Odessa region is a region in the south of Ukraine. The administrative center and largest city is Odessa, other large cities are Izmail, Chernomorsk, Belgorod-Dnestrovsky, Podolsk, Yuzhnoye, Kiliya, Reni, Balta, Razdelnaya, Bolgrad.
Ananiev
Artsyz
Balta
Belgorod-Dnestrovsky
Belyaevka
Berezovka
Bolgrad
Vilkovo
Ishmael
Kiliya
Kodyma
Podolsk
Separate
Reni
Tatarbunary
Teplodar
Chernomorsk
Southern
Akkerman Fortress
One of the richest regions of Ukraine in terms of the number of
historical and cultural monuments that are part of the national treasury
of cultural heritage. The monuments that have the highest category of
historical and cultural heritage value include: the State Academic Opera
and Ballet Theater (Odessa Opera House), the building ensemble of
Primorsky Boulevard (1820-1840s, architect F. Boffo), Potemkin Stairs,
Belgorod- Dniester (Akkerman) fortress, Russov's house, which began to
be restored in 2018, etc.
On the territory of the Odessa region,
many Orthodox, Muslim, Catholic, Jewish and other religious buildings of
the 13th-20th centuries have been preserved. Here you can admire the
unique single defense (XIII-XV centuries) and palace (XIX century)
complexes of architectural structures. Civil architectural monuments
(mansions, administrative buildings and buildings of educational and
medical institutions) have survived to this day, military and civil
(including personal) monuments of the last two centuries are widespread.
The Belgorod-Dniester fortress has been perfectly preserved.
The
region has a large Danube Biosphere Reserve and a variety of interesting
natural objects with a lower conservation status.
Odessa
catacombs are a unique object. The catacombs are famous for being the
longest underground labyrinth in the world; according to estimates,
their total length is 2.5 thousand kilometers.
Odessa estuaries
For vacationers (at resorts) Odessa region. and tourists are interested
in the architectural and historical monuments of Odessa, including the
Pushkin House, the Potemkin Stairs (1837-1842), the Vorontsov Palace
(1824-1834; when the USSR was the Palace of Pioneers), the Old Stock
Exchange (1829-1834 .; now the City Duma), the Pototsky Palace
(1805-1810; now an art museum), a hospital, the palace of Princess
Naryshkina (1830; now the Palace of Culture of Sailors) - all the 1st
half of the 19th century; opera house (1884-1887); in the vicinity of
the city - monuments of the "Belt of Glory", erected in honor of the
soldiers who defended Odessa during the Great Patriotic War; there are
museums - archaeological, local history, Western and Eastern art, the
navy.
In the city of Belgorod-Dnestrovsky, the Belgorod-Dnestrovsky
fortress is perfectly preserved - one of the largest citadels in Ukraine
(1438-54) with 4 round turrets-vezhas, has 26 towers and 4 gates, the
church of XIV-XV has also been preserved in a reconstructed form
centuries; in Balta - an Orthodox church and a Catholic church; in
Izmail - a mosque of the 15th century, the Intercession Cathedral, the
Church of the Nativity and St. Nicholas (all - the 19th century), etc.
The transport and road complex in the region is represented by all
types of transport and includes the largest commercial seaports,
shipping companies and shipyards, a developed railway and road
infrastructure, a wide network of motor transport, forwarding
enterprises, airports and airfield complexes, airlines. In the region,
on a large scale, the transfer of goods between different modes of
transport is ensured, there are international railway-sea and
automobile-sea crossings (the Orlovka-Isakcha ferry crossing).
Railway
The railways of the region belong to the state administration
"Ukrzaliznytsia" and belong to the Odessa railway. The length of the
Odessa railway is 18% of the length of the Ukrainian railways. About 43%
of the operational length of the Odessa Highway is electrified lines,
73% of the operational length of the railway is equipped with automatic
blocking, about 73% of the stations are equipped with electrical
interlocking, train radio communications operate throughout the entire
railway range.
The operational length of the main railway track
within the boundaries of the Odessa region is 4013.6 km, of which 1725
km are electrified. 1038 access tracks of industrial enterprises with a
length of 2131.9 km adjoin the railway. There are 17 Uniform
technological processes for the operation of the railway and access
roads.
On the Odessa railway, within the borders of the Odessa
region, there are 74 railway stations, 9 main locomotive depots, 6 car
depots, 2 motor-car depots, 3 passenger depots; 20 track distances, 12
signaling and communication stations, 7 power supply stations, 5
construction and cargo operational departments, 9 fire trains, 4
construction and installation trains, 2 factories, 1 rail welding train,
774 railway crossings, 804 bridges, 5 protective afforestation stations
.
The railway serves more than 7.5 thousand customers, including
chemical, machine tool, ship repair and energy enterprises, ports,
crossings, light, clothing, food industry enterprises, building
materials production enterprises, etc.
Automotive
On the
territory of the Odessa region are:
motorway E 58;
motorway E 87;
motorway E 95;
motorway R33.
The transportation of passengers
and goods by road in the Odessa region is carried out by 202 business
entities of various forms of ownership, including 34 motor transport
enterprises, 96 private enterprises, 70 private entrepreneurs. The
number and length of routes is one of the indicators characterizing the
state of providing the population with passenger transportation.
