Transcarpathian region - an area in the south-west of Ukraine within the western part of the Ukrainian Carpathians and the Transcarpathian lowland. In the north it borders on Lvov, in the east on Ivano-Frankivsk regions of Ukraine. In the south with Romania, in the southwest with Hungary, in the west with Slovakia, in the northwest with Poland. The regional center is Uzhgorod.
Elinsky
Shipot
Shipot upper (near the village of Pylypets)
Wicked
jumped
Trufanets
Vyshevatsky
Voevodin
Tarnychyn
Gorodilovskiy
Dragobratsky
Kamenetsky
Kobyletsky Hook
Lumshory waterfalls: Nightingale, Burkach, Davir, Perestup, Krutilo.
Nirean
Plishka
Yuntur (near Vojvodina)
White (on White thread)
White Lower (near the village of Delovoye on the White Stream)
Ganitsky (on the left tributary of the Teresva River, near the village
of Ganychi)
Pilot (waterfall in Rakhiv)
Stone
Yavirnikovy (near
the village of Delovoe on the stream of the same name, left tributary of
the Bely River)
Polonsko-Kuziysky (Kuzy)
Malotrostyanetsky
Shumilo (reserve Enchanted Valley, near the village of Ilnitsa)
Ilnichka
Guchalo (reserve of the Enchanted Valley, near the village
of Podgornoe)
Kamenka (National Natural Park Enchanted Land, near the
village of Osii)
Mindindykh
Rudavets (near the village of Maidan,
on the stream of the same name, the left tributary of the Golyatinka
river, bass. Rivers)
Transcarpathia is a land that gave Ukraine many productive scientists, talented artists and stage masters. The region is traditionally considered the base in the organization and holding of international and all-Ukrainian scientific and artistic forums. There are 4 state universities with the highest form of accreditation, a whole network of general education schools has been streamlined, taking into account the interests and spiritual needs of representatives of national minorities, 9 educational institutions of a new type have been created. There are 5 professional theaters, 659 clubs and leisure centers, museums, and a regional philharmonic society.
Chronicle of statehood of Transcarpathia
The entire historical
path of Transcarpathia - from ancient times to the present day - can be
divided into several periods:
9th century - the mythological Slavic
principality of the White Croats under the leadership of the legendary
Prince Laborets;
XI-XVI centuries - Kingdom of Hungary;
end of the
13th century - the beginning of the XIV century. - part of
Transcarpathia in fief subordination of the Galicia-Volyn principality;
XVI Art. until 1867 - Western part - Partium, Upper Hungarian kingdom,
as part of the Austrian monarchy, see (Austrian Empire); Eastern part to
the XVII century. as part of the Transylvanian Principality of the
Ottoman Empire with the payment of tribute;
1867–1918 –
Austria-Hungary;
1919 - Hungarian Republic of Soviets;
1919–1939 -
Czechoslovak Republic;
1939 - Carpathian Ukraine;
1939–1944 –
Transcarpathian governorship within the Kingdom of Hungary;
1944–1945
- Transcarpathian Ukraine under the occupation of the Red Army;
1945-1991 - Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic within the USSR;
since 1991 - Ukraine.
The first mention of the life of people in
the territory of Transcarpathia belongs to the period of the early
Paleolithic (about 500 thousand years BC). Under pressure from the
Romans, the Carps, one of the Thracian tribes, moved from the Seret and
Prut valleys. According to many scientists from the name of this tribe
and got the name of the mountains Carpathians. The history of
Transcarpathia is an integral part of the history of Ukraine, but it has
a number of features that affected the economic, political and ethnic
development of the region.
Occupying an important geographical
position on the southern slopes of the Ukrainian Carpathians,
Transcarpathia, which at various times was called "Hungarian Rus",
"Carpathian Rus", "Russian Extreme", "Subcarpathian Rus", "Carpathian
Ukraine", "Transcarpathian Ukraine", and since 22 January 1946 - the
Transcarpathian region as part of the Ukrainian SSR, since ancient times
has been a kind of bridge between East and West.
The past of
Transcarpathia is inextricably linked with the southern Slavs.
Archaeological sources testify that already in ancient times its
population had a high material and spiritual culture, genetically common
with the culture of the tribes of Croats, Serbs, Slovenes, where in the
1st millennium AD. e. there was an intensive process of formation of the
southern Slavs.
From the end of the 10th century until the middle
of the 20th century, the region was part of the Kingdom of Hungary, the
Austrian Habsburg Monarchy, the Czechoslovak Republic, Hungary, but,
retaining the ethnonyms "Rus", "Rusyns", it never lost its Slavic
essence.
