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Arzamas is a city (since 1578) in Russia, in the Nizhny Novgorod
region. The city of regional significance, forms the city district
of the same name, the city of Arzamas. The city is located 112 km
south of Nizhny Novgorod. Arzamas is the only historical settlement
of federal significance in the Nizhny Novgorod region.
It is
the center of the Nizhny Novgorod right bank. Founded, presumably,
in 1572 as a new military and administrative center to control lands
east of Murom and south of Nizhny Novgorod. The first governor of
the city in 1572 was Nikita Ivanovich Eropkin. In the 17th century
the garrison of the fortress took part in suppressing the uprising
of Stepan Razin.
Since the 17th century, Arzamas has acquired
the importance of an important transit point on the way from Moscow
to the southeastern regions of the country, at this time the trade
and craft part of the city was formed. In Russia, Arzamas was famous
for the local variety of onions and geese. Arzamas was also known
for the manufacture of leather and leather goods. The famous Arzamas
yuft was exported to England, France, Germany.
In 1954,
Arzamas became a regional center, which gives the city a huge
potential for development. Therefore, the rapid construction of
infrastructure and industry begins. After the oblast was liquidated,
the city did not slow down the pace of development, and already in
1982 more than 100 thousand people lived in it. On September 6,
1978, for the successes achieved in economic and cultural
construction, and in connection with the 400th anniversary of the
founding of the city, he was awarded the Order of the Badge of
Honor.
Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery
Founded in 1556,
the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery played a huge role in the
formation and development of Arzamas, being its true pearl. The
preserved Spassky Cathedral is the first stone building in the city
of Arzamas. In total, there were three churches in the monastery: in
addition to the main one - a warm one in honor of the Nativity of
the Most Holy Theotokos and in the name of the Great Martyr George
the Victorious. At one time, the monastery housed the Spiritual
Board, theological schools (parish and district). The closure of the
monastery, which was once under the direct jurisdiction of the
Moscow patriarchs, took place in 1929.
Currently, restoration
work is underway on the territory of the monastery.
Nikolaevsky (Nikolsky) monastery
The monastery was founded around
1580 by the pious Arzamas resident Theophilact Yakovlev, who became
a priest. There were two churches in the monastery (one was on two
floors, with a temple on each floor). There was an almshouse at the
monastery, an orphanage for girls, a school for the nuns of the
monastery. At the beginning of the 20th century. the monastery also
operated a painting, sewing, ash sewing, shoe, knitting and other
workshops. Except about. Theophylactus was especially famous for the
monastery's confessor, priest Avraamy Nekrasov, who was personally
acquainted with the Monk Seraphim of Sarov. The monastery was closed
in 1929. Since 1994, the monastic life has been revived in it.
Alekseevsky monastery
The monastery was founded in 1634 by
decree of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich as a "royal pilgrimage". During
the reform of 1764, the monastery was abolished, but the monastic
life, thanks to the Monk Theodore of Sanaksar, did not die out in
it. Formally, the community of sisters was subordinate to the abbess
of the Nicholas Monastery. In 1891 the sisters of the community
(about 500) took monastic vows, and in 1898 the abbess, nun Eugenia,
a relative of Patriarch Sergius (Starogorodsky) was elevated to the
rank of abbess. The monastery was closed in 1924. At one time the
art of gold embroidery flourished in the monastery. Until her death,
the niece of Alexander Pushkin, Olga Oborskaya, lived in a special
house in the monastery, as a reminder of which a memorial plaque was
installed on one of the surviving buildings of the monastery (a
modern military unit).
Restoration work is underway on the
territory of the monastery. A part of the monastery buildings is
occupied by a military unit.
Vvedensky monastery
The
Vvedensky Monastery has been known since 1652 - it is located around
the wooden Vvedensky Church, built a year earlier. From 1689 to
1691, Hieroschemamonk John, the founder of the Sarov Hermitage,
worked in the monastery. In 1864, the monastery suffered the fate of
many Russian monasteries - it was abolished, and the temple was
assigned to the Resurrection Cathedral.
Trinity special
monastery
This monastery has been known since 1626. He was called
"special" for the reason that his charter was not social, but each
lived to a certain extent "separately." After the decree of
Catherine II on the establishment of monastic states, it was closed,
and its churches were turned into parish ones. The monastery on this
site was never revived.
