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The Vishersky Zapovednik is a state nature reserve in the Krasnovishersky District of the Perm Territory, Russia. Founded on February 26, 1991 (Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR No. 120). The area of the protected area is 2412 km² (241.2 thousand hectares), of which: dark coniferous taiga forests - 183.243 thousand hectares (76%), treeless mountain landscapes - 48.511 thousand hectares (20%), swamps - 8.789 thousand hectares (3.6%), water surface (rivers, streams, lakes) - 0.657 thousand hectares (0.4%), the largest river of the reserve is Vishera, its length across the reserve is 130 km.
The reserve "Vishersky" was founded on February 26, 1991 by the
Decree of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR No. 120 dated February
26, 1991.
The area of the protected territory of the Vishersky
Reserve is 241.2 thousand hectares, of which: dark coniferous taiga
forests - 183.243 thousand hectares (76%), treeless mountain landscapes
- 48.511 thousand hectares (20%), swamps - 8.789 thousand. ha (3.6%),
water surface (rivers, streams, lakes) - 0.657 thousand ha (0.4%).
In terms of the size of the protected area, the Vishersky Nature
Reserve ranks sixth among 39 similar protected areas in European Russia.
It is 6.3 times larger than the other Kama reserve "Basegi" (0.38
thousand km²), far exceeds such well-known European dwarf states as
Liechtenstein (0.160 thousand km²), Andorra (0.468 thousand km²), Monaco
( 1.950 thousand km²), and is almost equal to Luxembourg (2.586 thousand
km²).
Representatives of the fauna of five vast natural and
geographical zones at once live on the territory of the Vishersky
Reserve: Arctic tundra, European coniferous forests, Siberian taiga,
Siberian forest-steppes and the Ural Mountains.
Scientific expeditions worked on the lands of the Vishera Urals
long before the creation of the reserve. Since the first half of the
19th century, this remote area of the Permian land has attracted the
attention of scientists of various specialties. Scattered
information about it appears in the descriptions of P. S. Pallas and
I. I. Lepekhin (late 18th - early 19th century). In the middle of
the 19th century, the North Ural expedition of the Russian
Geographical Society (1847-1848 and 1850) worked under the guidance
of Professor E. K. Hoffman. A variety of materials on the geology,
flora and fauna of the area were collected. In particular, the
botanist F. I. Ruprecht in 1854 published the first data on the
originality of the vegetation cover of the Vishera upper reaches. In
the 1870s, P. N. Krylov conducted botanical expeditions. In
1884-1889, Academician E. S. Fedorov carried out a geological
description of the river basin. Vishera from the source to the
confluence of the river. Uls. At the beginning of the 20th century,
the birds of the Vishera basin were studied by S. A. Reztsov. In
1904-1906, Louis-Claude Duparc explored the basins of the Vishera
and Uls rivers and compiled a geological map of these lands.
Multiple expeditions carried out in the first half of the 20th
century under the guidance of famous botanists P. L. Gorchakovsky,
K. N. Igoshina and A. M. Ovesnov laid the foundations of modern
scientific ideas about the vegetation of the Vishera Urals. In the
1940-1950s, A. M. Ovesnov surveyed mountain meadows on the Yany-Emki
and Oshenier ridges. The result of these works was several
generalizing articles and the monograph "Mountain Meadows of the
Western Urals" (1952). In the 1950s, S.P. Chashchin collected
material on the mustelids of the Kama region as part of a
physiographic expedition of the Perm State University, whose
scientists also compiled lists of fish from the Vishera River (A.I.
Bukirev, V.V. Ovchinnikov, 1960s ), amphibians, reptiles and mammals
(G. A. Voronov, V. A. Akimov and others, late 1970s - early 1980s),
birds (A. I. Shepel, 1983 and subsequent years), studied the
features of the flora (T. P. Belkovskaya, since the 1960s).
For the first time, the thesis about the need to create a reserve in
the mountainous north-taiga part of the Kama region was put forward
at a meeting of the Scientific Council of the Natural Science
Institute together with the Faculty of Biology of Perm State
University. On January 11, 1947, the participants of the meeting,
including A. N. Ponomarev, A. I. Ovesnov, S. P. Chashchin, P. N.
Krasovsky, M. M. Danilova and a number of others, recognized the
need to organize 4 nature reserves and 18 protected areas.
In
1991, the Department of Biogeocenology and Nature Conservation of
PSU completed the development of documentation and a project for the
organization of the state reserve "Vishersky", which included
materials from employees and students of the department, as well as
biologists T. P. Belkovskaya, E. A. Zinoviev. library.psu.ru.
Retrieved: May 22, 2022. and A. I. Shepelya. The responsible
executor of the project was an employee of the department V. Z.
Rubinshtein, the supervisor was G. A. Voronov.
February 26,
1991 is considered the official birthday of the Vishersky State
Nature Reserve. In 2021, the specially protected natural area of the
Northern Urals celebrated its 30th anniversary. The Vishersky State
Nature Reserve is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Natural
Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation.
The reserve "Vishersky" is located in the eastern part of the
European Plain, on the western macroslope of the Northern Urals. In the
north, the specially protected natural area borders on the
Troitsko-Pechorsky district of the Komi Republic, in the east - on the
Ivdelsky district of the Sverdlovsk region. The eastern border of the
reserve coincides with the Main Ural watershed. The extreme northern
boundary of the reserve is the peak of Mount Saklaim-Sori-Chakhl (1128
m). It is also the northernmost point of the Perm Territory and the only
watershed in the Urals of the basins of the three great rivers: Kama,
Pechora and Ob.