In the Odessa region, there are 941 public routes (except interregional
and international) with a total length of 70,661 km, including:
98 city routes with a total length of 4960 km,
361 suburban
intra-regional routes with a total length of 9120 km,
20 suburban
inter-district routes with a total length of 850 km,
393 intercity
routes with a total length of 55,731 km.
The bus connection in the
Odessa region covers 941 rural settlements (80% of all rural
settlements). Regular passenger transportation in the Odessa region is
carried out by 148 carriers. They include 72 enterprises, as well as 76
private entrepreneurs. Carriers carry out their activities in accordance
with contracts concluded with the organizers of transportation
(customers), based on the decisions of the relevant tender committees.
There are 2 bus stations and 32 bus stations in the Odessa region.
Transportation of passengers in the city of Odessa is carried out by
automobile and electric transport. To meet the population's demand for
transportation in the city, there are 126 public routes, including 98
bus routes (13 of them in summer), 20 tram routes, and 11 trolleybus
routes. More than 2.6 thousand rolling stock, including 2.1 thousand
buses and 500 trams and trolleybuses, carry out passenger transportation
on public city passenger bus routes.
Water
Maritime complex of
the region represented by commercial sea ports: Odessa, Ilyichevsk,
Izmail, Yuzhny, Belgorod-Dnestrovsky, Reniysky, Ust-Danubsky; as well as
the private Ilyichevsk sea fishing port. The largest ports of the Odessa
region are Odessa, Ilyichevsk, Yuzhny. The Ilyichevsk ship-repair,
Izmail and Kiliya shipbuilding and ship-repair plants operate in the
region. Sea and river transport is represented by shipping companies:
Black Sea Shipping Company, Ukrainian Danube Shipping Company OJSC,
Ukrferry Shipping Company CJSC. The ports have the appropriate
infrastructure for the implementation of cargo operations from the
processing of dry and liquid cargo, the transportation of passengers and
the performance of auxiliary functions: bunkering, laying of transport,
specialized and auxiliary vessels.
The capacities of the
Ilyichevsk Commercial Sea Port allow processing more than 32 million
tons of cargo per year, which is provided by the operation of 6 loading
and unloading terminals. The port has 28 berths with a total length of
the berthing front of 5.5 km and accepts vessels with a draft of up to
13.5 meters. Recently, container traffic through the Ilyichevsk port has
been growing rapidly, the processing capacity of which is 1.5 million
TEU per year.
Odessa Commercial Sea Port has berth depths from
9.8 to 13.5 meters. The total length of the port's 45 berths is 9 km,
which allows handling up to 30 vessels simultaneously. Cargo operations
are carried out at 7 transshipment complexes, oil and container
terminals. The technological equipment park includes about 80 gantry
cranes with a lifting capacity of 5 to 40 tons, more than 300 forklifts
and more. The covered storage area is 34,000 m² and the open area is
414,000 m². The elevator holds 300 thousand tons of grain. Since March
23, 2000, the free economic zone "Porto-Franco" has been operating on
the territory of the port. In April 2007, the Odessa Shipyard "Ukraine"
was attached to the Odessa Commercial Sea Port, which operates as a
separate structural subdivision of the "Shipyard Ukraine".
The
state enterprise "Sea Trade Port" Yuzhny "is located in the water area
of the Adzhalyk estuary in the northwestern part of the Black Sea. The
port has 11 berths with a total length of 2357 meters and accepts
vessels with a draft of up to 14 meters. The area of open storage trains
is 145 thousand m², closed storage trains - 2.3 thousand m². The number
of portal cranes - 35, forklifts - 65 units. Belgorod-Dnestrovsky
Commercial Sea Port has 9 cargo berths with a length of 1.1 km. The
production capacity of the enterprise is 2.7 million tons per year.
Danube ports: Izmail, Reni and Ust-Danube together have 63 berths
almost 14 km long and can accommodate ships with a draft of up to 6
meters. Prospects for the Danube ports associated with bringing the
Danube-Black Sea canal to the design depths. The designed deep-water
ship passage of the Danube-Black Sea canal, according to its parameters,
belongs to the routes of international importance; according to the
class of the waterway, it is a class VII superhighway, in accordance
with the European classification of waterways.
In the north it borders on Vinnitsa and Kirovograd, in the east - on
the Nikolaev regions, in the west - on Moldova and the unrecognized
Transnistria, in the southwest - on Romania. In terms of territory, it
is the largest in Ukraine, only slightly inferior to Moldova, which
borders it.
The outermost settlements
The most northern - with.
Cake Podilsky district
The southernmost - with. Orlovka, Izmailsky
district
The most western - the city of Reni, Izmail district
The
easternmost - with. Greenfield Berezovsky district
Most of the territory of the Odessa region belongs to the Black Sea
lowland, gradually descending to the Black Sea.
In the northern
part of the region there are spurs of the Podolsk upland (up to 268 m
high), cut up by deep gullies and ravines. From the east and southeast
it is washed by the Black Sea, on the coast of which there are numerous
estuaries (the largest are Kuyalnitsky and others; see below). In the
interfluve of the Dniester and Prut along the border with Moldova (to
the south-west), heights reach 232 m. The surface is characterized by a
significant density and depth of dissection of the surface by a
ravine-gully network, the depth of valley incision in places reaches 120
m.