According to the most popular
version, proposed by the Finnish linguist H. Paasonen, the city's
name originally sounded like Erzyamas and comes from Moksha. Erzya
"Mordvin-Erzyanin".
An alternative version was proposed by
the Soviet toponymist A.I. Popov: since oikonyms are usually formed
on behalf of the first settler, the name of the city should be
associated with the Mordovian personal name Arzemas (Arzamas,
Orzemas), which is repeatedly found in the scribes of the Middle
Volga region in the 17th century. It can be noted that in the
sources of the late XVI and early XVII centuries. the name of the
city is almost universally recorded as Arzemas (Orzemas). Also the
name of the county is Arzemassky, Orzemassky. The name Arsemas, in
turn, is associated with the Erzya verbal noun "arsema" - thought,
desire, dream; the final letter -с can be (I) a distortion of the
possessive suffix -zo ("arsemazo" - his thought, desire, dream), or
(II) the ending -s of the indicative declension of the nominative
singular ("arsemas" - this thought, desire , dream), or (III) the
affix -with the introductory case, or, finally, (IV) the affix -from
the local case. The second variant of explanation can be considered
the most probable. The assignment of names to settlements according
to the anthroponymic model (from the personal names of the first
settlers, the most influential inhabitants, heads of clans) is very
common in the lands of the Mordovians (compare - Atemasovo,
Vodovatovo, Kichanzino, Syresevo - from the names Atemas, Vodovat,
Kichanza, Sires, there are a huge number of such examples ). It
should be borne in mind that on the site of the city at the very
beginning of the 70s. The 16th century was the Arzemas settlement,
that is, an abandoned Erzya settlement (not necessarily large),
named after a certain Arzemas. Already in the first quarter of the
17th century, the name Arzemas takes on its modern form Arzamas.
There are also versions that the name of the city is derived
from the name of two Mordvins (Arzai and Masai) who rendered Ivan
the Terrible a service and that the name “Arzamas” is formed from
two words - “Erzya” and “Maz” - which means a beautiful (main)
settlement of the Mordovian tribe Erzya.
The age of Arzamas is not exactly known. The first settlements
appeared on the territory of Arzamas in the Paleolithic era. The
final development of these lands by man takes place in the VIII-VI
millennia BC., in the Mesolithic era. The famous Mesolithic site
near the village of Staraya Pustyn is located 33 km north of
Arzamas. It appeared probably about 9-8 thousand years ago.
The entire 15th century was a period of gradual settling of Russians
along the banks of the Volga and Sura. The area around present-day
Arzamas was deaf due to impenetrable forests, so the center of
Mordovian settlements was formed there. Mordovians lived here as
peacefully as they had 500 years before. In these areas, the clatter
of military weapons was not heard, and the inhabitants could calmly
go about their business: farming, cattle breeding, fishing, hunting.
There is a legend that the first settlement on a high hill,
where the historical center of Arzamas is located, was founded by
the Mordvin Tesh in 1245, who, among others, fled into the
wilderness, from the invasion of Batu. There is also information
that in 1281 Arzamas (according to the version founded in 1263) was
visited by Alexander Nevsky, returning from the Horde.
The beginning of the city of Arzamas, like many
Russian cities of the 16th century, was laid by a military border
fortress. The official date of the foundation of the city is
conventionally considered 1578. It is to this time that historical
documents that have come down to us date, in which Arzamas is
mentioned as a fortress and the administrative center of a large
district. So, in the spiritual letter of Ivan IV, it is said about
the appointment of the governor Ivan Khokhlov to Arzamas in 1578.
