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Chelyabinsk is the capital of the Chelyabinsk
region and one of the Russian millionaire cities. Unlike other Ural
capitals, Chelyabinsk cannot boast of an ancient history. Founded
later than others, until the beginning of the 20th century, it was a
completely ordinary Ural city, so the old development here is small
and fragmentary, which, however, the Chelyabinsk residents more than
compensated for the creation of a pedestrian street - one of the
best in Russia. There are remarkable wooden houses in the city, but
the most interesting are the monumental ensembles of the post -war
period, one of the best in Russia, and in addition, from all
regional centers of the Urals, Chelyabinsk leads in the scope of
heavy industry, which constitutes the essence of this city.
Chelyabinsk stands on a small and pretty swampy Miass River. The
geography of the city is non -trivial: it is, as it were, it is
clamped between several large lakes and, according to local
residents, stands on seven hills, which resembles Moscow - there
really are height changes, but the hills are gentle and low. The
city is located in the forest -steppe zone, which, however, you will
not see so simply: industrial outskirts and suburbs stretch from the
center for tens of kilometers, but there are also good parks and
even entire forests. Like the entire Chelyabinsk region, industry
here is surprisingly closely adjacent to wildlife.
The date
of the founding of the city is considered to be 1736, when a
fortress was built on the Miass River. They called it in the Bashkir
village of Chelyaba, which happens either from Chestari (royal,
educated), or from Siluәbe (hollow, shallow pit). There was no royal
fate to the city: until 1917 he was part of the Orenburg province,
but in a commercial, he immediately turned out to be promising,
which was already noted on the emblem of 1782, which depicts a camel
symbolizing the caravan from Central Asia. A century later, in 1892,
the Samaro-Zlatoust railway came to the city: it is significant,
however, that it was still not Chelyabinsk, but a Chrysostom. Soon
the road was extended to the east, and for some time it became the
main stroke of the Trans -Siberian Railway. Chelyabinsk himself
turned out to be a gate to Siberia, which is reminiscent of the
rapid growth of the city in the first decade of the 20th century,
when almost all the old buildings were built, and the pre
-revolutionary elevator, which flashes in the city center, and even
a special area of the migrant, where the migrants who went to
Siberia lived .
After the revolution, Chelyabinsk was covered
by a civil war, which began right here with an uprising, which was
stuck during the transfer from the German front to the Far East of
the Czechoslovak Corps on May 14, 1918. A year later, the city
returned to the rule of the Bolsheviks, but the battles in the
vicinity took place serious. Now Chelyabinsk is almost a leader in
the number of memorials of the Civil War. The first years of Soviet
power were marked by the creation of the Chelyabinsk province (which
later became the region), the rapid industrialization and
construction of several large factories that further grew during the
Great Patriotic War, when many enterprises were evacuated to the
Urals. In the war years, Chelyabinsk received an unofficial title of
Tankograd, as the Tractor Plant produced the lion's share of Soviet
tanks.
During the war years, the population grew from 270 to
650 thousand people, so the main development in Chelyabinsk is the
post -war. Enterprises in the full sense of the word have become
tractor and metallurgical plants, each of which forms its own area
with monuments of the Stalinist style. A lot of first -class Soviet
architecture and in the city center, according to this indicator,
Chelyabinsk stands on a par with Volgograd and Minsk. After the war,
the city continued to grow, already in 1976, crossing the millionth
mark and not having lost its status of a millionaire even after the
collapse of the USSR. Now the population of the city is growing
again, in terms of the number of inhabitants it is 8th place in
Russia.
Inquisitive travelers will find a lot of interesting
things in the city: not only Soviet architecture or industrial
flavor, but also a wonderful museum of local lore, railway museum,
non -trivial monuments and carved wooden houses that suddenly arise
among new buildings. Due to the rareness of historical development,
you can get a general idea of Chelyabinsk in a few hours, but it
also makes sense to stay here for 2-3 days.
