Language: Arabic
Currency: Moroccan dirham (MAD)
Calling code: +212
Morocco - officially called the Kingdom of Morocco
- is a sovereign country located in the Maghreb, north of Africa,
with coasts in the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.
It is separated from the European continent by the Strait of
Gibraltar. It borders Algeria to the east - the border has been
closed since 1994, to the southwest with Western Sahara, to the
north with Spain, its main trading partner with which it shares both
maritime and terrestrial borders -Ceuta, Melilla and the squares of
sovereignty- and to the south with Mauritania. It occupies part of
Western Sahara, after the green march of 1975, the signing of the
Tripartite Agreement of Madrid, and the interruption of the process
of decolonization and abandonment of Spain from the territory.
In 1984, the Assembly of the Organization for African Unity
(OAU), predecessor of the AU and of which Morocco was a founding
member, accepted as a member the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
(SADR). the organization. It is a member of the Arab League, the
Arab Maghreb Union, the International Organization of la
Francophonie, the Organization of the Islamic Conference, the Union
for the Mediterranean, the European Broadcasting Union, the Group of
77 and the North-South Center. It is also a major non-NATO ally of
the United States. It is also the country in the Arab world where
the Spanish language is most studied, with more than 80,000 students
according to the information provided by the Instituto Cervantes in
2015. From 1984 to 2017, it was the only African country that
was not a member of the African Union. The Moroccan State was
reinstated with an absolute majority on January 30, 2017, during the
28th Summit of the African Union, which took place in Ethiopia.
Souss-Massa National Park is located in the South- west Morocco. This nature reserve covers an area of 33,800 hectares.
Toubkal National Park is situated 70 kilometres from Marrakech in Western Morocco. The nature reserve covers an area of 380 sq km.
The country is officially called Arab. المملكة المغربية al-Mamlakatu l-Maghribiyatu, literally - “the kingdom of the Maghreb”, in addition, there are self-names Arab in the country. المغرب الأقصى, El-Maghrib el-Aqsa - "Far West", and Arabic. مراكش - Marrakish, the name from the oikonym of the city, which in the Middle Ages was one of its capitals. In Europe at the end of the 19th century, the French form of the name of the country Maroc became widespread, used in various spellings: Morocco, Marok, Morocco, etc. The exception is Spain - in Spanish the country is called Spanish. Marruecos.
People inhabited the territory of Morocco from the early
Paleolithic. In the area of Casablanca (Thomas I) and Sale,
instruments of the Acheulean and Mousterian cultures were
discovered. The finds of the early Homo sapiens from Jebel Irhud
date from 240 ± 35 thousand years to 378 ± 30 thousand years of age.
In the most ancient era, the climatic conditions of the region were
more favorable for the life of people. Venus from Tan Tan dates back
over 300 thousand years ago. The age of 108 thousand years is dated
to the skeleton of a child of 8 years old, found in 2010 in Temara.
Ancient history
See also: Prehistoric North Africa and
Carthage
In the first millennium BC, Moroccan lands belonged to
Carthage. From the II century BC e., after the conquest of Carthage
by the Romans, Roman rule began in North Africa. In 429, the
territory of modern Morocco (the Roman province of Mauritania of
Tingitan) was captured by the Vandals, but after a hundred years it
was returned to the empire by the Byzantines.
Medieval
history
In 682, the Arab conquest of North Africa began. The
first Arab state in Morocco was founded in 784 by Imam Idris ibn
Abdallah, who fled from Arabia. The Arab state reached its peak
during the dynasties of the Almoravids and Almohads in the 11th-12th
centuries. Under the Almoravids, Morocco was the center of a vast
empire that occupied the territories of modern Algeria, Libya,
Tunisia and the vast territories of Spain and Portugal. However,
with the fall of the Almohad dynasty, the empire collapsed.