Based on the information of the category books and the order memory
of Prince TI Dolgorukov in 7080 (1571/72), we can conclude that the
Russian city of Arzamas (in the 16th century - Arzemas) appeared in
1572 on the site of the Mordovian Arzemas settlement. The Arzamas
Kremlin at the beginning of the 17th century was a fortress with 11
towers and 4 gates, in the center of which, on the site of the
current Resurrection Cathedral, a church was laid in the name of the
Archangel of God Michael. To protect the fortress, the sovereign
left a garrison of archers, Cossacks and gunners in it. The fortress
had a "outfit" - firearms. In the inventory of 1629 35 "squeaks"
(guns) of different calibers, copper and iron (some of them "from
the wheel") and 35 "hand squeaks" (guns) are indicated. The relative
stabilization of the Russian state after the turbulent events of the
early 17th century did not exclude the danger of attacks on it from
the south and east, from the Crimean Khanate and the nomads of the
Nogai Horde, located in the Caspian steppes. Therefore, the system
of fortifications created by Ivan IV was maintained and expanded in
the 17th century, especially in its first half. In addition, the
peasant war showed that the tsarist government needed to have strong
points of defense in case of popular uprisings. Among such points
was Arzamas, which occupied an important strategic position
southeast of Moscow on the Russian-Mordovian land. From the very
beginning of its existence, Arzamas combined the functions of not
only a border fortress and an administrative center.
In 1554,
the Cheremis war broke out in the Volga region, it was then that the
town of Arzamas became the district center. Subsequently, to protect
the Arzamas region, the Cossack Vyyezdnaya Sloboda was founded, and
the Arzamas notch line was arranged along the Tyoshi River. In
addition to the actual notch line, the defensive line included
fortified cities, settlements of the guard Cossack service and other
service people, who, if necessary, had to be the first to take a
strike until the main defense forces approached.
The Arzamas
fortress played an important role in the defense of the southeastern
borders of the Russian state, which is reflected in the city's coat
of arms.
After the founding of the city,
the construction of the first monastery began. The Spassky Monastery
was built outside the fortress to the east of the city across the
Soroka River. In 1580, a large number of Novgorodians arrived in the
city (expelled from Veliky Novgorod after the pogrom committed there
by Ivan the Terrible). Thanks to this, the development of new
handicrafts (leather, soap-making and furrier) begins. At the same
time, the female Nicholas Monastery begins its history. Arzamas at
the end of the 16th century:
Among the dense forests on the
right bank of the Tyoshi River, there was a small wooden fortress,
into which four gates led: Nastasinsky, Kuznetsky, Streletsky and
Spassky. Streletskaya Street (now May 1) ran through the very center
of the city and was considered the central one. Near the Spassky
Monastery and the Ilyinsky Church, cutting down the forest that grew
there, residents actively settled. The lower part of the city was
covered with swamps, the rivers Shamka and Soroka flowed through it,
where tanneries were located, so this part of the city in the 17th
century was called Kozhevennaya Sloboda. On the outskirts of the
Tesha River, there lived Cossacks, who, among 600 people, were left
behind by Ivan the Terrible for protection from the Tatars. Their
village was named Vyyezdnaya Cossack settlement. Gunners settled
next to them. In the south of the city was the village of
Melnichnaya, later renamed the village of Ivanovskoye.
Far from Moscow, Arzamas saw under its walls neither the enemies of the Poles, nor the impostors, nor the violent Don Cossacks, but terrible news from Moscow reached him about the transfer of tsarist power from one hand to another. It is not known how the news of the death of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich and the accession to the throne of Boris Godunov was perceived in Arzamas, but the fact that False Dmitry became the new tsar, whom everyone considered the true son of Ivan the Terrible, was greeted with joy, and the Arzamassians remained faithful to him until his death. But before they had time to recover from the terrible news that he was an impostor and that he had been killed, new news came to them that he was alive and was again standing with his army. As a result, the inhabitants of the city recognized the Tushino thief as a true king.
In 1606, gangs of envoys of False Dmitry II flooded the
surroundings of Arzamas. Consisting mostly of beggars, vagabonds,
people without honor and conscience. They burned down villages,
robbed those passing along the roads, stole livestock. Serfs and
peasants, dissatisfied with the cancellation of St. George's Day,
Mordovians also revolted. All this went to Arzamas. Prince Ivan
Vorotynsky, sent by Vasily Shuisky, defeated a horde of rioters near
Arzamas. Some of them fled to the camp of the Tushinsky thief, and
the other settled in Arzamas, Alatyr and Yadrin.
The
chroniclers wrote that the city “was in treason”, as a result of
which it was taken by the troops of Vasily Shuisky. It didn't take
long for Arzamas to calm down. Soon a militia was assembled to
reinforce the tsarist troops. In 1608, the Ryazan-Arzamas militia
was defeated by the detachments of False Dmitry II near Zaraisk.
