Kyiv oblast is a historical region in central Ukraine, in the middle
of the Dnieper region. Includes the city of Kyiv and most of the Kyiv
region, with the exception of the northern regions.
The Kiev
region has been the political center of the country since princely
times. The geographical and political core of Ukraine, the historical
center of the Dnevnerussky state. Kiev region in the west borders on
Podolia, in the north - on Ukrainian Polissya, in the northeast - on
Chernihiv region, in the south and southeast - on Cherkasy region, and
in the east - on Poltava region.
Kyiv - the capital of Ukraine, "the mother of Russian cities" - one
of the largest religious, cultural and political centers of Eastern
Europe for centuries
White church
Boguslav
Boryspil
Boyarka
Brovary
Vyshgorod
Pereyaslav - one of the oldest cities in Rus',
historical and ethnographic reserve
Slavutych
Fastov
Yagotin
There are many architectural and historical monuments and cultural
monuments on the territory of the Kyiv region. Kyiv is especially rich
in them - the most ancient city, the center of Kievan Rus. The remains
of city fortifications have been preserved here - the Golden Gate (XI
century), St. Sophia Cathedral (founded in 1017-1037) - the main public
and religious building [metropolitan church] of Kievan Rus, the ensemble
of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra (founded in the middle of the XI century,
from 1926 historical and cultural museum-reserve), the Churches of the
Savior on Berestov (1113-1125) and Kirillovskaya (XII century), the
monumental churches of St. Nicholas Prityska (Nikolsko-Pritiska) and
Ilyinskaya (XVII century); the XVII-XVIII centuries include buildings
mainly in the Ukrainian baroque style - the ensembles of Sophia ("Sofia
Kievskaya", founded by P. Mohyla), Vydubetsky (XI-XVIII centuries) and
Frolovsky (Pritisko-Nikolskaya St., 5) monasteries, Intercession (in
Bekhterevsky Lane, 15) and St. Andrew's Church (1749-1753), Mariinsky
(1747-1755) and Klovsky Palaces, the Great Bell Tower of the
Kiev-Pechersk Lavra (1745), Gate of Zaborovsky in Kiev [urochist
(ceremonial) gates of the St. Sophia Monastery], Collegium ( 1753-1757)
in Pereyaslav and others.
At the end of the 18th - 1st half of
the 19th century, large civilized buildings were built in cities in the
style of classicism (shopping malls on the Market Square (1809-1814),
warehouses, a post office (an ensemble of structures, 1825-1831), the
Winter Palace (1796), a house "public meetings" (House of the Nobility)
and the building of the gymnasium in the White Church; the Institute of
Noble Maidens and the University in Kiev and others, in rural areas -
landowner's palaces with parks; the famous dendrological park
"Alexandria" was created near the White Church (architect Myuffo and
Dominique Botani, as well as A. Enns; there is a museum of the
arboretum).
There are many monuments in the capital city,
including Prince Vladimir (1853), Princess Olga (1911, restored 1996)
and Bohdan Khmelnitsky (1881-1888), Magdeburg Law (1802-1808); on the
territory of the Holy Dormition Kiev-Pechersk Lavra (near the Refectory
Church) the body of P. A. Stolypin rests, and also (in the lower part of
the Lavra, near the near and far caves) the relics of the chronicler
Nestor, the healer Agapit, monk Ilia Pechersky are buried.
Also
interesting are the modern architecture of the 20th century (Palaces of
Sports (1958-60) and Pioneers (Kiev Palace of Children and Youth), the
airport terminal in Boryspil; Palace of Culture "Ukraine" (1970,
reconstructed 1997-98) and others) and museums of Kiev - Ukrainian House
(exhibition center, palace of arts), historical, Ukrainian fine arts
(national art museum), Western and Eastern art (Museum of Arts named
after Bohdan and Varvara Khanenko), history of medicine (B. Khmelnytsky
Street, 37), museum-pharmacy, folk architecture and life (Pirogovo, 150
hectares; 1969) and others (more than 15 museums in total).
In
Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky, excavations uncovered the remains of buildings
of the 11th-12th centuries (the Bishop's Palace, the Church of Michael
and others), the St. Michael's Church (1646-1666, erected on the ruins
of the St. Michael's Church (1090)) and the ensemble of the Ascension
Monastery (1695-1700) have been preserved; there are museums -
historical, memorial Ukrainian philosopher, poet and teacher of the
XVIII century G.S. Skovoroda, folk architecture and life (about 20
museums); there is also a local history museum in Belaya Tserkov (since
1924).
The Regional Drama Theater named after P.K. Saksagansky
(1933) functions in the White Church; house of organ and chamber music.
In one of the oldest Russian cities, Vasilkov, there is the Cathedral of
St. Anthony and Theodosius (1756-1758) and the Nicholas Church (1792).
In Fastov there is a museum of beer.