The territory of conditional Transcarpathia consisted of
seven counties of Hungary - Bereg, Marmarosh, Ung, Ugocha, Zemplin,
Sharis, Spis.
After the collapse of Austria-Hungary after the
First World War (1914-1918) Subcarpathian Rus. On February 21, 1919, by
a resolution of the National Assembly, it decided to unite with the
Cathedral Ukraine, which was not destined to come true due to the
military aggression of neighboring states, and therefore, based on the
decisions of the Paris Peace Conference, the Saint-Germain Peace Treaty
in 1919 and the Treaty of Trianon, the status of autonomy in part of the
Czechoslovak Republic.
In the spring of 1939, when Hitler
dismembered Czechoslovakia as a result of two arbitrations in Vienna,
all the southern regions of the Carpathian Ukraine by that time, where
the majority of the Hungarian population lived, were given to Hungary
(1.523 km² with a population of 173,233 people).
At the beginning
of 1939, a new state formation arose on the territory of the region -
Carpathian Ukraine, whose Seimas elected Fr. Augustine Voloshin. But on
March 15, 1939, the Hungarian troops occupied the territory of the
entire region and ceased to exist this state entity.
After the
Red Army entered the territory of the region in October 1944, the
formation of Transcarpathian Ukraine with its government by the People's
Council was proclaimed in Transcarpathia. This formation existed only
until July 1945, when it was joined to the Ukrainian SSR on the basis of
the decision of the Kremlin apparatus through the adoption by the First
Congress of People's Committees of Transcarpathian Ukraine of the
"Manifesto on reunification with Soviet Ukraine".
As part of
independent Ukraine
At the All-Ukrainian referendum in 1991, 78% of
the population of Transcarpathia supported the formation of a
self-governing territory within Ukraine on the basis of the region. In
1992, the Transcarpathian Regional Council decided to recognize the
Ruthenian nationality and appealed to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine with
a request to resolve this issue at the state level.
Russian
invasion of Ukraine
On May 3, 2022, since the beginning of the
Russian-Ukrainian war, the Russian Armed Forces launched a missile
attack on Transcarpathia for the first time. As it turned out later, the
target was the village of Volovtsy, namely its local infrastructure, in
particular the gas pipeline. According to the head of the
Transcarpathian Regional State Administration Viktor Nikita, the fire
was extinguished within 3 hours by 53 firefighters.
The Transcarpathian region is located on the southwestern slopes and
foothills of the Eastern Carpathians, and also includes the
Transcarpathian lowland. In the south, the region borders on Romania
(the counties of Satu Mare and Maramures), in the southwest - on the
Hungarian county Szabolcs-Satmar-Bereg, in the west - on the Presov and
Kosice regions of Slovakia and in the north - on the Podkarpackie
Voivodeship of Poland. This is the only region of Ukraine bordering on
Slovakia and Hungary. It is also the only region of Ukraine bordering
four foreign states. Thus, the Transcarpathian region is a kind of
Ukrainian "window to Europe". In the north and east, the region borders
on two other regions of Ukraine - Lviv and Ivano-Frankivsk. In terms of
area, the region occupies the penultimate place among twenty-four
Ukrainian regions, ahead of only the Chernivtsi region.
The
territory of the region is 12,753 km², the population is 1,259,068
people (as of September 1, 2014), which corresponds to 2.11% of the
territory and 2.78% of the population of Ukraine. Humid, warm area.
About 80% of the territory of the region is made up of the Carpathian
Mountains, located by three main ranges (Verkhovyna Range, Vodorazdelny
Range and Poloninsky Range), as well as the Volcanic Carpathians Range
and four smaller, but higher mountain ranges (Chernogora, Svidovets,
Gorgany and Rakhovsky massif). The peaks of the Chernogorsky ridge are
the highest on the territory of Ukraine - the peaks of Pop-Ivan,
Brebeneskul and Petros exceed 2 km in height, and Mount Hoverla reaches
a height of 2061 m, being the highest point in the region and Ukraine.
Transcarpathia is separated from the northeastern slopes of the
Carpathians by the following passes: Yablunitsky (Yablonitsky),
Torunsky, Uzhoksky, Veretsky, Volovetsky and Legionov with a height of
931 to 1110 m above sea level. Most of the population lives in the
Transcarpathian lowland (up to 250 m high), which occupies a little less
than 20% of the region's territory.