Chelyabinsk is very great. Its sleeping areas are
scattered in a large territory, interspersing with lakes, forests, and
industrial zones. Landscapes here are very different: from idyllic
wooden houses on the shore of the lake to steaming pipes and dumps
overgrown with weeds. The center is located on the southern shore of a
fairly swampy city pond. The pond crosses the Kirov Street from the
north to the south, which in the center becomes a pedestrian. After
about a kilometer, it rests on the area of the revolution and passing
perpendicular, i.e. From west to east, Lenin Avenue. This is the central
city highway with the most luxurious Stalinist development. Behind Lenin
Avenue, the center gradually comes to naught, completely ending in the
area of the railway station, to which about 2 km.
Almost all
attractions are in the center or very close to it - for example, on the
opposite bank of the city pond. In addition, the two districts are of
interest: the socialist plant, which rests on the eastern end of Lenin
Avenue, and the socialist plant, which stands completely separately,
about 10 km north of the center.
By plane
In terms of the number and regularity of
flights, the Chelyabinsk airport is inferior to Yekaterinburg and Ufa.
The main message with Moscow (about 10 flights per day), there is a
daily flight from St. Petersburg, local lines in Ufa-Orenburg, Perm,
Kazan (not every day). International flights are mainly charter.
Balandino Airport (Iata: CEK). ☎ +7 (351) 778-37-77. It is located 18 km
northeast of the city. Several new buildings are attached to the typical
building of the Soviet era. If you stand on the station square, then the
arrival will be on the left, and the departure will be on the right.
There is a stand with coffee in the arrival hall. In the departure hall
- storage room, souvenir shops and, on the second floor, a rather cozy
restaurant with hot food. After control, in the internal departure zone,
a single cafe-bar with a dreary look of sandwiches and unusually
expensive drinks.
By train
Station Chelyabinsk-Glavny,
Privokzalnaya Square, 1. ☎ +7 (800) 7750000.
Chelyabinsk is a
nodal station on the historical path of the Trans -Siberian Railway.
Trains running in four directions pass through Chelyabinsk: north and
north-west (to Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Tagil, Nizhnevartovsk, Tyumen, New
Urengoy, Kirov, St. Petersburg), to the east (in Novosibirsk,
Novokuznetsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Tyndu Tyndu. Chita, Tomsk,
Vladivostok), south (in Astana, Karaganda, Tashkent, Orenburg) and to
the west (in Ufa, Moscow, Samara, Penza, Ulyanovsk, Brest, Simferopol,
Adler, Kislovodsk, Anapa, Astrakhan, Baku, Voronezh ).
The
suburban message is served by 5 directions: North-West (Argayash,
Verkhny Ufaly), North (Kamensk-Uralsky), East (Kayasan, Shchuchye,
Schumikha, Kurgan), South (Emanelinsk, Yuzhnouralsk, Troitsk, Cartaly,
Western (Miass, Zlatoust, Zlatoust, Zlatoust, Crocachevo). The road is
electrified with the exception of the northwest direction served by
diesel trains and rail buses. The greatest intensity of traffic is west:
up to 15 pairs of suburban trains. Since 2007, a rail bus runs to
Yekaterinburg through Upper Ufaly.
By car
Chelyabinsk is one
of the centers of the network of federal highways of various directions,
which is explained by the position of Chelyabinsk. Transport flows from
the European part of Russia to Siberia pass through Chelyabinsk (the
border between the Urals and Siberia passes through the city, the city
is located near the border of Europe and Asia). The transport flow from
Kazakhstan is also great (explained by the border position of
Chelyabinsk) and Yekaterinburg.
By bus
In Chelyabinsk, bus
communication is also developed more intercity. Stations. Unified
reference service of the Chelyabinsk bus station-8-800-775-52-32
On the ship
There is no direct sea and river message in Chelyabinsk.
Movement in the city can be carried out by public
transport or taxi.
The cost of a taxi is an average of
100-150 rubles for a trip, from the station and the airport a little
more, about 200 and 400, respectively.