Meanwhile, there was no complete calm in the vicinity of Arzamas
(mutinies in Nizhny Novgorod, Murom). But Moscow was soon liberated,
where in 1613 elected people from all cities gathered to elect the
tsar. The chosen person from Arzamas was the abbot of the Spassky
monastery Job.
Since the 17th century, Arzamas has become an important transit
point on the way from Moscow to the southeastern regions of the
country. The city was famous for trade, especially onions and the
famous Arzamas geese, for which the Arzamas people were nicknamed
"onions" and "gosyatniks" throughout Russia.
Arzamas enjoyed
the visible favor of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, who took particular
care of the spiritual needs of this city. For example, in 1634, by
the decree of the Great Sovereign, the Alekseevsky Novodevichy
Monastery was founded, the occasion was the birth of the heir to the
throne. Around the same time, the Trinity Monastery became famous.
Since 1615, the Arzamas notch line began to be built to protect
the southeastern borders of the Russian state. In the Arzamas area,
it passed from south to north and then turned east beyond the
Shatkovsky gate. From the side of the field, one could get to
Arzamas through the Sobakinsky Gate, the Shatkovsky Gate was located
to the south, the next was the Ardatovsky Gate in the area of the
present city of Ardatov (Mordovia). The construction of the pit
continued intermittently for over 30 years. By 1647, the
construction of the Arzamas section of the notch line was completed.
On February 10, 1648, the tsar's decree followed to continue the
construction of the line: for the Tatars to be in the sovereign's
service with an okolnich and a voivode, with Bogdan Matveyevich
Khitrovo ... to put cities on the steppe and to arrange all sorts of
fortresses before the arrival of military people in advance from
spring. "
It is necessary to mention the role of the Arzamas
people in the formation of the city of Sapozhok, located within the
defensive Ryazhsko-Sapozhkovskaya zaseka - the defensive lines of
the Moscow state, created at the behest of Boris Godunov on the site
of the settlement of Sapozhok. Already in 1615, Sapozhok was
mentioned among the Ukrainian border fortifications, and later, in
1860, in the volume “Materials on Geography and Statistics. Ryazan
province ", written by Lieutenant Colonel M. Baranovich, on pages
521-522 dedicated to Sapozhk, it is said:" The garrison consisted
mainly of immigrants from the city of Arzamas and many residents
bear the surname Arzamastsev. "
In 1635 the tsar visited
Vyyezdnaya Sloboda.
During the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich,
the people of Arzamas took part in matters of national importance.
For example, according to the historian S.M.Solovyov, when the
question of accepting Azov into Russian citizenship was proposed at
the Zemsky Sobor in Moscow, the Arzamas and many others answered
positively.
In the 1640s, the city suffered from fires. In
1634, construction began on the Cathedral Church of the
Transfiguration in the Spassky Monastery, which is completed in
1643, the oldest surviving architectural monument of the city. In
1651, the fifth monastery was founded in the city center.
Written acts for 1671 confirm that tanneries were already
flourishing in Arzamas at that time. The turnover was so significant
that the Government knew about it.
Founded on the site of
Mordovian settlements, the small town of Arzamas at the beginning
was extremely poor in land. From the south and east of it began the
lands and grounds of the Spassky Monastery, the villages of Ivanovka
and Kirillovka. Beyond the Tesha River, that is, to the west, there
was Vyyezdnaya Sloboda, and from the north, the lands of the boyar
Rtishchev approached. Meanwhile, the number of residents in Arzamas
gradually increased and became crowded. As a result, Rtishchev,
having learned that the city was poor in land and forests, gave his
patrimony for nothing.
In 1675, the stone church of St. John
the Evangelist was built.
In 1669-1671 Arzamas became one of the centers of the peasant war
led by Stepan Razin. Local detachments were led by the "old woman"
Alyona Arzamasskaya-Temnikovskaya. In 1670 (October-December),
participants in the peasant war, defeated by the troops of Prince
Yu. A. Dolgorukov, were executed in the city; in December, Alyona
Arzamasskaya is captured in Temnikov and executed at the stake.
In 1708, the Arzamas province was formed.
In 1719,
Arzamas was the main city of the province, which was part of the
Nizhny Novgorod province.