The river network of the region belongs to the basins of the Black
Sea, Dniester, Southern Bug. On the territory of the region there are
about 200 rivers with a length of more than 10 km, many of which are
subject to drying up in the summer. The main rivers are: the Danube
(with the Kiliya arm), the Dniester (with the tributary (river)
Turunchuk), the Kodyma and the Savranka (a tributary of the Southern
Bug). The Danube Delta and the Dniester floodplains are swampy in
places. Large rivers are of great economic importance for navigation,
irrigation and hydropower.
The length of the (estuary and) sea
coast from the mouth of the Danube River to the Tiligul estuary exceeds
300 km.
There are many freshwater (Cahul, Yalpug, Katlabukh) and
salty (Sasyk, Shagany, Alibey, Burnas) lakes in the coastal strip. Also
on the coast there are a large number of estuaries (the largest
Dniester, Kuyalnitsky and Khadzhibey) completely or partially fenced off
from the sea by sandy-shelly embankments.
The most typical soils are southern and ordinary chernozems, medium and low humus; in the North, low-humus and podzolized chernozems predominate. In the coastal part of the region there are southern solonetsous chernozems. Chernozem-meadow solonchakous soils and solonchaks are ubiquitous along the valleys and gullies.
The climate is humid, temperate continental. In general, the climate
combines the features of continental and maritime, in the southern part
- with distinct signs of subtropical.
Winter is mild, with little
snow and unstable; the average temperature in January is from 0 °C in
the Odessa region to -4 °C in the north. Short-term, up to 7-15 days,
frosts of about -25 ° C - -30 ° C are possible. Strong winds, 7-15 m/s,
especially in February in the southern part of the region. Cloudy
weather and fogs are characteristic of spring due to the cooling effect
of the sea.
Summers are predominantly hot and dry; average
temperature in July from 21 °C in the northwest to 23 °C in the south;
maximum up to 36-39 ° C (in recent years and more). Autumn is long,
warmer than spring, mostly cloudy. The average annual temperature ranges
from 8.2 °C in the north to 10.8 °C in the south of the region. The
total amount of precipitation is 340-470 mm per year, mainly falling in
the summer (often in the form of showers). The number of hours of
sunshine is about 2200 per year. The duration of the growing season is
168-210 days with a total sum of temperatures from 28 to 34 °C.
In winter, north and southwest winds prevail, in summer - northwest and
north. The southern half of the region is prone to droughts, dust
storms, hot winds.
There are over 2.5 million hectares of agricultural land in the region, including more than 2 million hectares of arable land, more than 80 thousand hectares of vineyards and orchards. Due to the arid climate (especially dry in the south of the region), almost 10% of cultivated land is irrigated.
Initially, the steppe landscape prevailed on the territory of the Odessa region, in particular, forb-fescue-feather grass steppes. Currently, the vast majority of these steppes are plowed up and used for agriculture. In the north of the region, small oak forests (common oak, beech, ash, linden) have been preserved - the natural border of the steppe and forest-steppe (climatic resort and recreational areas in the northern regions of the region). On the territory of the region there are many windbreaks (more than 25 thousand hectares), planted from acacias, apricots, maples, etc.
Of the mammals, there are numerous rodents - the hare, the common hamster, the speckled ground squirrel, the large jerboa, and others. Of the birds - the white-tailed eagle, the imperial eagle, and others; in the floodplains of the Danube and the Dniester there are many species of waterfowl. In the rivers of the region there are bream, pike, fish, carp, etc. In the coastal zone of the Black Sea there are gobies, flounder, horse mackerel, which are of commercial importance. Carp are bred in the ponds. Muskrat, pheasant are acclimatized.
There are 92 territories and objects of the natural reserve fund in
the region, 2 natural monuments of republican significance - the Odessa
catacombs and Mikhailovsky Yar. In the Danube Delta there is a unique
biosphere reserve "Danube Plavni". The Tiligulsky Regional Landscape
Park is located on the bank of the Tiligul Estuary.
Resort
Resources
In terms of the wealth of resort resources, the Odessa
region occupied one of the leading places in the Russian Empire and the
USSR, now in Ukraine. Favorable climatic conditions of the coastal zone,
extensive beaches and warm sea have made it possible to create good
climatic resorts here. The healing properties of sea air on the coast
are due to its saturation with salts of chlorine, bromine, iodine, as
well as breeze circulation (during the day, the sea breeze blows from
the sea to the heated coast, and at night, the coastal breeze - from the
chilled coast to the sea). All this favors aeroionotherapy,
heliotherapy, thalassotherapy and sea bathing.
The climate as the
main therapeutic factor is used (in the form of air and sunbathing,
night sleep on the seashore, and other procedures) in the resorts of
Arcadia, Bolshoy Fontan, Karolino-Bugaz-Zatoka, Lermontovsky, Luzanovka,
Chernomorka.
Numerous estuaries on the Black Sea coast are a
source of therapeutically valuable therapeutic mud and brine. The main
reserves of mud are concentrated in the estuaries and lakes Kuyalnitsky,
Khadzhibeysky, Budaksky (Shabolatsky), Alibey, Shagany, Burnas - they
are the main method of treatment at the resorts Kuyalnitsky,
Hadzhibeysky, Kholodnaya Balka, Malodolinskoye, Sergeevka; Moreover, the
mud of the Kuyalnitsky estuary, which is distinguished by high
therapeutic activity (and large reserves), is used in almost all
sanatoriums of the Odessa group of resorts. Liman brine is used for
baths, mainly in the resorts of Kuyalnitsky, Khadzhibeysky,
Malodolinskoye.
