Primorsky Governor-General.
The newly built Amur
Railway contributed to the popularization of Kuldur. Information about
the healing properties of the source was widely spread from the workers,
many of whom had been here. By 1915 there was still no definite route to
Kuldur. Information in the newspaper "Priamure" dated June 10, 1914 and
indications in the works "Geological research of the Amur-Primorsky
gold-bearing region" gave vague, inconsistent information about the
location of Kuldur.
Animal trails, pack taiga way through the
unknown taiga did not stop the suffering person. According to the data
of the doctor R. I. Blum, in 1914 35 patients visited Kuldur, then in
1915 - 80, in 1916 - 140, in 1917 - 295, in 1918 - over 2.5 thousand .
Human.
In 1916, the State Property Department took care of the
source, but due to lack of funds, very little was done, only the pack
road from Birakan station to the source was improved. A year later, the
source was drilled, a wheel road was surveyed and surveyed, partial work
was done to uproot the clearing, and a wheel road was laid halfway
through.
Until 1918, patients were treated in primitive
conditions at their own discretion. There was only one paramedic at the
resort. The patients were housed in huts. In practice, then earth pits
were used. Treatment was expensive: travel from Birakan to Kuldur on
pack horses with a guide - 25-35 rubles, a bed in a hut - 5-6 rubles,
digging a dirt bath-pit - 10-12 rubles. Later, baths with a wooden frame
appeared - rectangular pits with a hole for draining water. There were 4
such baths in 1910, 7 in 1915, 15 in 1916, and 166 in 1921.
Already in Soviet times, the 5th Peasant Congress of the Amur Region
decided: "The Kuldur mineral spring is a public property, which is why
it should be equipped and arranged at public expense." In 1918, two
barracks and one house for employees were built.
The Kuldur
healing area received official recognition in May 1924, at the same time
it was included in the country's resorts. It is from this year that
Kuldur gradually begins to settle down. In the autumn of 1925, the
construction of a boarding house for 90 beds was completed. A bathroom
building, a sanatorium for 50 beds were completed, steam baths were
equipped, a 2-storey house for employees, a laundry, a power station,
and a clinic were built. Auxiliary enterprises were organized, the wheel
road to Kuldur from Birakan station was improved. Since 1926, specialist
doctors have been working every season. Since 1929, the resort has been
operating all year round, with a permanent staff of doctors and medical
staff.
Since 1934, a military sanatorium has been operating on
the territory of Kuldur. During the Great Patriotic War, the Kuldur
hospitals, both military and "civilian", were large military hospitals.
They brought hundreds of wounded soldiers and officers for aftercare and
rehabilitation. And if under normal conditions it took several months,
"Kuldur" put its patients on their feet literally in 3-4 weeks.
From 1951 to 1973 the resort was headed by V. M. Plastunov, a
participant in the war, who walked the front roads to Berlin as a
medical instructor. During these years, five dormitory buildings, a
polyclinic, a hydropathic clinic, a kindergarten, a school, a canteen, a
power plant, a consumer services center were built, a recreation center
for 700 seats was laid. V. M. Plastunov became the first honored doctor,
candidate of medical sciences in the Jewish Autonomous Region, wrote two
books “Kuldur Resort”, which were published in 1966 and 1971. Then VN
Zavgorudko was the head physician of the resort for 10 years.
In
1980, the children's sanatorium "Pearl of Khingan" was put into
operation.
In the year of the 40th anniversary of the Victory
(1985), a memorial of Glory to the participants in the Civil and Great
Patriotic Wars was erected in Kuldur. The Memorial of Glory, the cafe
"Tea House", the sanatoriums "Sanus" and "Gornyak" were built according
to the project of the Khabarovsk architect A. N. Naumov.
In 1995,
a symposium of Russian scientists was held on the basis of the Kuldur
resort, where there were delegates from Paraguay, Germany, and Japan.