From public transport
the most mobile - minibuses, cost 25 rubles.
The tram,
trolleybus and the bus also cost 23 rubles. Public transport is not
very dependent on traffic jams in the city.
Payment for
travel can be made directly in transport to the driver or conductor.
For those who often use the services of public carriers, there are
preferential payment systems, travel and transport cards.
The
only car sharing (permanent car rental) in Chelyabinsk is provided
by URAMOSOM COMPLE
The main attraction of Chelyabinsk is, of course, his
pedestrian street, Kirovka. It will represent not the first and even
more so that in Russia an example of organizing a large pedestrian zone
with beautiful lanterns, shops and street sculpture. Nevertheless, if in
the same Nizhny Novgorod a pedestrian street is only a small addition to
everything else, then in Chelyabinsk it contains a good half of city
attractions. Go along Kirov from end to end, look into the side streets,
where there is, for example, a mosque or carved wooden houses, and you
will get a good idea of the city. Its historical center, stretching
along Kirovka and in width not exceeding 3-4 quarters, is a strange
mixture of pre-revolutionary houses, new buildings, fences and
wastelands. The urban environment has not been preserved here, and not
the fact that there were once, although interesting houses come across,
and the wooden ones are especially curious, which are often crowned with
low but impressive towers-this is a specific Chelyabinsk element, for
other parts of the Urals, uncharacteristic.
Sovetsky Chelyabinsk,
starting in the area of Lenin Avenue and leaving further south, looks
completely different: there is already an integral city with one of the
best ensembles of Stalinist architecture in Russia. If you liked it, do
not miss the areas of the tractor and metallurgical plants, where the
architecture is no worse, and sometimes even more original: in the
social city of metallurgists, the Stalin Empire is close to Gothic.
In addition to architecture, Chelyabinsk is interesting for
sculpture. Firstly, a complete set of civilian-war memorials, including
those that are not suspected in other parts of the country. Secondly,
the Bashkir Mausoleum of Lenin is no longer anywhere, even in Bashkiria.
The Carboats Spiridonov, Trinity Track, 22A/1 (TC "Mayak +", 3rd floor). 10: 00-17: 00 (except for PN and W). 10 rub. The museum contains a private collection of cars of the 1920-1930s of foreign production. The exposition is originally decorated in the style of the Golden Calf, Ilf and Petrov, and the pearl collection is the same LorrainedEtietrich, known as the antelope of the GNU.
There are many shopping and entertainment centers in
Chelyabinsk. The largest are the TRK "Rodnik" (not far from the new
bridge to the north -west), the Gorki shopping center, the Focus
shopping center, the Almaz shopping center
Estet, Lenin Ave. 61.
✉ ☎ (351) 263-83-45, 263-48-28. The salon has a large selection of gifts
and souvenirs, in addition, it is the official dealer of the Kaslinsky
Plant of Architectural and Art Casting.
Cheap
In the center of the city: Pizza Mia
pizzeria, stalls with Fast-Food (hot frying pan), city cafes "Lucky
Smile", "Subway", departments of chain stores "Prospekt".
Burger
Club. ☎ 8-908-703-54-06. From 10 to 24. The local analogue of McDonald's
and Burgerking with good food and acceptable price. There is Wi-Fi.
st. Kirova, 80 (Arbat).
st. Dzerzhinsky, 102/2 (c/t aurora).
Average cost
Cafe at shopping and entertainment complexes.
Expensive
Numerous restaurants and entertainment (night) clubs. The
most expensive and famous of them is the Ural Dumplings, is located in
the city center, 66 Lenin Ave., Nearby, several cafes. On Lenin Ave. and
Kirov St. there are many restaurants of all price categories with
different kitchen - European, French, Chinese, Japanese, etc.
