Massandra is an urban-type settlement on the southern coast of Crimea. Included in the urban district of Yalta of the Republic of Crimea (according to the administrative-territorial division of Russia; according to the administrative-territorial division of Ukraine - in the Massandra village council of the Yalta City Council of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea).
Winery "Massandra"
Massandra Palace of Emperor Alexander III
Massandra waterfall
Massandra park
The village is located on the southern coast of Crimea, next to Yalta, the height of the center of the village above sea level is 140 m. It is formally located 5 km from Yalta (in reality, it is separated only by the M-18 highway Simferopol - Yalta and is often considered as an eastern suburb of Yalta); to Simferopol from Massandra 78 km.
The time of the
emergence of Massandra is unknown - the opinion that the settlement
existed in ancient times, has not yet been confirmed. Apparently,
the first inhabitants were the descendants of the Goths and Alans
who mingled with the autochthonous inhabitants, who settled in the
region in the II-III centuries and adopted Christianity in the III
century (subordinate to the Gothic diocese of the Patriarchate of
Constantinople). Judging by the information about the church of St.
John (Ai-Yan) that once existed on the territory of the village, the
village existed during the Genoese rule, when, according to the
treaty of Genoa with Elias-Bey Solkhatsky in 1381, “the mountainous
southern part of Crimea northeast of Balaklava ”, With its
settlements and people, who are Christians, completely passed into
the possession of the Genoese. In 1475, the Genoese possessions were
conquered by the Ottoman Empire, and the village was
administratively included first in the Inkirman, and, later, the
Mangup kadilyk of the Kefin sandjak (later - Eyaleta). In the
materials of the censuses of the Kefinsky sanjak, Marsanda was taken
into account as a maale (quarter) of Yalta and in 1520 there were 22
non-Muslim families, of which 3 were absent (died) of a male
breadwinner. According to data from 1542 in Yalta, maalla Marsanda,
there were 14 Christian families and 2 adult unmarried men.
According to Jizya deftera Liwa-i Kefa (Ottoman tax statements) of
1652, which lists the Christian taxpayers of Kefinsky ealet, there
were 22 people in the village of Marsanda (apparently, heads of
families).
Massandra belonged to the Crimean Khanate for only
9 years - from the Khanate gaining independence in 1774 to the
annexation of Crimea to Russia (8) on April 19, 1783, but during
these years Crimean Christians - Greeks and Armenians were evicted
to the Azov Sea region and according to the information about the
withdrawn from Crimea to Azov Christians A.V.Suvorov dated September
18, 1778, 230 people (120 men and 110 women) and 1 priest were
resettled from Massandra (in the records of Metropolitan Ignatius
Massandra was recorded without indicating the number of families
removed). In the Cameral Description of Crimea in 1783, the village
does not appear, while before the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791,
when the Crimean Tatars were evicted from coastal villages to the
inner regions of the peninsula, all residents - 36 souls - were
removed from Masandra. At the end of the war, on August 14, 1791,
everyone was allowed to return to the place of their former
residence, but, apparently, the residents did not return to
Massandra, since the village was not listed in Vedomosti ... in 1805
and 1829. On the military topographic map of Major General Mukhin in
1817, Marsanda is indicated, apparently, as an estate, without
designating buildings and indicating the number of courtyards. The
deserted lands of the southern coast, as well as of the whole
Crimea, were distributed by Prince Potemkin to the Russian nobles.
There is different information about the first owners of Massandra:
according to one version, at first the land belonged to the famous
dignitary Smirnov, from whom it passed to the Pototskys, according
to the other, it was granted by the Potemkin to Admiral Karl
Nassau-Siegen, after the latter's departure from Russia they were
transferred to the treasury and bought in 1815 by Sofya Pototskaya
... After the death of the countess, her daughter, either in 1826 or
in 1828, the estate was sold to Count Vorontsov (donated according
to Charles Montandon), during which the construction of a winery and
wine cellars began. After Vorontsov's death, Massandra was acquired
by the Specific Department for 1,800 thousand rubles.
By the
decree of Nicholas I of March 23 (old style), 1838, on April 15, a
new Yalta district was formed and Massandra found herself on the
territory of the Derekoy volost of the new district. Apparently, by
this time the settlement was already inhabited, since on the map of
1842 there are three Marsands - Lower, Middle and Upper, all marked
with the conventional sign "small village", that is, less than 5
yards.