Archaeological excavations
(the first half of the 20th century) in Vyshgorod discovered a citadel
and a craft and trade settlement "Olzhin Grad", where a part of an old
street with the remains of ground and semi-earth dwellings of
metalworking and pottery workshops, the remains of fortifications,
tools, dishes, jewelry, the foundation of Borisoglebskaya churches and
other finds belonging to the 10th-13th centuries (Old Russian settlement
of the 9th-13th centuries). In the vicinity of Vyshgorod, there was the
Mezhigorsky Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery (988-1930s).
Near
with. Trypillya revealed settlements (parking) of the Stone Age, near
the village. Trakhtemirova - settlement of the Scythian period; in the
Boryspil region, in the village of Sofiyivka, there is the Sofiyivsky
burial ground (of the late stage of the Trypillia culture) and others.
In the Kiev region, there was a specific folk icon-painting style,
formed under the influence of the old icon-painting tradition of the
Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. Saints were depicted against a dark purple or black
background in dark-colored decoration with dark blue, dark green or even
black halos, outlined by a dotted dotted white outline. The collection
of domestic icons of the Kiev region is part of the exposition of the
Museum of Ukrainian domestic icons in the historical and cultural
complex "Radomysl Castle"
In Kyiv, it is predominantly Russian (but Ukrainian is recognized by everyone as the only official one), in the suburbs 50/50, the rest of the region is Ukrainian-speaking.
The main highways of the country start in Kiev: M-01 / E95 Kiev - St. Petersburg, M-03 Kiev - Kharkov, M-05 Kiev - Odessa, M-06 Kiev - Uzhgorod - Hungary, M-07 Kiev - Kovel - Lublin.
The area is 28,121 km². Population - 1,722,875 people (July 1, 2013), including urban population - 1,066,812 people (61.92%), rural - 656,063 people (38.08%). The center is the city of Kyiv (not part of the region), the capital of Ukraine (a city with a special status).
It is located in the middle reaches of the Dnieper, mostly on its
right bank. The northern part of the region is located on the Polissya
lowland. The eastern (left-bank) part is on the Dnieper lowland
(absolute heights are 100–140 m above sea level within the boundaries of
the region). Central and southwestern - on the gently undulating Dnieper
Upland, indented by river valleys and ravines (up to 273 m above sea
level).
The entire territory of the region belongs to the Dnieper
basin, which is the most important water artery of the region. Within
the region, the Dnieper flows for 246 km and has the following largest
tributaries: the Pripyat (with a tributary of the Uzh, or Usha),
Teterev, Irpen, Stugna, Ros (right), Desna, Trubezh, Supoy (left). Ros
and Supoy flow into the Dnieper outside the region. In total, there are
177 rivers in the region. There are few lakes, they are concentrated
mainly in the north. On the territory of the region there is a large
part of the upper reservoir of the Dnieper cascade - the Kiev (“Kiev
Sea”, as it is often called (1964-1966); length 110 km, width up to 12
km, area - 922 km²; average depth up to 4 m (the greatest - 14.5 m),
total volume - 3.73 thousand km³), as well as the Kanev reservoir
(1978). In total, there are 13 reservoirs, over 2000 ponds, almost 750
small lakes in the region.
The soil and climatic conditions of
the region are favorable for growing winter wheat, sugar beets, corn,
vegetables and other agricultural crops, as well as orchards and
berries. For the successes achieved in the development of agriculture,
the Kiev region was awarded the Order of Lenin on February 26, 1958.
The northern part of the Kyiv region lies within the zone of mixed
forests (Ukrainian Polissya; Polissya lowland, 183 m), most of it is in
the forest-steppe. The natural vegetation of the northern part of the
region is represented by large tracts of coniferous and mixed forests
(forests are widespread mainly from pine with an admixture of birch and
oak, as well as alder, etc.), forb-grass meadows and wetlands; the
southern part - broad-leaved forests (small forests of oak, hornbeam,
linden), shrubs and meadows.
In the Kyiv region there are state
farms: Yagotinsky hunting - waterfowl and marsh wild birds; Belozerskoye
(now Beloozersky NNP, Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky district, Kanev reservoir)
- hares, roe deer, wild pigs, badgers, martens, beavers, marsh and
waterfowl wild birds; Sukholesskoye (Belotserkovsky and Rakytnyansky
districts) - hares, roe deer, fallow deer, badgers; Dnieper-Teterevskoe
State Protected Forest and Hunting Enterprise, Zalessky Protected Forest
Hunting Enterprise (nowadays Zalesye (national park)), etc.; sanctuaries
- Zhornovsky, Dzvonkovsky, Dneprovsko-Desnyansky (Verkhnedubechansky
hunting economy; Pirnovo), state. reserve Zhukov Khutor (near Vorzel);
numerous state protected natural boundaries. On the territory of the
region (mostly in Polissya) there are also: elk, wolf, fox, hares,
squirrels, ground squirrel, hamster, field and forest mice, etc.