Cheap
Hostel Sunshine v Kontakte Russian V.Png,
Russian street, 279 (5th floor). ☎ +7 (351) 225-21-28, +7 (912)
896-54-53. from 400 rubles. The hostel occupies a whole floor in a
student dormitory with a block system. Each block has two multi -seater
rooms and a bathroom with a sink, a toilet and a shower. There are
common kitchen, a TV room and a game room with a table tennis table.
Hostel staff maintains high level cleanliness. The elevator works only
in the daytime. Credit cards are accepted for payment.
Average
cost
"Malachite" (center), "Omsk", (cross.
Expensive
"Victoria" (in the north-west of the city), "Birch", "Heliopark" (Lake
Smolino, Trinity Tract).
The ParkCity Hotel, 6 Fold Park, 6. High
-speed Internet in each room, centralized air conditioning with the
possibility of individual management in the room, safe, minibar,
hairdryer, gender with heating in the bathroom, intercity and
international communication in rooms.
Hotel Almaz, st. Forest
Park, 15.
Grand Hotel Vidgof is located in the very center of the
city on the main street, 3 km from the railway station and 18 km from
the international airport.
Stationary phones of Chelyabinsk have seven-digit
numbers of the type +7 (351) XXX-XX-XX.
GSM operators: Big
Three-MTS, Megafon and Beeline, are also present Tele2 and Utel
(Rostelecom).
CDMA 2000 EV-DO: SkyLink network.
3G: there,
the HSPA+ (GSM) standard from MTS, megaphone and Beeline.
Wi-Fi:
In the city center, it is easy to find a cafe or other institution with
an access point, most often access is free. In the parks of Gagarin and
Pushkin at the entrance and central alleys, the network is also caught
from intercommunication.
LTE (4G): present.
You should refuse to visit the working areas of the city - ChTZ, Leninsky district in the evening and at night.
According to the toponymic dictionary
"Geographical Names of the World" edited by Evgeny Pospelov, the
village was founded in the Chelebi tract, the name of which comes
from the Turkic personal name Chelebi ("prince", "educated"). The
descendants of the first settlers and old-timers said that the name
of the Chelyaba fortress, given by the name of the tract, goes back
to the Bashkir word “silәbe” (“depression”, “shallow pit”). This
version is supported by the notes of the German traveler Johann
Gmelin, who visited the Chelyabinsk fortress in 1742. Also, in his
historical monograph, Vladimir Vitevsky wrote: “Chelyab is a Bashkir
word, which means a bucket or a burak in translation into Russian.
The location of Chelyabinsk is really a bucket-shaped basin. "
Subsequently, various alternative versions appeared:
According to the researcher A.V. Orlov, the Chelyabinsk fortress was
named after the village of Selyaba, which stood on the river.
Selyabka. This version was supported by V. A. Dolgorukov and V. A.
Vesnovsky, who wrote in his reference book in 1909 that according to
legend, at the time of the foundation of Chelyabinsk, there was the
Bashkir village of Selyaba on this place.
According to some
scholars (U. K. Safiulin, G. F. Satarov, Yu. G. Podkorytov), the
village was founded by the legendary Turkic hero Selyambey.
GA
Turbin believed that it was the village of the Bashkir tarkhan
Taymas Shaimov, who had the honorary title of "chelyabi" .
It is
quite possible that on the site of modern Chelyabinsk there were the
patrimonial lands of the Turkic hero Selyabi-Chelebi.
Some
researchers derive the name from the Türkic root "chelyabi"
("selyabi"), that is, noble.
There is a version of the origin
of the toponym from the name of the river, since a considerable
number of villages were named after the rivers near which they were
built. Among the Turkic peoples, it was customary to name rivers by
the names of the owners of those patrimonial lands where they
flowed. Opponents of this version note that at the time of the
appearance of the Russians in the South Urals (late 17th - early
18th centuries), no villages near the river. Miass did not exist,
since it was the territory of the Bashkir peoples and it was unsafe
to live next to them. During the time of the Mongol Empire and the
Golden Horde, the honorary title of Chelebi (Chelubey) was spread.