9429 rivers and streams flow
on the territory of the region. The largest of them is the Tisza
(Tissa), the left tributary of the Danube, formed at the confluence of
the White and Black Tisza. Within the boundaries of the region, its
length is 240 km. All major rivers of the region flow either into the
Tisza itself, including Borzhava, Rika, Teresva and Tereblya, or into
Bodrog in Slovakia (Latoritsa and Uzh). There are 137 natural lakes in
the region, mostly of glacial origin, the largest and deepest lake in
Transcarpathia is Synevyr. It is traditionally believed that the
geographical center of Europe is located on the territory of
Transcarpathia near the village of Delovoe, Rakhiv region (this point of
view is now disputed).
Transcarpathia is dominated by a temperate continental climate with
the predominant influence of the Atlantic. The average air temperature
in July is up to +21 °C, and in winter -4 °C (up to -10 °C in the
highlands). The temperature maximum is +40 °C (recorded in 2010), and
the absolute minimum is -41 °C (recorded in 1993). Summer on the plain
is long and hot, lasting up to 135 days (from the first ten days of May
to mid-September), in the mountains at an altitude of 600 m it lasts
less than 70 days. The nature of a relatively mild winter varies
depending on the year and altitude; in mountainous areas, its duration
reaches 5 months. The average annual temperature in the lowlands of
Transcarpathia is about +9.5 °C.
The distribution of
precipitation is extremely uneven and is associated with altitudinal
zonality. So, in the Beregovsky district, the amount of precipitation is
640 mm per year, in the foothills of Uzhgorod - 805 mm, in the mountains
- 1000-1500 mm. Russkaya Mokraya in the Tyachevsky district is
considered to be a kind of “moisture pole” - an average of 2499 mm of
precipitation falls there per year. The snow cover, which usually sets
in early December, is unstable; thaws are frequent, but in snowy winters
the thickness of the cover reaches 200 cm in the mountains and 80 cm in
the lowlands.
The soil cover of Transcarpathia is very diverse. Each relief zone is
characterized by its own group of soils, although in general they can be
classified as mixed brown-podzolic. Soddy-podzolized gleyic soils and
gley or brown gley soils are widespread on the plain. The foothills are
characterized by brown-podzolic, and in the mountainous areas brown
forest, soddy-brown and mountain-meadow soils predominate.
The
flora and fauna of Transcarpathia is one of the richest and best
preserved in all of Europe. Forests, which are the main wealth of
Transcarpathia, now occupy more than 45% of its territory (among the
countries of Central Europe, only Slovakia, 41%, can compare with this
indicator), although at the beginning of the 19th century they covered
85% of the region's land.
Transcarpathian forests differ in the
composition of tree species depending on the area of vertical zonality.
The Transcarpathian lowland can now be more classified as a
forest-steppe zone, since forests have survived only on 15% of the flat
territories of Transcarpathia. The plain forests are mostly oak and
hornbeam, although alder and birch are also found here. The foothills
are covered mainly with oak or beech forests. European beech dominates
from 700-800 m above sea level. At an altitude of 1000-1200 m, spruce
and fir are also added to the beech, and even higher, mixed
coniferous-beech forests give way to coniferous ones. Above 1500-1600
meters, Transcarpathia is characterized by subalpine and alpine meadows,
known as meadows.
There are 74 species of mammals in the Ukrainian Carpathians (out of
102 found in Ukraine). 69 of them permanently live in the
Transcarpathian region. The populations of ungulates, which are the
largest in the country, have a significant industrial potential.
Artiodactyls are represented by 5 species: there are red deer, wild
boar, European roe deer, as well as two introduced species - mouflon and
fallow deer. In addition to them, bison enter the territory of the
region for a long time from neighboring regions. In the structure of
ungulates, roe deer predominate, accounting for 57% of the total
livestock. The number of wild boars (3937 individuals in 2000) and deer
(4333 individuals) is one of the highest in Ukraine. However, poaching
and adverse weather conditions periodically cause a significant drop in
the number of large animals.
Of the carnivores in the region,
there are lynx, wild forest cat, brown bear, fox, wolf, weasel, ferret,
badger, otter, ermine, two species of minks and martens, as well as an
acclimatized Far Eastern raccoon dog. Otter, badger, ermine, lynx and
forest cat are listed in the Red Book of Ukraine. An important role in
saving the endangered forest cat is played by its Transcarpathian
population, consisting of more than 500 individuals. The brown bear
depicted on the emblem of the region (237 individuals in the region as
of 2000) on the territory of Ukraine is now found only in the
Carpathians. In addition to those named, in the Transcarpathian region
there are insectivores (moles, hedgehogs, shrews, shrews, shrews),
rodents (from alpine snow voles to typically steppe hamsters), hare-like
(hare), bats (most of which are listed in the Red Book). Some species
(hare, chamois) in the region were destroyed in the 19th - early 20th
centuries.