From the beginning of the 15th century, Portuguese and then Spanish
expansion began in Morocco, when several port cities were captured
by Europeans (the first expedition was carried out by the Portuguese
to Ceuta in 1415). However, in the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries, a new rise of the Moroccan state began to be observed,
which reached its highest power under the Sultan Ahmad al-Mansour,
whose reign is called the "golden age" of the country. At this time
(1591), Moroccan troops led by Dzhudar Pasha captured the Songai
Empire, a state in Western Sudan, taking control of the
trans-Saharan trade in salt and gold. Also during the heyday of the
16th century, the Moroccan sultans managed to expand the territory
of the state to the maximum extent, having captured the majority of
the captured cities from the Spaniards and Portuguese, capturing the
western part of Algeria and pushing the border in the south to
Guinea.
After the death of Ahmad (around 1603), the state
began to weaken as a result of constant internal wars, so that
Mulei-Sherif, a descendant of Ali and Fatima, was easy to overthrow
in the middle of the XVII century. dynasty of the first sultans and
found a new, still ruling, dynasty of Alids, or Joseini. The most
famous of these is Mulei Islam, who ruled from 1672 to 1727 as the
greatest despot. Under his successors, feuds and strife over the
throne increased, leading the country more and more to decline,
before Mulei-Sidi-Mohammed (1757-1789), who was distinguished by
gentleness and desire to introduce European culture, entered the
throne. After his death, the period of internal conflicts and wars
began again. Under the Sultan Mulei-Suleiman (1794-1822), a period
of relative prosperity began again.
In the XVII-XIX
centuries, Morocco was considered a pirate state, since in many
cities the actual power was in the hands of sea pirates. It is
interesting that this did not prevent Morocco from exercising
diplomatic functions; in 1777, Morocco was the first state to
recognize US independence.
Morocco in modern times
During
the Spanish-Moroccan War of 1859-1860, the Kingdom of Spain occupied
part of the land of the Sultanate.
At the end of the 19th century, Morocco (ruled since 1894 by
Moulay Abd al-Aziz) became the object of rivalry between Spain,
France, Britain, and in the 20th century also Germany. France’s
capture of all of the Sahara and part of Sudan, which made her
sovereign of almost all of West Africa, provoked her desire to
prevail in those neighboring states that still retained their
independence. By the Anglo-French agreement on April 8, 1904,
Morocco was recognized as falling within the scope of French
influence; but this agreement aroused protest from Germany. Wilhelm
II visited Morocco in 1905, and after that the German resident in
Fez Tattenbach (German) and Chancellor Bülow launched a campaign
against French influence in Morocco. They demanded that the reform
project in Morocco, developed by France, be considered at a
conference of representatives of interested powers, and not be
carried out by France alone. Delcasse's sharp refusal to enter into
negotiations with Germany on the issue of reforms in Morocco nearly
brought France to an open break with the German Empire. The
intervention of Ruvier and the resignation of Delcasse helped to
settle the conflict, and on July 10, 1905, an agreement was convened
between France and Germany to convene the conference. This agreement
left a whole series of questions open - about the reorganization of
the Moroccan police, the establishment of a bank in Morocco, the
provision of Germany with the port of Mogador in the Atlantic Ocean,
etc. The issue of reorganization of the police brought France and
Germany into conflict. Germany insisted that the reorganization of
the police be entrusted to all interested powers. France strongly
protested against this. As a result, all controversial issues were
referred to the international conference, which met in February 1906
in Algeciras (Spain) and was supposed to decide the fate of Morocco.
As a result of the Moroccan crises of 1905 and 1911, France
acquired most of the territory of Morocco. During World War I, a
large number of Moroccans were drafted into the French army. About
8,000 of them died on the fronts.
The modern period of the
history of Morocco
After a three-year period of mass protests in
a number of areas of the country that turned into insurgent
anti-French action, and the political crisis caused by attempts to
change the king, France recognized Morocco's independence in March
1956, and Spanish Morocco gained independence in April, although
several cities remained with the Spaniards. Morocco becomes a member
of the UN, ILO, IMF, WHO, the League of Arab countries. In 1984,
Morocco withdrew from the African Union in protest against the
adoption of Western Sahara, which Morocco considers its territory.