The natural reserve fund of the city of Kiev and the urban green zone:
of national importance - the reserve Lesniki (1110.2 ha; NNP
"Goloseevsky" (whose total [for the latter] in 2001 - 6165 ha),
Koncha-Zaspovskoye forestry), Romanovskoe swamp (30 ha; Svyatoshinsky
LPH, outskirts of the city of Irpin); of local importance - Koncha-Zaspa
(landscape - waterfowl and marsh wild birds), Dachnoye, Zhukov Island
(landscape, 361 hectares; total area of the island is 530 hectares),
Olzhin and Kozachi Islands (470 hectares), Birch Guy, Belaya Dibrova,
Rybnoe (all three - Darnitsky LPH), lake. Verbnoe (Obolon), the tract
Bobrovnya (Island of Muromets, Muromets Park), Mezhyhirskoe
(Svyatoshinsky LPH of the GKO "Kievzelenstroy", Mezhygorskoe Forest);
Pushcha-Voditsky Forest Park (360 ha; total area of the forest is
approx. 8 thousand ha).
The climate is temperate continental, with mild winters and warm summers. The average January temperature in the north of the region is −6 °C, in the southwest −5 °C; July +17 and +19 °C respectively; absolute minimum temperatures reach -34, -36 °C; absolute maximums - +39, +40 °C. The average annual air temperature in the north of the region is +6.5 °C, in the south +7.5 °C. The average annual precipitation is about 550 mm (in the north of the region 600 mm, in the south - 500 mm per year), the maximum is in summer. The period with temperatures of +10 °C is over 155-175 days.
Historical area - Kiev region, in a broader sense - Naddnipryansk
region.
The Kiev Voivodeship was formed in 1471 as part of the
Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and since 1569 as part of the Lesser Poland
Province of the Kingdom of Poland. Liquidated in 1793 as a result of the
second division of the Commonwealth.
The Kiev province existed
(with interruptions) from 1708 to 1925.
The Kiev region was
formed on February 27, 1932 as part of the Ukrainian SSR, one of the
first five regions of the republic. The city of Kyiv became the
administrative center of the region.
On October 15, 1932, the
Chernihiv region was formed from the eastern regions of the region.
On September 22, 1937, the Zhytomyr region was formed from the
western regions of the region.
On January 7, 1954, the Cherkasy
region was formed from the southern regions of the region, and the Kiev
region acquired modern borders.
From February 24 to April 2,
2022, the northern part of the region was occupied by Russia during the
Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Industries that determine scientific and technological progress (machine building and metalworking, including instrumentation, electronics, electric power, powder metallurgy, chemistry and petrochemistry) are developing rapidly, as well as new areas of production - microbiological and cardboard and paper. In the village of Proliski, on the eastern outskirts of Kyiv, the Boryspil Bus Plant operates. The plant produces 1700 buses per year of various modifications. The plant is actively cooperating with the Etalon Research Institute of Automotive Industry.
Resort resources of the Kyiv region. along with a mild climate
conducive to climatotherapy, there are mineral waters brought to the
surface by drilling. Radon waters of low salinity and different chemical
composition (sulfate-chloride calcium-sodium, hydrocarbonate
magnesium-calcium), found in a number of districts of the region - near
the city of Mironovka (resort health resort area; hydropathic in
Mironovka), and in the village of Vladislavovka Mironovsky district, in
the resort of Belaya Tserkov, in the resort area of Koncha-Zaspa. Near
the city of Brovary, sodium chloride waters have been brought to the
surface (in the region there are numerous children's health camps
(schoolchildren's holiday camps), including those based on springs - in
particular "Zhuravochka" in Brovary).
Bottling of a number of
mines is carried out. water in bottles as table water under the names
"Kievskaya" (bicarbonate calcium-magnesium low mineralization, used
mainly as a table drink and for metabolic disorders), "Borispolskaya",
"Chernobyl" (in the recent past), "Resort", "Berezanskaya", as well as
"Obolonskaya" ("Obolon"), "Calypso" ("Orlan"), "Sofia Kievskaya"
("Rosinka"), and others. The resort and healing resources are
supplemented by peat mud, the deposits of which are available in the
north Kiev. areas (floodplains of the Desna, Pripyat, Zdvizh rivers).
The resorts are Belaya Tserkov, Mironovka, Boyarka, Vorzel (there is
a House of Composers' Creativity; a pump-room with min. water),
Pushcha-Voditsa; there are a number of resort areas: Koncha-Zaspa,
Svyatoshino, Irpin (famous for the Writers' Creativity House), Bucha
(some long-distance passenger trains also stop at Bucha station),
Klavdievo-Tarasovo (including a (children's) camp near the village of
Poroskoten, near Bald Mountain), Pirnovo (recreation centers on the
Desna and Dnieper (Kiev Sea)), Lyutezh, Feofaniya health resort;
34
sanatoriums (5200 places), including 3 trade unions (1420 places); 16
rest houses, numerous boarding houses and recreation centers belonging
to various institutions and departments (Potievka (on the outskirts of
Fastov), Plesetskoye, Kovalevka, Kotsyubinskoye, and others - promising
resort (resort-recreational) areas). In Kyiv there is an office (branch)
of the Mirgorod resort.