281 bird species of Transcarpathia make up more than
80% of the entire avifauna of Ukraine. Of these, 127 species are nesting
(44%), sedentary - 60 (23%), migratory - 48 (17%), vagrant - 38 (13%),
wintering - 8 (3%). Sedentary, in particular, are capercaillie, black
grouse, hazel grouse, gray partridge, pheasant, owl, tawny owl, owl,
owl, golden eagle, large and small hawks, jay, woodpecker, walnut, tit,
sparrow, siskin, chaffinch, lark, crossbill. Other species (oriole,
thrush, swallow, shrike, ducks) are also very common. Unique populations
of birds of prey and owls require special protection, since almost all
protected Ukrainian birds of these orders (golden eagle, serpent-eater,
upland owl, dwarf eagle, eagle owl, passerine owl, osprey, peregrine
falcon) are found in the region, as well as inhabiting high-mountain
dark coniferous forests of the Carpathians capercaillie, black grouse
and hazel grouse.
Of the reptiles in Transcarpathia, there are 13
species, including 1 species of turtles, as well as several species of
lizards and snakes (common snake and water snake, Aesculapian snake,
copperhead and common viper). The entire range of amphibians present in
the country (17 species) is represented in the region: spotted
salamander, common, crested, Carpathian and alpine newts, common tree
frog, green toad, lake frog, agile and grass frog. 57 species of fish
common in the reservoirs of the Transcarpathian region are typical for
the Danube basin. Salmon (trout, grayling, Danube salmon) are typical
for mountain rivers, cyprinids (crucian carp, carp, roach, common
madder, chub, dace, introduced silver carp), catfish, pike perch, common
ruff, chop, perch, bream, tench , pike.
In the Ukrainian Carpathians, which occupy most of the region, the
largest areas of virgin broad-leaved and mixed primary forests have been
preserved in Europe, representing the flora and fauna of the Central
European province of the Holarctic biogeographic zone, minimally
distorted by anthropogenic impact. To preserve their flora and fauna, a
number of protected areas have been opened in the region - reserves (1
biospheric, with six separate areas), natural parks (2 national),
wildlife preserves (Shipot reserve with the Voevodin waterfall around
the city of Polonina-Runa - Rovna ( 1479 m), west of Zhdeniyevo),
arboretums (an arboretum near the village of Veliky Berezny) and many
noteworthy monuments [monuments] of nature, in which there are St. 2000
species of plants, 350 species of mammals and birds. The total area of
protected areas and nature reserves is 12.5% of the territory of the
Transcarpathian region (according to this indicator, only Khmelnytsky
region competes with Transcarpathia in Ukraine with the recently opened
Podolsky Tovtry park).
The largest and most interesting objects
of the natural reserve fund of Ukraine include the Carpathian Biosphere
Reserve, created by a decree of the government of the Ukrainian SSR as
part of the all-Soviet process of creating protected areas to preserve
pristine natural complexes in 1968. The ecosystem of the reserve is
classified as one of the most valuable on the planet and since 1993 has
been included in the international network of biosphere reserves
protected by UNESCO.
The total area of the reserve is 57,880
hectares, with 6 separated plots-massifs: Chernogorovsky (Chernogorsky;
with the highest peak of the Ukrainian Carpathians, Mount Hoverla),
Maramoroshsky (Marmaroshsky; Rakhovsky mountains, Mount Pop-Ivan, 1940
m), Svidovetsky (peaks Bliznitsa and Dragobrat), Kuzelsky (Kuziysky),
Ugolsko-Shirokoluzhansky (the largest array of virgin beech forests in
Europe; near the village of Ugliya there are stalactite caves), and the
unique "Valley of Narcissuses" near Khust, which is the largest array of
the rarest alpine narrow-leaved daffodil in the world; as well as two
nature reserves - "Chernaya Gora" and "Yulyevskaya Gora". It is
noteworthy that 5 of the 6 massifs of the reserve are located on the
territory of Transcarpathia (as well as the [6th] Chernogorsky, located
in the Transcarpathian (Rakhiv region) and Ivano-Frankivsk regions). The
Carpathian Biosphere Reserve is one of the largest scientific,
ecological and educational centers of the Carpathian region. A museum of
mountain ecology and the history of nature management of the Carpathians
has been created in the reserve, the expositions of which demonstrate
the structure and patterns of functioning of mountain ecosystems, the
features of management in the mountains, the culture and life of local
residents. For outstanding achievements in the conservation of natural,
cultural and historical heritage, the Council of Europe for the first
time in Ukraine awarded the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve with a European
diploma.