In July 2016, the king of Morocco officially announced the country's
desire to return to the African Union, and the next year the kingdom
was re-accepted into this organization. Morocco is considered the
traditional ally of the United States and France in the region. In
June 2004, Morocco received the status of the main non-NATO ally of
the United States. At the same time, trade agreements were signed
with the US and the EU.
Morocco is a dualistic monarchy, which is enshrined in the
constitution. Exclusive power is concentrated in the hands of the king
and his council of ministers. The King signs all laws, his veto can be
overridden by a two-thirds vote of both houses of the National Assembly.
He is the spiritual head, a symbol of the unity of the nation, appoints
all judges by his decrees, approves changes to the constitution,
declares war and commands the armed forces. The government, headed by
the prime minister, is appointed by the king, who can remove individual
ministers at the request of the prime minister.
The constitution
provides for three types of courts: civil, religious and special. The
Royal Armed Forces are also under the control of the King.
The
highest body of legislative power is a bicameral parliament. The lower
house - the House of Representatives (325 deputies) is elected by direct
vote for 5 years, the upper house - the House of Councilors (270
deputies) is elected for 9 years by indirect vote. Every 3 years, its
composition is updated by a third.
According to the Economist
Intelligence Unit, the country in 2018 was classified on the Democracy
Index as a hybrid regime.
The population is 36.91 million (June 2020 est.). It is the fourth
most populous Arabic-speaking country in Africa after Egypt, Sudan and
Algeria. About 60% of the population are Arabs, 40% are Berbers.
Europeans make up 60,000 people (mostly French, Spaniards and
Portuguese), Jews about 3,000.
The annual population growth is
1.5% (2009).
Birth rate: 20.96 newborns / 1000 people (2009).
Mortality rate: 5.45 deaths/1000 people (2009)
Average life
expectancy is 69 years for men, 74 years for women (2009).
Literacy - 60% of men, 40% of women (according to the 2004 census).
It is washed in the north by the waters of the Mediterranean Sea and
in the west by the Atlantic Ocean. The Strait of Gibraltar separates
Morocco from Europe. In the east and southeast it borders on Algeria, in
the south - on Western Sahara (according to the Moroccan authorities,
who consider Western Sahara their territory, the country borders on
Mauritania in the south). The southeastern border in the Sahara desert
is not exactly defined.
The total area of the country is
446,550 km². According to this indicator, Morocco ranks 57th in the
world.
The total length of land borders is 2018 km. Including
with such countries as: Algeria - 1559 km, Western Sahara (occupied by
Morocco) - 443 km, Spain (Ceuta) - 6.3 km, Spain (Melilla) - 9.6 km. In
fact, Morocco controls most of Western Sahara, therefore it borders on
the Free Zone of Western Sahara - 2200 km.
Coastline of the
country: 1835 km.
On the northern coast of Morocco are the
Spanish exclaves of Ceuta and Melilla. The country is divided into four
physiographic regions: Rif, or mountainous region, which lies parallel
to the Mediterranean coast; the Atlas Mountains, stretching across the
country from the southwest to the northeast from the Atlantic Ocean to
Rif, from which they are separated by the Taza depression; the region of
the vast coastal plains of the Atlantic coast; valleys south of the
Atlas Mountains, merging into the desert. The highest point of the
country - Mount Toubkal (4165 m) - is located in the High Atlas ridge.
Rif rises to (2440 m) above sea level, Sebha Tah is the lowest located
place in Morocco - 55 meters below sea level. The main rivers of the
country are the Muluya, which flows into the Mediterranean Sea, and the
Cebu, which flows into the Atlantic Ocean.
In general,
territories suitable for agriculture occupy 12% of the country's area (9
million hectares), the same amount is occupied by forests, 25% of the
territories are occupied by mountains, the rest is arid semi-desert and
desert (mainly in the south and southeast of the country).