Almost all Odessa resorts widely use baths,
showers, irrigation, wiping, and other procedures from sea water, as
well as artificial gas baths (carbon dioxide, nitrogen, etc.), radon and
other baths prepared with sea water.
Along with these long-used
resort factors that made Odessa resorts famous, significant stocks of
mines were also found on the territory of the region. waters that are
promising for spa treatment. So, near the Tatarbunary has sulfide waters
containing 124 mg/l of hydrogen sulfide; in the area of the city of
Artsyz - iodine-bromine waters with a concentration of iodine 40 mg/l
and bromine 98.4 mg/l;
at the Kuyalnik resort - sodium chloride
waters used for drinking treatment and bottling (water from the Bolshoy
Fountain resort is also used for drinking treatment). In the area of
the resort of Sergeevka - highly mineralized bromine waters
(hydrocarbonate-chloride sodium water from one of the sources is bottled
under the name "Victoria").
At the beginning of the 80s, there
were 45 sanatoriums, including 14 run by trade unions, 16 children's
sanatoriums (run by health authorities); 11 rest houses; boarding
houses, numerous recreation centers and camp sites ... For the main
resorts of the Odessa region, see also Art. Odessa group of resorts.
The Research Institute of Balneology of the Ministry of Health of
Ukraine is located in Odessa.
Odessa group of resorts (seaside
climatic and balneo-mud resorts; more than 60 sanatoriums and 20 rest
houses (bases)):
Arcadia
Big Fountain
Karolino-Bugaz-Zatoka
(Zatoka, Karolino-Bugaz; port-point (pier) and railway station Bugaz) -
Dniester Estuary
Gribovka,
Sanzheyka
Kuyalnitsky (Kuyalnik)
Luzanovka
Vapnyarka
New Dofinovka
Black Sea
Southern
(Sychavka)
Lebedevka (former Burnas) - lake-estuary Burnas, and
resort areas
Katranka,
Rasseyka,
Vilkovo (Danube Venice),
Lermontovsky (between the city park Lanzheron and Otrada)
Malodolinskoe (former Klein-Libental; Chernomorsk) - Dry estuary {the
water of the source of the village of Velikodolinskoye is bottled under
the name "Velikodolinsky Narzan"}, with resort areas
Primorskoe
Resort
Nikolaevka
Khadzhibeysky (Khadzhibey, Usatovo)
Cold
Balka (formerly named after the October Revolution) - Khadzhibey estuary
Chernomorka (former Lustdorf) and
resort area Shabo - Dniester
estuary ...
(subordinate to the Odessa Council for the Management of
Resorts of Trade Unions, "Ukrprofzdravnitsa")
Sergeevka (subordinate
to the Moldavian Republican Council for the management of resorts of
trade unions) - Budaksky (Shabolatsky) estuary
At the Odessa resorts,
patients with chronic diseases of the organs of movement and support,
the nervous system, gynecological diseases, diseases of the respiratory
organs (non-tuberculous nature), etc. are treated.
The first settlements on the territory of the modern Odessa region
appeared in Transnistria at the end of the Late Paleolithic (40-13
thousand years ago). The settlement of Belolesye belongs to the
Mesolithic. A settlement of the Eneolithic Trypillia culture was
discovered in Usatovo. The second half of the IV - the beginning of the
III millennium BC. e. the Gumelnytsky culture is dated.
At the
end of III millennium BC. e. The territory of the Black Sea coast
between the mouths of the Bug and the Danube was inhabited by settled
pastoral and agricultural tribes of the Usatov culture. The settlements
of the tribes of the Sabatinovskaya culture of the Bronze Age in the
north of the Odessa region date back to the 2nd millennium BC. e.
In the 7th-2nd centuries BC. e. the Black Sea steppes were inhabited
by Iranian-speaking tribes of the Scythians who migrated from the east.
On the left bank of the Dniester estuary, Nadliman settlement, a small
settlement of the Scythians, was found. The Scythians in the Black Sea
region were replaced by the Sarmatians (II century BC - II century AD).
In the VI century BC. e. Greek settlers appear here, who founded
many settlements, the most famous of which are Tyra and Nikoniy, located
on the opposite banks of the Dniester estuary.
In the 1st-3rd
centuries, the northwestern Black Sea region was conquered by the
Romans, who were replaced from the northwest by the Goths (3rd century),
and at the end of the 4th century by the Huns who poured in from the
east. During the time of Kievan Rus, the Pechenegs lived here. At the
beginning of the 11th century, the Pechenegs were driven out by the
Polovtsy. During the reign of Tsar Ivan II Asen (1218-1241), the Second
Bulgarian Kingdom reached the Dniester in the east. In the 13th century,
the Mongol hordes came to the Black Sea region, whose rule led to the
gradual transformation of the Northern Black Sea region into the
so-called. Wild field.
At the beginning of the 15th century, the
northwestern Black Sea region captured the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
From the Golden Horde that collapsed in the 15th century, the Crimean
Khanate separated itself, the rulers of which controlled the territory
between the Dniester and the Southern Bug. The Transnistrian part, then
called Budzhak, fell under the rule of the Moldavian principality, which
gradually came under the control of the Ottoman Empire from the middle
of the 15th century. In 1475, the Crimean Khanate also became a vassal
of the Ottoman Empire, since then, for almost three centuries, it has
turned the Northern Black Sea region into a springboard for
Turkish-Tatar attacks on the lands located to the north.