The Synevyr National Natural Park was established in
1989 [by transforming and expanding (to its current area) the Synevyr
Lake landscape reserve, which existed for 15 years] in the upper reaches
- the area of \u200b\u200bthe source and the upper part of the catchment
area - the Terebly River. Here - in the Gorgany mountain range, the
central part of the Ukrainian Carpathians (the city of Strymba, 1719 m;
and the city of Negrovets, 1707 m), - on an area of 40.4 thousand
hectares, beech, coniferous (smerekovye), mixed forests and highland
meadows have been preserved , where 914 species of higher vascular
plants grow and about 100 species (one tenth) of the rarest and
endangered plants are protected, as well as a number of species of rare
vertebrate animals - red deer, brown bear, roe deer, wild boar, lynx,
wolf, fox, raccoon dog , marten, gray hare, squirrel, otter, badger,
ermine, capercaillie, trout, spotted salamander.
Synevyr (a lake
up to 0.5 km², at an altitude of 989 m) is a visiting card of the
Ukrainian Carpathians, their original brand, which deservedly attracts a
huge number of tourists.
Uzhansky National Natural Park was
created by the Decree of the President of Ukraine dated September 27,
1999 No. 1230/99. The park (391.6 km²) is located in the Eastern Beskydy
mountain range (almost 45 km along the Uzh River), being an integral
part of the only tripartite Polish-Slovak-Ukrainian International
Biosphere Reserve "Eastern Carpathians" in the world, which is confirmed
by the UNESCO MAB certificate. In particular, over 200 species of
valuable medicinal plants are found in the park, 40 of which are listed
in the Red Book of Ukraine.
Almost the entire space is occupied
by dense picturesque forests, with a clear predominance of conifers,
which cover the peaks and slopes of mountains with evergreen scales.
Sometimes dense forest cover is torn apart, introducing landscape
diversity into the landscape, rare glades (glades) used by hardworking
Carpathian peasants for hayfields and pastures.
The resort resources of the Transcarpathian region are mainly mineral
waters and climate. On the territory of the region there are about 360
mineral springs, the waters of which are different in composition and
represent all the main groups of mineral waters. The most promising for
resort use are 30 deposits, of which 13 operate sanatorium-resort
institutions [in the complex of recreational resources of the region -
according to the information and telephone directory "Yellow Pages
UKRAINE" (yellowpages.ua) - 75 explored and 38 listed in the Cadastre of
mineral waters of Ukraine deposits of 30 types of explored mineral
waters with a debit of 3.3 thousand m³ per day, which are unique].
In the Mezhgorsky region, near the river. Rika [balneo-climatic
resort area of Soymy], significant reserves of carbonic
chloride-hydrocarbonate sodium-calcium waters have been discovered, the
resort of Verkhovyna (Soymy village) functions on the basis of the
springs of the Soymovsky deposit; carbonic bicarbonate calcium-sodium
water containing cobalt, nickel, manganese and iron is available in the
resort area of Kelechin. A large deposit of carbonic waters containing
iron, manganese, arsenic is located near the village. Kvasy (resort area
Mountain Tisza) and the village. Kobyletskaya Polyana in the Rakhovsky
district. Carbonic waters were also found in the Khust region (the
resort area of Dragovo, the resort of Shayan, at the foot of Bolshoi
Shayan). The deposits of carbonic waters are especially rich - Burkut
(Ukrainian Narzan) - in the Svalyavsky and Mukachevo regions, where the
Svalyavsky group of resorts is located, as well as the Carpathians
resort (the railway platform of the Carpathians, Mukachevo region, near
the village of Pasika; near the border with the Svalyava region;
sanatorium is located in the luxurious count's palace of K. Shenborn).
Sulfide sulphate calcium waters of the deposit in the Mukachevo region
are used in the Sinyak resort. Sodium chloride waters were found near
the village. Ust-Chorna in the Tyachevsky district. Mineral waters are
used in spas both for baths and for drinking cures. In addition, there
are more than 5 factories in the region, where carbonic waters
"Dragovskaya" and "Luzhanskaya" are bottled as medicinal table mineral
waters; as therapeutic - carbonic waters under the names "Ploskovskaya",
"Polyana-Kvasova" (+ "Polyana-Kupel") and "Svalyava".
In the
Transcarpathian region there are also resorts: Kvitka Poloniny (village
of Golubinoye), Polyana (since 1892, official use for medicinal purposes
and bottling of water from the Polyana-Kupel spring began) and Sunny
Transcarpathia (Polyana-Kvasova; both in Polyana), there are resort
areas Ploskoe (which all 4 are included in the Svalyava group of
resorts), Kelechin, etc.