The number of
its inhabitants by 1737 reached almost 7 thousand people, only
slightly inferior to Nizhny Novgorod. Since 1779 it has been a
county town. In the same year, the first primary school was opened
in the city.
In 1726, a big fire took place that destroyed
the fortress wall, the Nikolaevsky monastery and many houses of the
townspeople.
In 1774 (July-August) the Arzamas province was
gripped by the Pugachev peasant uprising. The government brings
troops into the city. In August, A. V. Suvorov arrives in Arzamas.
On November 8-9, they drove through the city to Moscow under the
escort of E.I.Pugachev.
A.V. Stupin was born on February 13,
1776 (he died on July 20, 1861).
In September 1779 Arzamas
became the center of the county.
In 1788, M.P. Korinthsky, an
outstanding Russian architect, was born (died in 1851).
Arzamas merchants, famous for the variety and scope of trade
operations, quickly grew rich. The results of this were not slow to
affect the appearance of the city.
In 1781, along with other
county towns, Arzamas received a planning project. However, the
designers' lack of familiarity with the features of the local relief
led to a significant adjustment of this first project, carried out
in 1782-1784, and the final plan for the lower part of the city was
developed after the fire of 1823. Thus, at the end of the 18th -
first half of the 19th centuries, the existing planning structure of
Arzamas was formed.
In the 18th century, up to a dozen of the
most important trade routes passed through Arzamas - Moscow, Nizhny
Novgorod, Simbirsky, Saratov, Tambovsky, Bolshaya road to Makaryev
and others. At this time, the city is developing rapidly - the
number of its inhabitants is growing, trade is increasing, and
industry is developing. The unprecedented prosperity of the city of
this period went down in the history of Arzamas as a golden age,
which lasted almost a century, starting from the middle of the 18th
century.
The construction of temples reached a special scope;
by the beginning of the 19th century, 36 church buildings were
erected. “In terms of church architecture, Arzamas is a city where
buildings of a purely metropolitan scale were erected in the
18th-19th centuries, in front of which even Moscow churches of the
same period seem provincial,” the famous restorer N. Pomerantsev
(1926) characterizes the church architecture of Arzamas.
In
1802, A.V. Stupin opened a painting school in Arzamas (it existed
until 1861).
In 1805, MS Zhukova, a famous Russian writer,
was born (she died in 1855).
In 1814 the construction of the
Resurrection Cathedral began. Completed in 1842.
On August 7,
1823, there was a big fire in the lower part of the city.
In
September 1830, A.S. Pushkin passed through Arzamas to Boldino.
In 1833, the first steam engine in the city appeared at the P.
Podsosov tannery.
The culmination of temple building was the
construction of the Resurrection Cathedral in Arzamas in honor of
the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812. The cathedral, built
according to the project of M. P. Corinth, became the main
decoration of the city. The city developed artistic crafts,
including icon painting. Over time, the icon-painting craft grew
into art and is associated with the Arzamas school of painting by
A.V. Stupin.
The first library in the city was opened in
November 1845.
The Nizhny Novgorod provincial department of
the Ministry of Internal Affairs, with the permission of the Acting
Vice-Governor of the Nizhny Novgorod province, informed the Arzamas
City Duma that the Inspection Department of the War Ministry on
October 24, 1853, No. 10118, notified the Provincial Board of the
appointment of lower ranks non-commissioned officers and privates
from the internal guard to the fire brigade the city of Arzamas.
In accordance with the instructions of the Nizhny Novgorod
Provincial Board of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, on December 5,
1860, the first fire department was created in the city of Arzamas,
Nizhny Novgorod province.
On September 2, 1869, L.N. Tolstoy
passed through Arzamas to the Penza province.
In 1870, the
City Duma and its executive body, the City Government, were created
with elected deputies.
In 1872, a women's gymnasium was
opened in the city (since 1902, a gymnasium).
In 1874, M.F.
Vladimirsky, a Soviet statesman and party leader, was born (died in
1951).
In 1890, the first revolutionary circle was created in
Arzamas under the leadership of V.M. Vladimirov.
In 1900, a Social Democratic circle was created in the city under
the leadership of M. V. Goppius.
In 1901, movement began on
the Nizhny Novgorod - Arzamas railway. Arzamas-1 station appeared on
the outskirts of the city.