In the
18th century, during the Russian-Turkish warriors, significant forces of
the Cossacks performed the most difficult tasks. In the summer of 1709,
Hetman Ivan Mazepa came to Khadzhibey in search of help, along with his
Swedish ally Charles XII and a detachment of Cossacks, who were fleeing
after the defeat near Poltava, moving along the road from Ochakov,
stretching along the sea. According to the historian F. Lugas, they
crossed the Tiligulsky estuary on July 16 and 17, 1709 and rested in the
area of the current Kotovsky residential area and Odessa Peresyp.
Quite a few times Zaporozhye Cossacks were near the Tiligul estuary
during the military operations of the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774.
For example, during the campaign of the troops of O. Prozorovsky and the
main forces of the Zaporizhzhya Army, led by the ataman Pyotr
Kalnyshevsky, to Ochakov and Khadzhibey in June and July 1770. Then on
June 29 (according to the old style) on the banks of the Tiligul
estuary, the Cossacks celebrated the day of Peter and Paul - name day of
his kosh ataman.
In the Russian-Turkish war of 1735-1739. The
Zaporizhzhya flotilla passed through the Khadzhibey (Odessa) inflow
during sea voyages from the Dniester to the Dnieper. It was in this way
that during the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. Cossack ships reached
the Danube.
In 1771, according to A. Skalkovsky, on August 24,
September 15 and October 9, the Zaporizhzhya koshevoi P. Kalnyshevsky,
at the head of a 6,000-strong detachment of Cossacks, "... had three
cruel and glorious deeds with the enemy near Ochakov and Khadzhibey,"
for which Ekaterina II granted the Cossacks a "commendation letter".
In the middle of the 18th century, the northern part of the modern
region began to be gradually settled by settlers (mainly fugitive
peasants) from the Commonwealth, the Russian Empire and Moldova. Russia
needed a series of three Russian-Turkish wars (1768-1774, 1787-1791 and
1806-1812) to completely squeeze the Turks out of the boundaries of the
modern Odessa region. The vast territory, which included the region, in
Russian historiography since 1791 was called the Ochakov region.
According to the already proven practice on the Black Sea lands located
to the east and captured earlier (Tavria and Crimea), the Russian
government founded the port city of Odessa, which soon turned into the
main sea gate in the south of the empire. Peasants from the northern
provinces were resettled to the vast conquered expanses of the former
Wild Field and favorable conditions were created (exemption from
military service, paying taxes for a while, etc.) for foreigners to
resettle here.
Since 1803, the territory of the region was part
of the Kherson province. In 1856, following the unsuccessful Crimean War
for Russia, southern Bessarabia with the city of Izmail seceded from the
Russian Empire and was returned only in 1878. In 1920, the Kherson
province was divided into Nikolaev and Odessa, and in 1922 they were
merged into the Odessa province.
At the beginning of the 19th
century, the struggle of the peasants against serfdom intensified. Mass
exodus of serfs to the Ust-Danube Cossacks began. Its formation was
stopped by Alexander I.
A new impetus in the development of the
region was the peasant reform of 1861, which, together with the
subsequent judicial, military and urban reforms, created favorable
conditions for the development of capitalism in southern Ukraine. In the
post-reform period, the steppe expanses were settled and developed much
faster than before - many new villages and farms appeared. The
population of Novorossia in the period 1861-1897 grew three times faster
than the Russian average. An important factor contributing to the
settlement and economic development of the region was the construction
of railways, primarily Kyiv - Vinnitsa - Balta - Odessa in 1870. This
significantly improved the transport and geographical position of
Odessa, the availability of various types of agricultural raw materials
gave impetus to the development of the city's processing industry.
From January 18 (31) to March 13, 1918, the Odessa Soviet Republic
existed. Ishmael was part of the Moldavian Democratic (People's)
Republic. The Austro-German occupation lasted from March 13 to November
26, 1918.
In 1918-1920, the territory of the modern region was
subjected to foreign military intervention and became the scene of
bloody battles of the civil war, and its southwestern part (the
Dniester-Danube-Prut interfluve) was occupied by Romania (1918), which
included it until 1940.
The Odessa region as part of the
Ukrainian SSR was formed on February 27, 1932 by the Decree of the IV
extraordinary session of the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee
of the XII convocation of February 9, 1932.
On August 2, 1940,
the region included 5 districts (including the city of Balta) of the
Moldavian ASSR withdrawn from Ukraine.
On February 15, 1954, the
territory of the Izmail region was included in the region, part of the
territory of the region was transferred to the Nikolaev region
(Voznesensk, Pervomaisk, etc.) and the Kirovograd region (Novoukrainka,
etc.).
In the 60s, agriculture was one of the most important
sectors of the economy of the Odessa region. It employed 45.0% of the
population of the region, produced up to 30% of the gross social
product.
Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the
USSR of November 14, 1958 for the great successes achieved by the
working people of the Odessa region of the Ukrainian SSR in increasing
the production of grain, sugar beets, meat, milk and other agricultural
products, for the successful fulfillment of socialist obligations to
sell 46 million pounds to the state in 1958 bread Odessa region was
awarded the Order of Lenin.
The population of the region as of January 1, 2021 is 2,368,107
people, including the urban population of 1,591,976 people, or 67.2%,
the rural population - 776,131 people, or 32.8%.
The population
of the region according to the State Statistics Service as of February
1, 2016 amounted to 2,389,200 people. Resident population 2,379,200.