The anthroponym Chelebi in the Islamic world refers to the epithets
with the meaning of a strong, influential person (translated from
the Turkic - pretty, handsome, sun-like). In history, you can find
many confirmation of the existence of this anthroponym. So, for
example, according to legend, on the Kulikovo field in the previous
battle with the monk Peresvet from the side of the Golden Horde, the
hero Chelubey participated. Chelibir was the name of one of the
batyrs who served the Chernigov princes. In the XV century. Sultan
Mehmed I elebi ruled Turkey. The famous Turkish scientist of the
17th century. Haji Khalifa bore the pseudonym Kyatib Chelebi. His
youngest contemporary was the largest Turkish traveler of the Middle
Ages Evliya Чelebi. Translated from Turkish into Russian, "chelyab"
means God, and "chelyabi" is divine, gifted by God.
Base
The Chelyabinsk fortress was founded in 1736 on the site
of the Selyabe tract. One of the reasons for the construction of the
Chelyabinsk fortress, as well as the Miass (now the village of
Miass) from Chebarkulskaya, was the attacks of the Bashkirs on the
carts with food following from the Techenskaya settlement to the
Orenburg and Verkhoyitsky fortresses.
On September 13,
Colonel AI Tevkelev (Tevkelev Kutlu-Mukhammed) "founded the city in
the Chelyabi tract from the Miyass fortress, thirty miles away." The
fortress was founded with the consent of the owner of the land on
which the construction was planned - the Bashkir tarkhan Taymas
Shaimov; which ultimately led to the release of his Bashkirs from
taxation. Later, on behalf of AI Tevkelev, Major Ya. Pavlutsky
completed the construction of the Chelyabinsk Fortress. He,
presumably, had searched for a place for the fortress several years
earlier. Since 1736, the Chelyabinsk fortress was administratively
included in the Ufa province.
On June 20, 1742, the German
traveler I. G. Gmelin compiled the first description of the
fortress: “This fortress is also located on the Miyass River, on the
southern bank, it is similar to Miyasskaya, but larger and
surrounded only by wooden walls made of lying logs. Each wall is
approximately 60 fathoms. It was founded shortly after the Miyassk
fortress, and it got its name from the forest nearest to it, located
higher on the southern side of the river, in Bashkir
Chelyabe-Karagai. "
In 1743-1781, the Chelyabinsk fortress
became the administrative center of the Isetskaya province,
according to the decree of the Orenburg commission of September 22,
1743, before that it was simply part of this province.
On
March 23, 1748, the first stone church was laid in the Chelyabinsk
fortress, which became the main cathedral of the Isetskaya province.
As of the 1760s, in the Chelyabinsk fortress there were a
voivode and a provincial chancellery (transferred from the
Techenskaya Sloboda in 1743), a poll tax, a spiritual government, a
town hall, about 500 courtyards (of which about 100 courtyards are
inside the fortress). Inside the fortress, on the right bank of the
river, there was a fortification with 2 wooden towers. The fortress
on both banks of the river was surrounded by a wooden fence (zaplot)
with slingshots, nadolbami and three passable towers. Lived:
irregular troops of 354 Cossacks led by the ataman and 8 foremen, a
regular provincial company of the chancellery (infantry company),
192 merchants and workers, 42 peasants and household servants. In
addition, 154 souls of residents who had moved from Shadrinsk lived
15 versts in the village of Balanchnoi. The fortress had a wooden
church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, built before 1743 and built
after a stone three-altar (Nativity of Christ, John the Theologian,
Nicholas the Wonderworker). The postal road to Orenburg passed
through the Zelair fortress and was 572 versts.
In 1774,
thanks to the actions of the governor A.P. Verevkin, he withstood
the siege of the Pugachevites, but in February 1775 the Pugachevites
took the fortress. General IA Dekolong, who had arrived with
reinforcements, helped in the liberation.