From May 5 to September 3, 1902,
A. M. Gorky was in exile in the city.
1903 - a craft
apprenticeship school was opened.
On March 9, 1904, the
library named after N.A.Nekrasov was opened.
On June 20,
1905, the first workers' strike in the city took place at the
Zhevakin factory. The first revolutionary demonstrations take place
on October 19-20.
In 1908, a male teacher's seminary was
opened.
In 1909, traffic on the Moscow-Kazan railway opened.
Arzamas-2 station appeared.
On January 22, 1912, a water
pipeline was opened, built on the initiative of F.I.Vladimirsky.
1912-1918 - Arkady Golikov (A. Gaidar) lived in the city.
On December 15, 1913, a telephone exchange began to work.
September 1915 - workers' strike at the Bebeshina factory.
One of the first secret revolutionary
circles in the district, the Brotherhood of Protest, was founded in
1890 and existed for several months. The circle consisted of
teachers and employees, adhered to the Narodnaya Volya orientation
and consisted of 10-12 members. After the disclosure by the police,
the circle broke up, and its leader V.M. Vladimirov was soon
arrested during a failed attempt on the life of the Nizhny Novgorod
governor.
The second wave of the revolutionary movement is
associated with the construction of the railway. Maria Valerianovna
Goppius, the wife of the chief engineer of the Arzamas-Kazan
railway, who arrived in Arzamas from Moscow in 1899, actually became
the organizer of the social democratic movement in the city. In
1900, a social democratic circle was also organized in the village
of Vyezdnaya Sloboda, and not only representatives of the local
intelligentsia, but also workers began to actively participate in
the work of the circles.
The events of the 1905 Revolution
manifested themselves in Arzamas by the strengthening of the strike
movement. There was a wave of strikes at the Zhevakin factory, in
the Kardavil quarry, the Pustynsky plant, on the railway, in the
district unrest began among peasants, who arbitrarily took the
landlord and monastery forests and lands. The manifesto of October
17, 1905, split the ranks of the protesters. Large and small owners,
as well as part of the peasantry, were satisfied with the reforms
and took the side of the bourgeois parties, the Social Democratic
parties (RSDLP and Social Revolutionaries) continued to resist. The
disagreement led to clashes on the streets of the city on October
20, during which 3 people were killed and about 50 were injured. New
political freedoms caused the appearance in Arzamas of committees
and branches of the parties of the Cadets, the trade and industrial
party, the "Union of October 17", and the "Union of the Russian
people." After the suppression of the December armed uprising in
large cities of the country, in Arzamas and in the uyezd, the secret
police defeated many social democratic circles, the RSDLP went into
an illegal position.
The protest movement in Arzamas
intensified again in 1912, when MV Goppius returned to the city from
the Sormovo plant. In the same year, the Arzamas Social Democrats
recognized the Central Committee, headed by V.I. Lenin as his ruling
center. Propoganda work intensified in the city, a small but active
and close-knit nucleus of experienced revolutionaries began to form.
At the factories of the city, short strikes periodically broke out,
mainly with social demands to increase wages, reduce the cost of
food, improve living conditions in hostels, the demands were mainly
satisfied by the owners, but the First World War that began in 1914
caused a general deterioration in the situation of the lower strata
of the population. The manufacturers, threatening to close their
factories, began to refuse to fulfill the terms of their employment
contracts.
The February and October revolutions of 1917 took
place in Arzamas relatively peacefully. After the February
Revolution, a Public Committee was created under the chairmanship of
the breeder G. I. Vyazov, who elected the county commissar of the
Provisional Government of the landowner-monarchist G. S. Panyutin.
On the basis of the disbanded gendarme and police departments, the
people's militia began to be created, the rest of the institutions
of the tsarist government continued to work. The demands of the
city's public to remove the reactionaries from power soon forced the
heads of the city to be replaced: the right-wing
Socialist-Revolutionary Yury A. Tarkhov became the district
commissar, and the merchant V.A.