14 sanatoriums (5000 places), including
9 trade union and 5 sanatoriums run by health authorities (900 places),
as well as 10 sanatoriums belonging to various enterprises and
institutions; 2 trade union rest houses. Rakhovsky, Mezhgorsky,
Volovetsky, Velikobereznyansky, Perechinsky, Khustsky and Uzhgorodsky
districts are especially promising for resort construction (and
recreational and tourist recreation - health improvement), where over
60% of carbon dioxide reserves are concentrated. In Uzhgorod, there is a
branch of the Odessa Scientific Research Institute of Balneology; along
with a clinic in Uzhgorod, the branch has a clinical base in the
Republican Allergological Hospital in the village. Solotvin. One of its
departments, intended for the treatment of patients with bronchial
asthma and some other chronic nonspecific lung diseases with asthmatic
manifestations, is located in a salt mine at a depth of 300 m (see
Speleotherapy).
The Transcarpathian region is the most important
tourism area of national importance. There are at least 11 camp sites
(4000 places), including in Uzhgorod, Mukachevo, Rakhiv, Volovets,
Mezhgorye, Yasin and other places; 4 excursion bureaus - in Uzhgorod,
Mukachevo, Khust and Rakhiv.
Transcarpathia is one of the centers
of winter sports in Ukraine.
Transcarpathia has a temperate continental climate. In summer, the average air temperature is +21 °C, and in winter -4 °C. More than 360 deposits and sources of healing natural mineral waters have been discovered in the region. The relief, geographical location, forests, mineral waters, temperate continental climate, centuries-old traditions and the original culture of the multinational population of the region together create a unique recreational and social potential, on the basis of which there is also the prospect of gradual development of a world-class sanatorium and health complex.
Transcarpathia ranks 17th among the regions of Ukraine in terms of
population. As of January 1, 2021, according to preliminary data, 1250.1
thousand people lived in the region, which is -0.6% less than in 2020
(1253.7 thousand people). The region accounts for 2.6% of the total
population of Ukraine. Among other regions, the smaller ones, according
to the All-Ukrainian census, are Volyn (1066.6), Kirovohrad (1128.7),
Rivne (1173.1), Ternopil (1142.0), Kherson (1173.7), Chernivtsi (922 .7)
thousand people
The population of the region for 50 years has
changed in different ways. A significant increase was observed in
1950-60, when the natural increase in the population averaged 13,600
people. Over the following years, the increase continued, but there was
already a downward trend in the overall increase.
In 1995, for
the first time, a decrease in the population was recorded in
Transcarpathia, which for 7 years amounted to 30.4 thousand people. The
decrease in the population occurred due to urban residents - by 47.1
thousand, while in rural areas the population increased by 16.7 thousand
people over this period. According to the press service of the Ministry
of Justice of Ukraine, in 2008 the birth rate in the region for the
first time exceeded the death rate. In the first quarter of 2009, this
excess amounted to 2%, in the second - 7%, according to the results of
2010 - 19%.
The vast majority of the region's residents - 62.9% -
live in rural areas. The average population of one village in
Transcarpathia is 1.4 thousand people (the average figure in Ukraine is
0.7 thousand). The largest in terms of population not only in the
region, but also in Ukraine, Tyachevsky district, on the territory of
which 13.7% of the inhabitants of the region live. The smallest is the
Volovets district, whose population is 2.1% of the total region.
One fifth of the population lives in 192 settlements of the region that
have the status of mountainous.
In the conditions of reforming economic relations, the emphasis is on
the development of priority sectors of management - the forestry and
woodworking industries, light and food industries, the development of
cross-border cooperation, recreation and tourism. The main attention is
paid to the further restructuring of the entire national economic
complex, attraction of domestic and foreign investments into the
economy, development of small and medium-sized businesses, and efficient
use of the natural resource potential. As of July 1, 2010, there were
277.6 dollars per inhabitant of the region. US foreign direct
investment, which is 3 times less than the average Ukrainian indicator.
The Transcarpathian region is known as one of the most prestigious
areas for the treatment and recreation of people. A network of
sanatorium and resort complexes, tourist bases, unique mineral springs
and thermal waters, more than 400 species of which have already been
explored, as well as the beauty of the Carpathian nature, attract
tourists and vacationers at any time. Sanatoriums, rest houses and
boarding houses of the region can simultaneously accommodate up to 4,000
vacationers.
Natural resources (minerals): more than 30 types of
minerals have been explored, represented by 150 deposits. These are, in
particular, non-traditional for the state polymetals, pearlites,
zeolites, liparites, deposits of barite ores, kaolin and others. Rock
salt, marble limestone, dolomite, etc. are mined.