The 1990s were a crisis for the resort. For several years, nothing
was built here, the medical staff was not replenished by young
balneologists, real scientific work was “at zero”.
Despite the
political and economic upheavals of the 1990s, the resort area continued
to live and make plans in real conditions. New treatment and diagnostic
rooms began to open, the range of application of Kuldur mineral water
expanded, and new treatment methods were introduced.
Among the
procedures are various showers: circular, Charcot, descending. Pearl
baths, hydromassage, jacuzzi are especially popular. In 2000, as a
concomitant, they began to use mud therapy. Mud for applications is
brought from Muhen. Vacationers, for whom the mineral water of Kuldur is
contraindicated, appreciated the artificial baths with Legrand salts,
which have tonic and sedative properties.
The health resort is
equipped with modern medical and diagnostic equipment. There are rooms
for functional diagnostics, clinical and biochemical laboratories, an
X-ray room, a room for physiotherapy exercises, general and
gynecological massage, physiopsychotherapy, electric sleep, dentistry
and prosthetics rooms.
The Kuldur spring heals more than 300
diseases included in the international classification of diseases. Here,
people with disorders of the organs of movement, peripheral and central
nervous system, skin and gynecological diseases improve their health
every year.
An additional charge of vivacity and energy, who
arrived for treatment at the Kuldur sanatorium, receive by visiting the
cultural and leisure center. Sports are not forgotten either. The
sanatorium has well-equipped sports and fitness rooms, a billiard room.
Currently, the health resort accepts for treatment and rest not only
adults, but also parents with children in the department "Mother and
Child" (the former sanatorium "Pearl of Khingan"), children and
adolescents who arrived at the sanatorium and health camp.
"Kuldur"
continues to improve. Its complex includes polyclinics, two hydropathic
clinics, eight bedroom buildings, a canteen, a school, a children's
factory, and shops.
In total, over the years of its existence,
the sanatorium has healed over 600 thousand people.
In 2005, the
sanatorium "Kuldur" was awarded the Diploma of the Social Insurance Fund
of the Russian Federation.
Currently, there are 5 sanatoriums in
the resort area: LLC Khabarovskkurort, Gornyak (Chegdomyn mine
administration), a boarding house of the Ministry of Defense of the
Russian Federation, a private sanatorium "Sanus" and a children's health
resort "Pearl of Khingan". To date, the Kuldur sanatorium is a single
complex, which includes: an 8-storey medical and sleeping building for
400 people, a clinic with modern medical and diagnostic equipment, 2
hydropathic clinics, and a building of increased comfort.
In
2014, the private sanatorium "Sanus" turns 20 years old.
The
general director of the sanatorium "Kuldur" is G. L. Kolesnikova.
The main healing factor of the resort is its natural
nitrogen-siliceous thermal waters, which belong to the "Kuldur" or
"Kuldur-Perinean" type. Kuldur mineral waters are considered highly
silicic (with a silicic acid content of 112 mlg/l), their peculiarity is
in the selective effect on toxic substances located in various tissues
with which they come into contact and remove them from the body in a
neutralized state.
On the territory of the sanatorium "Kuldur"
there is a year-round children's camp (SOLKD), in which children can
improve their health without interrupting the school curriculum.
A health resort of federal significance.
There are four sanatoriums in the resort area: JSC Sanatorium
Kuldur, Gornyak, a military boarding house, and the first private
sanatorium Sanus in the Far East.
By chemical composition,
the Kuldur waters are nitrogenous siliceous, low-mineralized
hydrocarbonate-chloride sodium alkaline with a high fluorine
content. One well emits radon water. They are characterized by a
higher content of silicic acid (112 milligrams per liter) compared
to the average standards of Russian resorts (50 milligrams per
liter). Balneological factors have a beneficial effect. Directions
of treatment: arthritis, osteochondrosis and especially skin
diseases such as eczema and psoriasis.