In 1781, the
Chelyabinsk fortress became the city of Chelyabinsk and the center
of the Chelyabinsk district of the Yekaterinburg region of the Perm
governorship. Since 1782, Chelyabinsk, like the county, was
administratively subordinate to the Ufa region of the Ufa
governorship when it was created from the Orenburg province. On June
6, 1782, by the decree of Empress Catherine II, the coat of arms of
the district town of Chelyabinsk, Ufa governorship, was approved. In
the upper part of the shield is the Ufa coat of arms, and in the
lower part there is a loaded camel, as a sign that trade routes
passed through the city.
In the 1780s, Chelyabinsk was a
quiet district town, but it was home to world-class events. So, in
1788, a group of doctors led by S. Andreevsky studied the symptoms
and gave the name to anthrax, and were the first in the world to
isolate serum against this deadly disease.
Since 1796, in
connection with the abolition of the governorships, Chelyabinsk and
the district are part of the re-created Orenburg province and a new
coat of arms is approved: a loaded camel in the lower part of the
provincial shield.
In the first half of the 19th century, a
trade and craft layer began to form among the townspeople. By the
middle of the 19th century, the city took a strong place in the fair
trade of the Urals.
Until the end of the 19th century, Chelyabinsk was a small town.
The rebirth of Chelyabinsk took place in 1892 thanks to Emperor
Alexander III. It was associated with the completion of the
construction of the Samara-Zlatoust railway, which connected
Chelyabinsk with the European part of the Russian Empire. It was
thanks to the intervention of the emperor that the previously
proposed project was canceled, which was supposed to lead the
railway through Kazan - Yekaterinburg - Tyumen. Since 1892, the
construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway continued further to the
east of the country. The further development of the city was
facilitated by the commissioning in 1896 of a branch of the Ural
Mining Railway connecting Chelyabinsk with Yekaterinburg, as a
result of which the entire freight traffic from the previously
isolated railway flowed through Chelyabinsk to the European part of
the country, in addition to the flow from Western Siberia. In just a
few years, the city has taken a leading position in the country in
the trade in bread, butter, meat and tea. The Chelyabinsk Exchange
of the late 19th century is the first in Russia for trading in
bread, and the second for trading in imported tea. This was also
facilitated by the introduction by the government of the country of
the so-called "Chelyabinsk tariff break" (1896-1913). The unofficial
honorary name “Gateway to Siberia” is assigned to Chelyabinsk.
From 1893 to the 30s of the XX century in Chelyabinsk, near the
railway station, the largest medical and nutritional resettlement
center in Russia appeared and exists as part of the Resettlement
Administration, through which at that time almost all migrants to
Siberia and the Far East passed. In the same year, the Chelyabinsk
branch of the State Bank of the Russian Empire was opened in the
city.
In 1898, next to the railway station, the first plant
in the city "V. G. Stoll & Co ”, which produced agricultural tools
and implements.
For several years the population of the city
has grown significantly (in 1897 - about 20 thousand people, in 1910
- more than 60 thousand, in 1917 - about 70 thousand), and the
territory has increased by a third. Many settlements appeared around
the railway station. A religious school (1830, a new building was
built in 1878), a women's gymnasium (1870), a real school (1902,
from 1905 in its own building), and a trade school were opened. A
people's house and a railway meeting club were built. There were
about 1,500 commercial and industrial establishments in the city
with an annual turnover of up to 30 million rubles. Trading offices,
agencies, representative offices of foreign companies selling
machinery and equipment were opened. For its rapid growth at the
turn of the 19th-20th centuries, similar to American cities,
Chelyabinsk was sometimes called the Trans-Ural Chicago.
Soviet period
During the first five-year plans
After the
October Revolution. The armed rebellion of the Czechoslovak corps
after the events of May 14, 1918 at the Chelyabinsk railway station
and the capture of the city on the night of May 26-27, 1918, led the
neutral corps of many thousands to participate in the civil war on
the side of KomUch and later A. V. Kolchak. Despite the political
instability, the Chelyabinsk elevator was commissioned in 1918.