Recreational
resources of the region account for 5.2% of the volume and 5.1% of the
cost potential of the natural resources of recreation in Ukraine. In
their complex there are 75 explored and 38 types of mineral waters
listed in the Cadastre of the Ministry of Waters of Ukraine with a debit
of 3.3 thousand m3 per day, which are unique and correspond to the
waters of the Shayanskaya, Essentuki, Borjomi types and in their
chemical composition. medicinal properties are not inferior to the
well-known waters of the Caucasus, the Czech Republic, Poland and
France.
In general, Transcarpathia is economically of
all-Ukrainian importance as a region with significant potential for the
forestry and woodworking industries, winemaking, vegetable growing,
dairy industry, tobacco production, and mineral waters. Picturesque
nature and sights can become the basis for a significant development of
tourism and resort business.
As of autumn 2012, the region
completely abandoned centralized heating and switched to autonomous
heating. Experts calculated that the savings would amount to 120 million
cubic meters per year.
Hydropower of the region
The
Transcarpathian region consumes 2.0 billion kWh per year. h electricity.
Hydroelectric power plants of the region produce 120-160 million kW.
hours per year (6-8% of total consumption). Production is concentrated
at four hydroelectric power stations: the Tereble-Ritskaya HPP (with a
capacity of 27.0 MW); Onokovskaya HPP (2.65 MW); Uzhhorod HPP (1.9 MW);
Bilinskaya HPP (0.63 MW). The hydropower resources of Transcarpathia per
unit area are the highest in Ukraine and amount to 10.2 billion kWh. h,
which is almost a quarter of these resources of Ukraine. The technically
expedient hydro potential is 3.5 billion kW. year.
The Transcarpathian region has 580 km of railway tracks (excluding
narrow-track ones) and 2,740 hard-surfaced automobile tracks (1955).
Railway transport
At present, the transverse railway line
Chop-Batiovo (junction)-Mukachevo-Volovets-Beskyd-Lavochnoe pass (Lviv
region)-Stryi-Lviv is of the greatest importance. It is part of the 5th
International Transport Corridor. A new, more than two-kilometer-long
Beskydy Tunnel was built on the Skotarskoye-Beskyd section, since the
previous tunnel, built at the end of the 19th century, was designed for
only one track and became unusable. The main cargo and passenger flow
passes along this highway, passenger trains run not only between
Uzhgorod and Lviv, Kiev and other cities of Ukraine, but also
international trains that connect primarily Hungary, Slovakia and
Austria with Ukraine.
The second most important is the transverse
single-track highway Chop-Uzhgorod-Veliky Berezny-Uzhoksky
pass-Syanki-Sambir-Lviv. It is intended mainly for freight
transportation - iron ore to the metallurgical plant "Yu. S. Steel
Kosice (Slovakia), suburban trains run here with the Syanki-Mukachevo
message and one pair of passenger trains Kyiv - Solotvyno.
The
third transverse railway line is the segment
Delovo-Berlybash-Rakhiv-Yasinya-Tatarsky
Pass-Vorohta-Yaremcha-Delyatyn-Ivano-Frankivsk. The section is
single-track and non-electrified. Since 2014, its importance has grown,
not only diesel trains (the local name is Chervona Ruta) began to run
here, but also a number of long-distance passenger trains from Rakhiv to
Kiev, Odessa, Kharkov.
The longitudinal line with the message
Chop-Batiovo-Berehove-Korolyovo-Khust-Tyachev-Teresva-Solotvyno-(inactive
segment to Bolshoi Bychkovo) is now of contracting importance, but in
1920-45 it was the main highway of the then Subcarpathian Rus. From
Batev to Solotvin, the segment is single-track and non-electrified. The
main problem for this section and the internal Transcarpathian railway
communication in general is the brokenness of the border - 40 km of the
track between the station. Teresva and st. Berlebash (Business) lies on
the left bank of the Tisza River, that is, on the territory of Romania.
Due to complex customs and border procedures, inconsistency in the
tariff policy, Ukrainian trains practically cannot use this segment of
the route. The Rakhiv region is cut off in direct rail traffic from
Uzhgorod and the rest of the Transcarpathian region, although between
1919 and 1938 between 1919 and 1938 an agreement on privileged transit
traffic (the so-called "page agreement") was in force between what was
then Czechoslovakia and Romania, which also allowed passport control of
passengers (the same applied Romanian train service Satu
Mare-Sighetu-Marmaciei, which ran through Korolevo).