According to the results of the Dubilet electronic census, the
population as of December 1, 2019 was 2,347,900 people. Of these,
1,104,800 men and 1,243,100 women.
There are 52 urban settlements
in the Odessa region. Of the total number of urban settlements, 7 - with
a population of up to 2 thousand people, 29 - from 2 to 10 thousand
inhabitants, 8 - from 10 to 20 thousand people, 4 - from 20 to 50
thousand people, 4 - more than 50 thousand population.
At the time of its formation on February 27, 1932, the Odessa region
included not only the modern Odessa region, but also parts of the
territories of the current Kirovograd, Kherson and Nikolaev regions. It
included four cities directly subordinate to the region (Odessa,
Kirovograd, Nikolaev, Kherson) and 46 districts: Anatolyevsky
(Tiligulo-Berezansky), Andreevo-Ivanovsky, Antono-Kodintsevsky
(Kominternovsky), Arbuzinsky, Bashtansky, Berezovsky, Berislavsky,
Belyaevsky , Blagoevsky, Bobrinetsky, Bolshe-Viskovsky,
Bolshe-Aleksandrovsky, Vilshansky, Voznesensky, Golovanevsky,
Golo-Pristansky, Grossulovsky, Grushkovsky, Dobrovelichkovsky,
Domanevsky, Zhovtnevy, Zeltsky, Znamensky, Kalinindorfsky,
Karl-Libknekhtovsky, Kakhovsky, Krivo-Ozersky, Lyubashevsky ,
Novo-Arkhangelsk, Novo-Bugsky, Novo-Mirgorodsky, Novo-Odessky,
Novo-Ukrainian, Ochakovsky, Pervomaisky, Razdelnyansky, Skadovsky,
Snegirevsky, Spartakovsky, Troitsky, Ustinovsky, Frunzovsky
(Zakharyevsky), Khmelevsky, Khorlevsky, Tsebrikovsky and Tsyurupinsky.
From 1932 to 1940, numerous administrative and territorial changes
took place on the territory of the Odessa region. In February 1932, the
Belyaevsky district was disbanded, and its territory was completely
annexed to the territory of the Odessa City Council. From part of the
territory of the Bobrinetsky district (13 village councils), the Bratsky
district was formed, from the part of the territory of the Lyubashevsky
district (14 village councils) - the Veliko-Vradievsky district.
In July 1933, two districts were created: Kompaneevsky (from part of the
territory of the Kirovograd City Council) and Rovnyansky (from some
village councils of the Novo-Ukrainian region).
By the
resolutions of the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee of January
22 and February 17, 1935, some administrative-territorial formations of
the Ukrainian SSR were enlarged. 20 more districts of the Odessa region
were added: Adzhamsky (Ukrainian) Russian, Belyaevsky, Blagodatnovsky,
Bereznegovatsky, Vladimirsky, Varvarovsky, Vityazevsky, Gornostaevsky,
Gayvoronsky, Elanetsky, Elizavetgradkovsky, Mostovsky, Malo-Viskovsky,
Novo-Vorontsovsky, Privolnyansky, Peschano -Brodsky, Tishkovsky,
Chaplinsky, Shiryaevsky, Yanovsky.
In 1937, the Odessa region was
formed on the territory of the suburban zone of the Odessa City Council.
By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of
September 22, 1937, the Nikolaev region was separated from the Odessa
region as part of the following cities and districts: Nikolaev, Kherson,
Kirovograd, Adzhamsky, Bashtansky, Bereznegovatsky, Berislavsky,
Bobrinetsky, Veliko-Aleksandrovsky, Varvarovsky, Vityazevsky,
Vladimirovsky, Golo-Pristansky, Gornostaevsky, Elanetsky,
Elizavetgradsky, Znamensky, Kalinindorfsky, Kakhovsky, Kompaneevsky,
Novo-Bugsky, Novo-Vorontsovsky, Novo-Odessky, Ochakovsky, Privolnyansky,
Skadovsky, Snegirevsky, Tiligulo-Berezansky, Ustinovsky, Khorlevsky,
Tsyurupinsky, Chaplinsky.
In connection with the decree of the
Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of January 10, 1939 on the
formation of the Kirovograd region, the following districts were
transferred from the Odessa region to its composition: Tyshkovsky,
Khmelevsky, Peschano-Brodsky, Novoarkhangelsky, Dobrovelichkovsky,
Malo-Viskovsky, Bolshe-Viskovsky, Rovnyansky, Novo-Ukrainian and
Novomirgorodsky.
By the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme
Soviet of the USSR of March 26, 1939, the following were disbanded: the
Zeltsky district with the transfer of its territory to the Razdelnyansky
district; Spartakovsky district with the transfer of its territory to
the Razdelnyansky and Belyaevsky districts; Blagoevsky district with the
transfer of its territory to the Kominternovsky and Yanovsky districts;
Karl-Libknekhtovsky district with the transfer of its territory to the
Tiligulo-Berezansky, Varvarovsky district of the Nikolaev region and
Veselinovsky, Berezovsky district of the Odessa region.
In August
1940, in connection with the formation of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist
Republic, the following districts of the former Autonomous Moldavian
Soviet Socialist Republic went to the Odessa region: Ananyevsky,
Kotovsky, Peschansky, Baltsky, Chernyansky, Valegotsulovsky, Kodymsky
and Krasnooknyansky.