The climate when moving through the territory of Morocco changes
somewhat. At the same time, the temperature is positive almost
throughout the territory.
On the Mediterranean coast of the
country, the climate is mild, subtropical. The average temperature here
in summer is about +24…+28°С (sometimes reaching +30…+35°C and higher,
in the case of the shergi wind blowing from the Sahara), and +10…+12°С
in winter. Moving south, the climate becomes more and more continental,
with hot (up to +37°C) summers and cool (up to +5°C) winters. The daily
temperature difference can reach 20°C.
The northwestern part of
the country is greatly influenced by air masses from the Atlantic Ocean.
Because of this, the climate here is cooler, and daily temperature
fluctuations are much stronger than in the rest of the country. In the
mountainous regions of the Atlas, the climate is highly dependent on the
altitude of the place. Precipitation falls from 500-1000 mm per year in
the north and less than 200 mm per year in the south. The western slopes
of the Atlas occasionally receive up to 2000 mm of precipitation, even
floods of a local scale are not uncommon, while in the southeast of the
country there are years when precipitation does not fall at all.
Beginning in the 1960s, at the initiative of King Hassan II, a program
was adopted to build reservoirs and develop water resources, which made
it possible to provide drinking water to the population, as well as
agriculture and other sectors of the economy, while preserving the
country's water resources. This initiative received high marks from
international experts and is still in operation. Thanks to this policy,
in 2014-2015, the kingdom has more than 139 large reservoirs with a
total capacity of more than 17.6 billion cubic meters and more than a
hundred small dams. On average, 2-3 large reservoirs are put into
operation per year. Construction is carried out mainly by local
contractors.
The territory of the country is divided into provinces and
prefectures, which are combined into 12 regions, of which one region is
completely, and the second is partially located on the territory of the
disputed territory of Western Sahara.
Land boundaries
1559 km
- with Algiers (with the exception of the northern section, its line is
not officially recognized). Due to political differences, the land
border between the countries has been closed to crossing since the
mid-1990s (air traffic remains)
443 km - with Western Sahara (in
fact, it is not a border: the country in the south borders Mauritania)
16 km - with Spain (semi-enclaves of Ceuta - 6 km and Melilla - 10 km)
Religion
Islam is the state religion of Morocco. Moroccans are
98.7% Sunni Muslim, 1.1% Christian, and 0.2% Jewish.
Languages
The official languages are Arabic and Berber. The spoken Moroccan
dialect is lexically and grammatically very different from both the
Arabic literary language and from other (non-Maghreb) dialects of Arabic
and is practically incomprehensible in the Arab countries of the Middle
East.
Widespread: French, Berber and Spanish (in the north of the
country).
Approximately 12 million (40% of the total population),
especially in rural areas, speak the Berber language, which exists in
Morocco in the form of 3 dialects. French, which is not the official
language, but is actually regarded as the second language of Morocco, is
widely used in business and economics. It is also widely used in
educational and government fields. The use of Spanish is also common
(especially in the north of the country).
Customs regulations
The import and export of foreign currency is not limited, but its
circulation in the territory of the Kingdom is prohibited. When
exporting unspent currency, you must have a bank exchange certificate.
It is forbidden to export objects and things of historical and artistic
value without special permission. There is a restriction on the import
of professional photo and video equipment (this does not apply to
amateur equipment), as well as on the import of alcohol - no more than
one bottle of spirits and one bottle of wine, no more than 200
cigarettes, 50 cigars and 250 g tobacco.