There are a
number of railway border crossings in the Transcarpathian region:
to
Slovakia: freight - Uzhgorod-Matovce (see Broadway railway Uzhgorod -
Ganyska) and passenger and freight Chop-Cierna nad Tysou (passenger
trains run Kiev-Kosice and Mukachevo-Kosice);
to Hungary: passenger
Chop-Zagon (trains run Kyiv-Vienna, Mukachevo-Budapest and
Mukachevo-Zagon) and cargo Batevo-Epereshke;
to Romania: cargo
Diakovo-Halmeu; Teresva-Cimpulung-la-Tisa (commune) and Berlebas-Valea
Vysheului - Passenger and freight traffic has not been here since 2006.
On the Romanian section leading from Delovoye to Teresva along the left
bank of the Tisza, despite the state border with Ukraine, in parallel
with the wide (Russian) track width, the normal (European) track width
is also used.
There are also narrow-gauge (750 mm) railways, the
Borzhavskaya narrow-gauge railway (Beregovo-Khmelnik-Irshava-Vinogradov)
is in good condition for 2012, until 1998 the Ust-Chernyanskaya railway
(Teresva-Uur-Chorna) operated. Narrow-gauge railways are in severe
decline. An insignificant part of the narrow gauge infrastructure was
moved to the village. Kolochava, to the open-air museum "Old Village".
There are public organizations calling for the preservation of the
Borzhava narrow-gauge railway for the development of tourism.
Automobile transport
Road transport is more important for the
Transcarpathian region than in other parts of Ukraine, it complements
the railway network. The most important sections of roads:
highway
M06 Chop-Uzhgorod-Mukacheve-Svalyava-Nizhnie Vorota-Lviv region;
highway P53 Uzhgorod-Perechin-Uzhok-Lviv region;
highway H09
Mukachevo-Selce-Khust-Tyachev-Rakhiv-Yasinya-Ivano-Frankivsk region;
highway P21 Khust-Mezhhirya-Torun-Ivano-Frankivsk region;
longitudinal mountain paths: Perechyn-Svalyava, Lower
Gates-Mezhgorie-Kolochava, etc.
Public road transport is supplied by buses of state ATPs and private
fixed-route taxis. There is no electric transport in the cities,
Uzhgorod is the only regional center of Ukraine where trolleybuses and
trams do not run.
A passenger airport operates in Uzhhorod from
time to time.
There is no river transport. Sports and tourist
rafting along the Tisza are given.
The Transcarpathian region is
crossed by international product pipelines (“Druzhba”,
“Urengoy-Uzhgorod”), power lines.
General information The mineral waters of Transcarpathia, which can
be used for medicinal purposes, are represented by 62 main deposits,
identified on the basis of exploration work carried out by the Berehove
geological expedition, hydrogeological groups of the Zakarpattkurort
association, the Ukrainian Research Institute of Medical Rehabilitation
and the resort. According to the first Cadastre of Mineral Waters of
Ukraine (1996), out of 205 mineral water deposits developed in Ukraine,
39 (19%) are located in Transcarpathia.
The study of the physical
and chemical composition of MW revealed that there are practically no
"unique" waters. All waters can be divided into certain classes and
groups. According to their properties, analogues of certain waters are
distinguished. In general, sulfate waters predominate in Ukraine,
followed by sodium chloride waters, and in Transcarpathia there are the
main reserves of carbonic hydrocarbonate sodium waters and
hydrocarbonate waters of other types. At the same time, sulfate waters
are rare in Transcarpathia. According to the gas composition, the main
part of the Transcarpathian GO is carbonic (75.0%), nitrogen and
nitrogen-methane (18.0%), sulfide (7.0%). It is known that, under
certain geological conditions, only MW of the corresponding chemical
composition can be formed. This determined the specific prevalence of GO
and Transcarpathia.
The most famous mineral waters of
Transcarpathia are: Shayanskaya, Dragovskaya, Polyana-Kupol,
Svalyavskaya, Luzhanska, Polyana Kvasovaya, Ploskovskaya.
In the region there are:
Uzhhorod National University
Mukachevo
State University
Transcarpathian branch of Kyiv Slavic University
Natural Humanitarian College of Uzhgorod State Institute of Informatics,
Economics and Law
Transcarpathian Institute of the Interregional
Academy of Personnel Management
Transcarpathian Hungarian Institute
Transcarpathian Institute of Methods of Teaching and Education, Advanced
Training of Pedagogical Personnel
Uzhgorod Ukrainian Theological
Academy named after saints. Cyril and Methodius
Uzhgorod College of
Arts. A. M. Erdeli
Uzhhorod Commercial College