Thus, by the beginning of the Great
Patriotic War, the Odessa region consisted of 37 districts:
Andreevo-Ivanovsky, Arbuzinsky, Ananyevsky, Baltsky, Belyaevsky,
Berezovsky, Blagodatnensky, Bratsky, Bolshe-Vradievsky, Valegotsulovsky,
Veselinovsky, Vilshansky, Voznesensky, Gayvoronsky, Golovanevsky,
Grossulovsky , Domanevsky, Grushkovsky, Zhovtnevy (October),
Kominternovsky, Kodymsky, Kotovsky, Krasnooknyansky, Krivoozersky,
Lyubashevsky, Mostovsky, Ovidiopolsky, Odessa, Pervomaisky,
Razdelnyansky, Savransky, Trinity, Frunzovsky, Tsebrikovsky,
Chernyansky, Shiryaevsky and Yanovsky.
On August 19, 1941, on the
territory of southern Ukraine occupied by Germany and Romania, a new
administrative-territorial unit was formed - the Governorate of
Transnistria, which included the entire Odessa region, parts of the
Vinnitsa and Nikolaev regions, the left-bank part of Moldova. On August
30, 1941, in accordance with the German-Romanian treaty, Transnistria
was subordinated to the Kingdom of Romania.
On October 7, 1941,
the German-Romanian troops occupied Odessa, and the residence of the
Transnistrian administration was moved here from Tiraspol.
On
April 10, 1944, Odessa was liberated by the Red Army from the
German-Romanian invaders.
By the Decree of the Presidium of the
Supreme Soviet of the USSR of March 30, 1944, the Nikolaev region was
divided into Nikolaev and Kherson regions, in connection with which five
districts moved from Odessa to the Nikolaev region: Arbuzinsky,
Blagodatnensky, Bratsky, Voznesensky and Veselinovsky.
In
1944-1945, the Grossulovsky district was renamed Velikomikhailovsky,
Valegotsulovsky - Dolinsky, Yanovsky - Ivanovsky. A new district,
Nikolaevsky, was allocated from the Andreevo-Ivanovsky district.
In May 1949, the center of the Grushkovsky district was transferred from
Grushki to Ulyanovsk, in connection with which the Grushkovsky district
was renamed Ulyanovsky.
In connection with the liquidation of the
Izmail region in February 1954, 13 districts and three cities were
annexed to the Odessa region: the districts - Artsizsky, Bolgradsky,
Borodinsky, Kilisky, Limansky, Novoivanovskiy, Renisky, Saratsky,
Starokazatsky, Suvorovsky, Tarutinsky, Tatarbunarsky, Tuzlovsky; cities
- Izmail, Vilkovo, Belgorod-Dnestrovsky. At the same time, by the Decree
of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR on February
17, 1954, the city of Pervomaisk and five districts departed from the
Odessa region to Nikolaevskaya: Veliko-Vradievsky, Domanevsky,
Krivoozersky, Mostovsky, Pervomaisky. Four districts went to the
Kirovograd region: Gaivoronsky, Golovanevsky, Vilshansky and Ulyanovsky.
In November 1957, the Dolinsky, Peschansky and Troitsky districts
were liquidated, and their territory was distributed among the
districts: Ananyevsky (9 village councils), Baltsky (3 village
councils), Kotovsky (3 village councils), Lyubashevsky (3 village
councils), Savransky (6 village councils) and Shiryaevsky (1 village
council). The center of the Limansky district was transferred from
Limansky to Belgorod-Dnestrovsky, which used to be a city of regional
subordination, and the area was named Belgorod-Dnestrovsky.
In
June 1958, the Chernyansky and Krasnooknyansky districts were merged
into one Krasnooknyansky district. The city of Vilkovo was transferred
from the regional subordination to the regional subordination and was
included in the Kiliysky district.
In January 1959, two districts
were liquidated: Andreevo-Ivanovsky with the transfer of its territory
to the Nikolaevsky district and Oktyabrsky with the transfer of its
territory to the Berezovsky, Tsebrikovsky and Shiryaevsky districts. The
center of the Suvorovsky district was moved from the village. Suvorovo
to Izmail, which used to be a city of regional subordination, and the
district was named Izmail. Seven village councils subordinate to the
Izmail city council were transferred to the Izmail region.
In
1960, the Odessa region consisted of 31 districts.
In January
1963, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the
Ukrainian SSR, the city of Kotovsk was classified as a city of regional
significance.
On December 8, 1966, the Artsizsky, Ivanovsky,
Krasnooknyansky, Ovidiopolsky and Savransky districts were formed.
On April 2, 1973, on the basis of the Decree of the Presidium of the
Supreme Council of the Ukrainian SSR, the urban-type settlement of
Ilyichevsk, Kievsky district of the city of Odessa, was classified as a
city of regional significance.
On February 3, 1993, by the Decree
of the Verkhovna Rada, the urban-type settlement of Yuzhny, Suvorovsky
district, of the city of Odessa, was classified as a city of regional
significance.
Until July 17, 2020, the number of administrative
units, local councils and settlements was:
districts - 26;
districts in cities - 4;
settlements - 1188, including:
rural -
1135;
urban - 52, including:
urban-type settlements - 33;
cities - 19, including:
cities of regional significance - 9;
cities of district significance - 10;
village councils - 439.