Holidays
national
holidays having a fixed date;
religious holidays, the date of which
changes annually and depends on the lunar calendar;
holidays regional
National holidays
January 1 European New Year
January 11
Independence Day
May 1 Labor Day
May 23 national holiday
July
30 Throne Feast
August 20 Revolution Day
August 21 youth holiday
November 6 is the memorial day of the Green March
November 18
Independence Day - the anniversary of the return from exile of King
Mohammed V
Religious holidays
Muslim New Year
Birthday of
Prophet Mohammed
End of Ramadan
Feast of the Sacrifice
Regional holidays
Almond Blossoms - Tafraout - February
Roz - El
Kelaa M'Gouna - May
wax candles - Sale - May
Meda - Immouzzer -
May
Desert Symphony - Ouarzazate - June
(Festival) of music HANUA
- Essaouira - June
Cherries - Sefrou - June
(Festival) Popular Art
- Marrakesh - June
Camels - Guelmim - July
Horse riding - Tissa,
Fez - September
Finikov - Erfoud - October
(Festival) Sacred Music
- Fez - June
(Festival) Agadir - Agadir - December
Armed Forces of Morocco
This is the military organization of the
Kingdom of Morocco, designed to protect the freedom, independence and
territorial integrity of the state. Consists of ground forces, naval and
air forces.
Algeria
On February 27, 1976, the Polisario Front, waging a
guerrilla war against Moroccan troops with the support of Algeria,
proclaimed Western Sahara an independent state called the Saharan Arab
Democratic Republic (SADR).
2005 year
From June 15, 2005, the
Kingdom of Morocco unilaterally switched to a visa-free regime for
Russian citizens arriving in the country.
2006
On September 7,
Russian President V. Putin visited Casablanca. As a result of the
meeting between the President of Russia, King Mohammed VI of Morocco and
Prince Moulay Rashid, the following agreements were signed:
convention on the transfer of persons sentenced to deprivation of
liberty;
an agreement on cooperation in the field of marine
fisheries;
an agreement on cooperation in the field of tourism;
an
agreement on cultural and scientific cooperation;
agreement on
cooperation in the field of mass communications;
agreement on
cooperation in the field of plant quarantine.
2016
Muhammad VI
paid a working visit to Russia on March 15-16, 2016. During the visit,
he met with Russian President Vladimir Putin and Prime Minister Dmitry
Medvedev. A number of Russian-Moroccan documents were also signed on
cooperation in the field of investment development, countering
terrorism, protection of classified information, transport, ecology,
tourism, and in the humanitarian sphere.
2017
On October 11,
2017, Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev, together
with a large delegation, paid an official visit to Rabat, during which
the previously expressed intentions to develop mutual relations in
various fields were confirmed. Dozens of documents and agreements were
also signed in the field of agriculture, the fuel and energy complex,
cooperation between law enforcement agencies, the development of
peaceful atom and alternative energy, arms exports, engineering, culture
and education.
Israel
On November 24, 2021, Israel and Morocco
signed a memorandum of understanding in the defense field in Rabat.
Benefits: Economic stimulus policies and cheap labor attract
investment. Already, the developed tourism industry has even more
significant potential; phosphate mining and agriculture.
Weaknesses: high unemployment (23%) and large population growth. dry
periods. Cultivation of hemp (mainly for the European market)
complicates relations with the EU.
Foreign economic relations
The Moroccan economy is characterized by an outward orientation. Several
free trade agreements have been concluded with foreign countries:
Free Trade Agreement with the European Union with the aim of joining
the European Free Trade Area by 2012.
Agadir Agreement signed with
Egypt, Tunisia and Jordan to create an Arab Free Trade Area.
Free
Trade Agreement with the UAE.
Free trade agreement with Turkey.
The main export commodities are phosphates and fertilizers, clothing
and textiles, electrical components, inorganic chemicals, transistors,
minerals, petroleum products, citrus fruits, vegetables, fish; imports -
crude oil, textiles, fabrics, machinery and equipment, wheat, gas,
electricity, transistors, plastics.
The main trading partners in
2017: in terms of exports ($24.57 billion) - Spain - 23.2%, France -
22.6%, Italy - 4.5%, USA - 4.2%; imports ($44.13 billion) - Spain 16.7%,
France 12.2%, China 9.2%, USA 6.9%, Germany 6%, Italy 5.9%, Turkey 4.5%
.