The territory of the reserve "Vishersky" is
divided into three regions according to the nature of the relief and
features of the geological structure.
The first - the Western
region - is the area of distribution of carbonate rocks (Vishera and
Lypya valleys with heights not exceeding 450 m above sea level).
The second - the Northern region - is the northern part of the reserve
with a predominance of rocks of the Niolsovskaya suite. It includes the
Lopinsky, Vishersky, Munin-Tump, Oshe-Nyor ridges.
The third -
the Central region - is very variegated in terms of the composition of
rocks and relief, not yet amenable to division. The exceptions are the
southwestern ridges: Chuvalsky Kamen, Listvennichny and Kuryksar,
composed of rocks of the Chuvalskaya suite. They are allocated in a
special subdistrict of the Central region - South-West.
In the
Central region there are the largest ranges and mountains, connected by
a system of passes into a single mountain junction. The connecting axis
of this node is the watershed ridge Molebny Kamen with the peaks of
Oika-Chakhl (1322.4) in the north and Ekva-Chakhl (1290.1) in the south,
and powerful branches: in the northwest - this is the ridge Ant Stone
with Khus hill - Oyka (1350.1), in its northern part connected by a long
wide isthmus with the opposite mountain Oyka-Chakhl; in the south-west -
this is Mount Khomgi-Nel (1301.0), connected by passes with Mount
Isherim and the Olkhovochny Kamen ridge.
To the north of Mount
Oika-Chakhl is the picturesque Man-Ur Range, which crowns this mountain
junction. To the west of it, in the interfluve of the Vishera and
Bolshaya Capelin. en.wikipedia.su. Retrieved: May 22, 2022. The second
mountain junction is located: the Tulymsky Kamen ridge (1469.8),
connected by a system of bridges with the southern ridges. All major
peaks have steep slopes covered with large-block placers of bedrock -
kurums. The relief is medium. Elevation difference from 240 m (Vishera
valley in the southern part of the reserve) to 1469.8 m (Tulymsky Kamen
Ridge).
The northern ridges of Oshe-Nyor, Vishersky, Lopinsky,
Munin-Tump and the southern ridges of Chuvalsky, Listvennichny,
Kuryksar, as a rule, are flat-topped with numerous picturesque outliers
and gentle slopes, with absolute heights of 800-1000 m above sea level.
The border between the Northern and Central regions is the wide swampy
valley of the Niols River.
Mountains-"thousanders" of the reserve
"Vishersky" are eight peaks: Tulymsky Stone (1469 m a.s.l.), Prayer
Stone with the main peak Oika-Chakhl (1322 m), Khomgi-Nel (1301 m),
Olkhovochny (1056 m), Ant with Mount Khus-Oyka (1350 m), Isherim (1331.8
m), Martai (1129.5 m) and Saklaim-Sori-Chakhl (1129 m).
The main protected river - Vishera - has a length of 415 kilometers
and is one of the largest and most full-flowing Ural tributaries of the
Kama. Moreover, approximately 1/4 part - these are the first 111 km - it
flows through the Vishera Reserve, taking the waters of dozens of small
mountain rivers and streams. The sources of Vishera are located on the
southern slope of Mount Saklaimsorichahl. Behind such an unpronounceable
name lies a surprisingly poetic translation of "The mountain at the
saddle, where the beads were scattered." For the first three kilometers,
the Vishera flows through the mountain tundra, gradually carrying its
waters into the forest belt. On the 35-kilometer section from the source
to the confluence of the Niols River, the reserved river bears the Mansi
name - Passer-Ya (Pazarya). There are several translations of this word:
big water, compressed river, mountain ash river. Within the specially
protected natural area, the character of Vishera is constantly changing:
from mountainous to semi-mountainous.
The largest tributaries of
the Vishera are the rivers Khalsoriya - 17 km, Niols - 26 km, Capelin
(with Big Capelin) - 52 km, Malaya Capelin - 21 km, Lopya - 28 km, Lypya
- 52 km, Vels - 112 km (of which the first 36 km along the reserve and
the buffer zone). All rivers have a mountainous character: high flow
rate, rocky channels, rapids, rapid rifts, alternating with stretches,
rapid and significant fluctuations in the water level associated with
precipitation. The exceptions are sections of rivers confined to relief
depressions. They are characterized by a calm current and low banks with
extensive floodplain swamps and swampy forests.
The climate of the Vishersky Urals is temperate continental with long snowy winters and short cool summers. Due to the features of the relief and the influence of the Atlantic cyclones, the upper reaches of the Vishera River are the most rainy and snowy region of the Perm Territory. A great influence on the climate of the territory of the reserve "Vishersky" is exerted by air masses that bring moisture from the Atlantic Ocean. The Ural Mountains, as a natural obstacle, create favorable conditions for precipitation in the foothills and mountainous regions. On average, 830-940 mm of precipitation falls annually in the mountain valleys of the reserve - at altitudes of 260-460 m. According to research by the Sverdlovsk Hydrographic Party, at altitudes of 700-800 m, the annual precipitation is 1300-1600 mm. Two thirds of the annual precipitation in the protected area falls on phenological periods. rosuchebnik.ru. Retrieved: 22 May 2022. Spring, summer and autumn, one third is for the winter season.