Odessa region is a highly developed industrial region, the industry of which plays a significant role in the structure of the national economic complex of Ukraine and the southern economic region. There are more than 400 large and medium-sized industrial enterprises in the region, which represent industries: from the production of oil refining products, mechanical engineering, metallurgical production and the production of finished metal products, the chemical and petrochemical industry, light industry and other areas.
In the field of metallurgical production and the production of finished metal products, the basic enterprises are OJSC Stalkanat, LLC Talamus, OJSC Verstatonormal, LLC JV Intervindous, LLC Arsenal, OJSC Metalloprom, Shabsk OJSC Metallist. JSC "Stalkanat" as one of the leading manufacturers of hardware (steel and synthetic ropes, steel wire, woven mesh) introduces the latest production technologies. Its products are in demand among customers from the CIS countries (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Belarus) and European countries (Germany, Slovakia, Poland).
The chemical and petrochemical industry is represented by the following enterprises: JSC "Priportovy Zavod"; Iceblick LLC; OJSC "Yuzhtehgaz"; JSC "Olimp-Krug"; JSC Elaks; CJSC "Pharmnatur"; ALC "Interchem"; DP "San-Klin"; JSC "Plasta-N"; LLC "Consensus" The main products of the region are: synthetic ammonia, mineral nitrogen fertilizers, industrial gases, copper sulphate, detergents, paints and varnishes, medicines, chemical reagents, plastic products. For the needs of the agro-industrial complex, JSC "Odessa Port Plant" produces fertilizers and nitrogen compounds, which is a monopolist in the national market of specialized services for receiving, cooling and reloading ammonia. About 88% of the products manufactured by the enterprise are exported: ammonia - to Belgium, the USA and France, urea - to Switzerland, Belgium, the USA and Germany. JSC "Interkhim" has introduced technological processes for the manufacture of new drugs, including amixin (a unique modern antiviral drug with a wide spectrum of action). JSC "Elaks" has introduced new brands under which the production and sale of paints, enamels, primers is carried out.
The priority activity of light industry enterprises is to meet the
needs of the domestic market for the production of ready-made clothing,
knitwear, furs, shoes, and the fulfillment of orders from
customer-supplied raw materials. The light industry is represented by 20
enterprises, including Gregory Arber Trading House LLC, Baltskaya
Garment Factory LLC, VV LLC, Vual LLC.
Construction
Enterprises for the production of other non-metallic products
(production of building materials) produce ceramic and silicate bricks,
cement, reinforced concrete products and structures, ready-mixed
concrete, concrete mixtures, glass containers and use local raw
materials. Among them are South Ukrainian Glass Company LLC, Cement LLC,
Ilyichevsk ZhBK Plant OJSC, Silikat OJSC, Stroydetal LLC and others.
The largest energy generating enterprise in the region is Odesskaya
CHPP, established by corporatization of SE Odessa CHPP in accordance
with the order of the Ministry of Fuel and Energy of Ukraine dated July
16, 2001. Until September 1998, Odessa CHPP was part of the SJSC "EC
Odessaoblenergo" as a structural unit and was separated into a separate
state enterprise in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Energy
of Ukraine dated September 3, 1998. The design electric power of the
Odessa CHPP is 68 MW. The design heat capacity of the Odessa CHPP is 505
Gcal/hour.
In the north, the only one in the region is the Savran
hydroelectric power station.
In the southern regions of the region
there are solar power plants: Renji Izmail, Renji Tatarbunary, Renji
Sarata, Renji Artsiz, SPP "Dunaiskaya" (Artsiz), SPP "Priozernaya"
(Kiliya), SPP "Limanskaya" (Reni), SPP "Starokazachye" (Starokazachye ),
SES "Bolgrad" (Bolgrad).
The land fund of the region is 3.3 million hectares, including 2.6
million hectares (78.8%) - agricultural land, of which arable land is
2.1 million hectares (79.7%), hayfields - 50.7 thousand ha (2.0%),
pastures - 354.3 thousand ha (13.7%), perennial plantations - 91.3
thousand ha (3.5%). The share of the region in the total volume of gross
agricultural production in Ukraine is 4.5%, grain - 6.9%, sunflower -
4.8%, vegetables - 6.1%, grapes - 38.0%, meat - 2, 7%, milk - 3.5%, eggs
- 3.4%, wool - 37.3%.
As of January 1, 2009, there are 1,055
market-type agricultural enterprises operating in the region, of which
236 (22.4%) are agricultural cooperatives, 413 (39.1%) are business
entities, 232 (22.0%) are private enterprises , 174 (16.5%) - other
business entities. There are 7.7 thousand farms.
The main areas
of industrial agricultural specialization of the region are crop
production (growing grain and industrial crops, vegetables, grapes) and
animal husbandry (breeding cattle, pigs, sheep, poultry, production of
meat, milk, eggs, wool).
The share of crop production in the
total volume of gross agricultural output in 2008 was 70.7%, livestock -
29.3%.
The gross grain harvest in 2008 was 3681.5 thousand tons
(in weight after processing), which is 2.9 times more than in 2007.
In the structure of gross agricultural output, the share of certain
types is: grain - 34.1%, industrial crops - 12.1%, including sunflower -
5.5%, vegetable and chestnut crops and potatoes - 14.8%, products
perennial plantations - 7.6%, including grapes - 5.1%, other crop
products - 2.1, milk - 10.3%, meat - 14.1%, eggs - 3.4%, wool - 0 .1%,
other livestock products - 1.4%.