Soviets began to emerge in Arzamas. The first was created by the
Council of Employees and Clerks, then the Council of Railway
Workers, the Soviet of Soldiers 'Deputies was created on March 22,
the Soviet of Workers' Deputies was created on March 26, and in July
the Social Revolutionaries created the Council of Peasant Deputies,
which supported the interests of large landowners. The majority in
the Soviets were held by the Mensheviks and
Socialist-Revolutionaries, the influence of the Bolsheviks was
insignificant, the city committee of the RSDLP, created on April 4,
1917, who arrived in Arzamas as an agitator of the Central Committee
of the RSDLP Ya.M. Okunev, had about 30 members. After the July
events in Petrograd, the persecution of the Bolsheviks began again.
All Arzamas Soviets with the majority of
Socialist-Revolutionaries-Mensheviks supported the Provisional
Government, the Bolsheviks took a course to support the peasants and
workers and their influence grew, since the main problems
(exhausting war, social insecurity of the lower strata of the
people, remnants of landlord land ownership in the countryside,
etc.) the government was unable to decide.
In the city, food
shortages worsened, and relations between workers and the
administration of factories intensified. From 22 to 26 August, a
citywide strike took place, which ended in concessions from the
manufacturers. On September 11, the Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers'
Deputies merged, which continued to be the Socialist-Revolutionary
Mensheviks, but the Bolsheviks had already captured the majority in
the factory and railway committees of the trade union. The peasants
again intensified the seizure of land and the destruction of the
landowners' estates. On October 25, a group of militiamen arrested
the district commissar Yu. A. Tarkhov, the chief of militia A. M.
Polyakov and his assistants, at the request of the assembled people,
searches were carried out at the city bourgeoisie, during which they
found large supplies of food, the situation escalated.
The
October Revolution in Petrograd caused a stream of conflicting
telegrams to Arzamas. On the morning of October 28, the Bolshevik
representative A.S. Ryazanov brought from Moscow the directive of
the dangerous Bolshevik bureau on the need to immediately seize
power in the localities and intensify explanatory work among the
masses. Various political rallies were held in the city, soon
Arzamas was declared martial law, the Socialist-Revolutionaries and
Mensheviks began to create an anti-Bolshevik fighting squad, on
November 11, the Committee for the Salvation of the Motherland and
Freedom was created under the chairmanship of cadet N.I. Kalmin.
On November 17, at the initiative of the Bolsheviks, the Soviet
of Workers 'and Peasants' Deputies was re-elected in the city, which
the next day adopted a resolution on recognizing the power of the
Soviets of Workers 'and Peasants' Deputies in the country, on the
powers of the Commissars of the Workers 'and Peasants' Government,
on the dissolution of the Committee for the Salvation of the
Motherland and Freedom, established control over military garrison,
post and telegraph. November 18 (December 1 according to the new
style) is considered the day of the establishment of Soviet power in
Arzamas.
After the February Revolution, the
Soviet of Workers 'Deputies and the Soviet of Soldiers' Deputies
appeared in Arzamas (there was a military garrison in the city), a
little later, in April-May 1917, by the decision of the Provincial
Council of Peasant Deputies, a district Council of Peasant Deputies
was organized. After the October Revolution, the Arzamas Soviet of
Workers' Deputies adopted a resolution recognizing the power of the
Soviets. On December 17-18, 1917, Soviet power was proclaimed in
Arzamas.
During the Civil War, when Kazan was taken by the
forces of white units and Czechoslovak legionaries, the headquarters
of the Eastern Front of the Soviet Republic was located in Arzamas.
At this time, Arkady Golikov (Gaidar), who had lived in the city
since 1912 and who later became a well-known and popular children's
writer in the USSR, joined the ranks of the ChON.
After VI
Lenin signed a decree "On the organization of measures to combat
fire" at the Supreme Council of the National Economy, a central fire
department was organized. At the meeting of the Collegium of the
Department of the Arzamas PEC Office dated June 22, 1923, the
District Commission for Fighting Fire was organized. The freestyle
fire brigade was dismissed due to poor organization of work after
the 1st provincial conference in 1936. Until 1982, only a
professional fire brigade functioned in Arzamas, the general
management of which was carried out by the Arzamas detachment of
professional fire protection. Since 1980, paramilitary fire brigades
have been created in the city of Arzamas.
November 1928 - the
beginning of the work of the local broadcasting radio center.
July 5, 1929 - the beginning of the publication of the newspaper
"Arzamas Village" (since January 1, 1932 "Arzamas Truth"). In the
same year, by the efforts of workers' representatives,
collectivization was carried out in the Arzamas region. 36 new
collective farms and 169 agricultural associations were organized.