The trade turnover between Russia and Morocco in 2016 amounted
to $2.5 billion (for comparison, in 2001 the trade turnover between the
countries was $300 million), the positive balance in favor of Russia
amounted to about $1.5 billion; 70% of Russian exports to Morocco are
oil and refined products (the rest is grain, chemical industry and
engineering products). Russia imports mainly Moroccan citrus fruits, to
a lesser extent tomatoes, fish and canned fish. In 2014, a little over
32,000 Russian tourists visited Morocco.
Rail transport in Morocco is operated by the national operator ONCF
(Fr. Office National des Chemins de Fer du Maroc).
Of the total
length of 2,120 km of railway lines in 2014, 1,022 km were electrified
with direct current (3 kV). Track width 1435 mm. The locomotive fleet
includes diesel locomotives and electric locomotives. For 2012, the
sections of Marrakech - Casablanca - Rabat - Kenitra - Meknes - Fes are
double-tracked and electrified throughout.
There are plans to
create high-speed rail lines in Morocco - the first of which Kenitra -
Tangier (180 km) should be opened in 2018.
Morocco has a
developed road network, one of the best in Africa - the total length of
roads in 2015 was over 58,000 km, of which 41,000 km were paved roads
and over 1,500 km were high-speed toll roads.
Roads that are part
of the Trans-African Highway Network pass through Morocco.
Morocco has a well-developed intercity bus service, represented by
numerous carriers (CTM, Supratours, Satan, etc.).
Morocco has oil
and gas pipelines of local and regional (from Algeria to Spain)
significance.
Morocco has 31 airports with paved runways and 33
airports with unpaved runways. 10 airports have international status.
Several major airlines operate in Morocco: Royal Air Maroc (national
carrier), Atlas Blue (ceased operations in 2009), low-cost airline Air
Arabia Maroc and regional airline Royal Air Maroc Express.
Several ferry lines link Morocco with Spain, France and Italy. The main
passenger port is the port of Tanger-Mediterane (Tanger-Méd) in the
north of the country.
Morocco has two major trading ports,
Casablanca and Tanger-Méd (which is one of the largest in the region,
and 46 in the world (Total tonnage 39 Mt + 3 million TEU (Twenty Foot
Equivalent) in container traffic (2015).
The state television and radio company - SNRT (Société nationale de
radiodiffusion et de télévision - "National Corporation for Broadcasting
and Television"), includes radio stations Radio Marocaine (launched on
February 15, 1928), Radio Amazigh (a radio station for Berbers in Berber
languages), Casa FM ( launched 1984), Radio Mohammed VI du Saint Coran
(launched 16 October 2004), Chaîne Inter (launched 23 March 2009,
broadcasting in Arabic, French, English and Spanish), regional radio
stations, Al Aoula TV channels (launched 3 March 1962 as TVM, current
name since 2007), Laayoune TV (launched November 6, 2004, broadcasts in
Western Sahara), Al maghribia (launched November 18, 2004, broadcasts in
Arabic, Berber, French and Spanish), Assadissa (launched November 3,
2005, religious TV channel, broadcasts in Arabic, French and one of the
Berber languages), Arryadia (launched September 16, 2006), Aflam TV
(launched May 31, 2008, broadcast broadcast in Arabic, Berber and
French), Tamazight TV (launched 6 January 2010, broadcast in one of the
Berber languages). Created February 15, 1928 as Radio Maroc, from
October 22, 1966 as Radiodiffusion Marocaine. Terrestrial television
operator - Tdm (Télédiffusion Multimedia Du Maroc). Media laws are
enforced by the Higher Council for Audiovisual Communication (Conseil
supérieur de la communication audiovisuelle) (until 2012, the High
Authority for Audiovisual Communication (Haute Autorité de la
communication audiovisuelle)), appointed by the King, the Prime
Minister, the President of the Chamber of Deputies and the President
Chamber of Councilors.
International classification
In 2002,
the international organization Reporters Without Borders ranked Morocco
119th out of 167 in its press freedom index.
The Economist's Quality
of Life Index ranks Morocco's standard of living 65th out of 111
countries in 2005.