After the capture of the city in July 1919 (Chelyabinsk operation),
the Bolshevik authorities began to form by the Reds: a revolutionary
committee was created, elections to party committees were held. On
September 3, 1919, Chelyabinsk became the center of the Chelyabinsk
province, created by the decision of the All-Russian Central
Executive Committee, transformed on November 3, 1924 into the
Chelyabinsk District of the Ural Region.
On January 17, 1934,
by a resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the
Ural region was divided into three regions - the Sverdlovsk region
with the center in Sverdlovsk, the Chelyabinsk region with the
center in Chelyabinsk and the Obsko-Irtysh region with the center in
Tyumen.
In 1937, the issue of renaming the city of
Chelyabinsk into Kaganovichgrad was considered.
During the
first Soviet five-year plans, Chelyabinsk became one of the
country's largest industrial centers. If by 1919 there were only two
enterprises in the city, then from the beginning of the 1930s a
tractor, abrasive, ferroalloy, electrode, machine tool, and zinc
factories began their work. Here is what Louis Aragon wrote about
this period, who visited Chelyabinsk in the summer of 1932 on his
way from Sverdlovsk as part of a delegation of progressive writers
from Europe and the United States:
“… Chelyabinsk suddenly opens.
We skirted whole kilometers of new houses, white with gray stripes.
At the foot of them there are still huddled black dugouts, in which
they used to live ... ... there is not a single tourist who would
not ask first of all: “What is this? This is Chelyabtraktorostroy.
And this is the power station - ChGRES “. And still at home, still
at home ... "
- Letters from Lausanne. Literary essays. A. A.
Shmakov // Chelyabinsk: South Ural Book Publishing House. - 1980
Chelyabinsk and repressions did not bypass, one of such reminders
is the mass graves on the "Golden Mountain" and the biography of the
first heads of the South Ural Railway.
During the Great
Patriotic War
During the Great Patriotic War, Chelyabinsk played
an important role as a rear city. Chelyabinsk received thousands of
evacuees. The city's population has grown from 270 to 650 thousand
people. On the basis of more than two hundred enterprises evacuated
in 1941, which merged with local industries, the giants of the
industry ChKPZ, ChMK, ChTPZ were created. The Moldavian and Izmail
offices of the USSR State Bank were evacuated to the Chelyabinsk
office of the USSR State Bank (by that time there were also regional
offices of the USSR Industrial Bank and the USSR Agricultural Bank).
From 1941 to 1945, the People's Commissariat of the Tank Industry,
one of the largest industrial commissariats of the USSR, was located
in Chelyabinsk. In addition, the city housed the People's
Commissariat for Ammunition, the People's Commissariat for Medium
Machine Building, the People's Commissariat for Power Plants and the
People's Commissariat for Construction. Since August 21, 1943,
Chelyabinsk has been a city of republican (RSFSR) subordination.
Already at the beginning of the war, Chelyabinsk acquired a
second, unofficial name - Tankograd. After connecting the capacities
of the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant with two evacuated enterprises -
the Leningrad Kirov and the Kharkov Motor-Building, huge production
switched to the production of tanks. The plant has been producing
heavy KV-1 tanks since 1940 (since 1943 it has been producing the
IS-2). Also, it was mastered in just 33 days, the mass production of
T-34 tanks. For the first time in the world practice of tank
building, the assembly of a medium tank was put on the conveyor at
ChTZ, later taken over by Uralvagonzavod. During the Great Patriotic
War, 60 thousand tank diesel engines were produced in Chelyabinsk.
Since 1943, ChTZ has produced SU-152 self-propelled artillery
mounts, and then ISU-152. In total, over the war years, the plant
produced 18 thousand combat vehicles, which is one fifth of all
produced in the country. At the plant them. Kolyuschenko mastered
the production of the BM-13 installation - the famous "Katyusha".