In 1931, the first machine-tractor station was created.
In the most tense period of the Great Patriotic War, Arzamas was
considered as one of the locations of the Headquarters of the
Supreme High Command in the event of the surrender of Moscow. In and
near the city, work was carried out on the construction of bunkers
and installation of communication systems. From October 17 to
November 20, 1941, the General Staff echelon headed by Marshal
B.M.Shaposhnikov was located here. Due to the change in the
situation on the fronts, the work was not completed.
In the
pre-war and early post-war period, the city and its industry
developed relatively slowly, this was due to the weak energy base,
poor water supply and agricultural orientation of the area. The main
enterprises were the Felt Factory named after I. Budyonny, a
distillery, a brewery and a bakery, 11 workshops of artels, which
specialized in the production of about 200 types of products. The
situation began to change in the 1950s, when the city, as part of
the creation of the Unified Energy System of the USSR, was connected
to the State Regional Power Plant and the problem of water supply
was solved by the construction of a water pipeline from the
Pustynskie Lakes.
On January 6, 1954, Arzamas briefly became
a regional center. The Arzamas region with an area of 27.2
thousand km2 was allocated from the Gorky region, which was divided
into 32 districts, but this territorial division turned out to be
ineffective and on April 23, 1957, the Arzamas region was abolished
and re-incorporated into the Gorky region, and the status of a
regional center was returned to Arzamas ...
The period of the
1950s-1980s is characterized by significant social and industrial
development of the city, accompanied by the emergence of new large
enterprises and an almost 3-fold increase in the population.
In parallel with the laying of factories and the construction of new
micro-districts of the city, the construction industry is rapidly
developing in the eighth five-year period. Since 1955, the first
design organization - "Oblproekt", began its activity. In 1956, an
asphalt-concrete plant was launched, later a plant for bricks and
prefabricated reinforced concrete, wall materials for the
construction of industrial enterprises, cultural facilities and
residential buildings.
In 1956, the construction of the A-161
plant (now JSC "Arzamas Instrument-Making Plant named after
P.I.Plandin") began, which, thanks largely to the talented leader
and organizer, the honorary citizen of Arzamas P.I.Plandin, turned
into the largest enterprise in the city and one of the leading
enterprises of aircraft engineering in the USSR. Among civilian
products, he is known for the popular Legend-404 cassette recorder
and compact CNC machine tools, but the main production was
concentrated in the military field. The plant created a powerful
training system in the city, an instrument-making technical school
(1964), an institute, dormitories, the infrastructure of affordable
household, medical, sports institutions, had the best pioneer camp
in the region, the Morozovsky dispensary, a recreation center in
Crimea, supported city schools and a network preschool institutions,
the construction of new residential neighborhoods, maintained its
own agricultural workshop outside the city - the state farm
"Morozovsky". After the collapse of the USSR, the Arzamas
Instrument-Making Plant experienced a severe crisis and began to
revive only in the late 1990s.
In March 1969, the Arzamas
Automobile Spare Parts Plant (now PJSC Arzamas Machine-Building
Plant) was founded, which initially produced components for the
Gorky Automobile Plant, and with the expansion of production in
1981, it began production of military equipment BTR-70, BRDM-2, BTR
-80, also becoming one of the city-forming and significant
enterprises of the defense-industrial complex of the USSR.
In
1978, by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the
USSR, in commemoration of the 400th anniversary of Arzamas, the city
was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor.
In total, in the
mid-1980s, there were also about 10 smaller enterprises in the city:
LLC PO Avtoprovod, communal machine-building plant Kommash, Arzamas
plant of radio components (now OJSC Ricor Electronics), several food
factories, consumer services factories. and etc.
In addition,
Arzamas continued to be the second largest railway junction in the
Gorky Region on the Moscow-Sverdlovsk route (during the seven-year
plan, the road was converted to electric traction).
And also
the center of the agricultural region, where winter wheat of local
varieties and potatoes were successfully cultivated. In the 1960s,
the Arzamas region became one of the country's largest onion
producers. In agriculture, the assistance of "patron" enterprises
was actively used, in particular, the Gorky Automobile Plant
sponsored many collective farms in the Arzamas region.