Following the results of the Zemsky reform of Alexander II in the
1860s, the village was left in the Derekoy volost. According to the
"List of populated areas of the Tauride province according to the
information of 1864", compiled according to the results of the VIII
revision of 1864, Masandra (or Marsanda) is a state-owned Tatar
settlement and an owner's dacha with 18 yards and 59 residents at an
unnamed spring and the Verkhnyaya Masandra dacha, with 10 yards , 21
residents and a home Orthodox church. On Schubert's three-verst map
of 1865-1876, the Upper, Middle and Lower Marsands are separately
marked, but only in the Lower 6 courtyards are signed. Massandra did
not get into the "Commemorative Book of the Tauride Gubernia of
1889", but on the verst map of 1891-1892, the Upper and Lower
Massandra are indicated, without specifying the number of households
- apparently, there was no independent settlement, there was only an
estate and a summer cottage area. In 1894, Prince Golitsyn founded
the Massandra wine estate. In the Statistical Directory of the
Tauride province of 1915 in the Derekoy volost, assigned to the
village of Derekoy, there are four dachas with the name Massandra,
and the name of the Ministry of Agriculture of the same name was
attributed to Nikita.
After the establishment of Soviet power
in Crimea, by the order of the Crimean Revolutionary Committee of
January 8, 1921, the volost system was abolished, the Massandra
estate was nationalized and subordinated to the Yalta region of the
Yalta district. In 1922, the counties were named counties. According
to the List of settlements of the Crimean ASSR according to the
All-Union census on December 17, 1926, the Massandra state farms
were included in the Ai-Vasil village council of the Yalta region
(154 courtyards, a population of 270 people, of which 237 Russians,
10 Crimean Tatars, 7 Ukrainians, 4 Jews, 3 Bulgarians , 1 Armenian,
1 Latvian, 7 are recorded in the column "other", there was a Russian
school of the 1st stage) and Massandra-Novy Podval (49 yards,
population 106 people, of which 61 are Russian, 15 Ukrainians, 8
Crimean Tatars, 6 Greeks, 5 Germans, 3 Jews, 2 Armenians, 2
Belarusians, 1 Latvian, 3 are written in the column "other"). The
time of granting Massandra the status of a village has not yet been
established, but in 1929 it was already the center of the village
council, in which the whole further history remains.
In 1944,
after the liberation of Crimea from the Nazis, on August 12, 1944,
Resolution No. GOKO-6372s "On the relocation of collective farmers
to the regions of Crimea" was adopted, according to which 3000
families of collective farmers moved from the Rostov region of the
RSFSR to the region, and in the early 1950s followed by a second
wave of immigrants from various regions of Ukraine. From June 25,
1946, the village was part of the Crimean region of the RSFSR, and
on April 26, 1954, the Crimean region was transferred from the RSFSR
to the Ukrainian SSR. On February 12, 1991, the village was part of
the restored Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, on
February 26, 1992, it was renamed the Autonomous Republic of Crimea.
Since March 21, 2014 - as part of the Republic of Crimea, Russia,
since June 5, 2014 - in the Yalta City District.
The main enterprise of the village is the famous winery NPAO
"Massandra", founded in 1894-1897 by order of Prince L. S. Golitsyn. The
collection of wines "Massandra", stored in deep cellars, currently has
about a million bottles of unique wines (listed in 1998 in the Guinness
Book of Records).
Also in Massandra is the Donbass boarding house
(part of the Yalta-Intourist Hotel Complex CJSC), the Yalta Higher
Vocational School of Building and Food Technologies. A number of
boarding houses operate on the territory of the village and near it.
There is a bus route number 77 in the village, connecting Massandra
with nearby settlements.
No. 144 - Clothes (the center of Yalta) -
st. Stakhanovskaya - Sanatorium "Dolossy" (pgt. Sovetskoye)
No. 100 -
st. Stakhanovskaya - Sovetskaya Square (the center of Yalta) - Spartak -
Livadia Hospital - Livadia Palace
No. 103 - st. Stakhanovskaya -
Sovetskaya Square (the center of Yalta)
In addition, Massandra is
connected with the center of Yalta by two urban trolleybus routes: 1/3
and 42, as well as suburban and intercity trolleybus routes running
along the Simferopol-Yalta line.
In honor of Massandra, the minor planet (3298) Massandra, discovered by the astronomer of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory N. S. Chernykh on July 21, 1979, is named.