During the war, the city's enterprises produced diesel engines,
ammunition (cartridges, mines, bombs, land mines, rockets),
electrical equipment for combat vehicles, parts for tanks and ZIS
vehicles, armored glass for aircraft and other products necessary
for victory. By the end of the war, every third tank and combat
aircraft had Chelyabinsk steel.
On July 30, 1941, the
formation of the Chelyabinsk Tank School began. It trained tank
commanders (crews), military technicians, senior driver-mechanics
for heavy tanks and heavy self-propelled artillery installations.
The training was combined with practical training in the ChTZ
workshops in the production of tanks. In total, from 1942 to 1945,
37 graduates of military specialists in various specialties were
produced at the school. A total of 6,863 officers were trained for
the armored forces. Before the Battle of Kursk, graduates of the
school, as well as residents of the city and the region,
participated in the formation of the 30th Ural Volunteer Tank Corps
(later the 10th Guards Ural Volunteer Tank Corps), tank brigades and
in the formation of 16 heavy self-propelled artillery regiments. In
particular, in Chelyabinsk, the following were formed: the 96th Tank
Brigade named after the Chelyabinsk Komsomol (formed in May 1942,
the honorary name Shumenskaya was awarded for military services);
97th Tank Brigade (formed in June 1942, later the 52nd Guards Tank
Brigade, Fastovskaya); 99th Tank Brigade (formed in June 1942, later
the 59th Guards Tank Brigade, Lublin); 244th Chelyabinsk Tank
Brigade (formed as part of the Ural Volunteer Tank Corps, later the
63rd Guards Chelyabinsk Tank Brigade, Petrakuvskaya); 119th Tank
Brigade (formed in the spring of 1942, later, due to losses, was
reorganized into the 7th Guards Breakthrough Regiment, Elninsky);
166th Tank Brigade (formed in the spring of 1942, later, due to
losses, was reorganized into a tank regiment); 360th separate Ural
volunteer tank regiment (formed in the summer of 1942); 1536th heavy
self-propelled artillery regiment (formed in 1943, later the 378th
guards heavy self-propelled artillery regiment, Novgorod); 1529th
heavy self-propelled artillery regiment (formed in 1943, later the
333rd guards heavy self-propelled artillery regiment,
Polotsk-Vitebsk); 1548th heavy self-propelled artillery regiment
(formed in 1943, later the 367th guards heavy self-propelled
artillery regiment, Oder); 1544th heavy self-propelled artillery
regiment (formed in 1943, later the 377th guards heavy
self-propelled artillery regiment).
In the locomotive depot of the city's railway station in
1941-1942, 5 armored trains were built, formed and sent to the front
as part of the 38th separate armored train division and the 39th
special armored train division. More than ten ski battalions were
also formed in Chelyabinsk (in particular, the 39th, 40th, 43rd,
44th, 155th, 157th, 217th, 218th, 242nd, 243 th) and the 15th ski
brigade.
In Chelyabinsk, during the war years, 10 evacuation
hospitals were deployed for seriously wounded requiring long-term
treatment (a total of 118 evacuation hospitals were deployed in the
region, until 1943, including in settlements of the present Kurgan
region), as well as the departments of a number of large hospitals
in the city, to which it was delivered from front about 220,000
people, 78% of whom were healed and returned to the front. Not
without lethal outcomes, amounting to 0.3% of the total. The wounded
and sick who died in hospitals were buried mainly in the Lesnoye and
Uspenskoye cemeteries in mass graves. The 4251st and 4253rd
infectious diseases, 5153rd mobile field hospitals were formed in
the city and sent to the front. In 1941-1944, the Kiev Medical
Institute was in evacuation in Chelyabinsk, which produced doctors
for the front; in 1944, the Chelyabinsk Medical Institute was
created on its basis.
During the war, the city hosted the
Chelyabinsk camp No. 102 of the UNKVD in the Chelyabinsk region for
interned prisoners of war of the foreign army and the
Chelyabmetallurgstroy forced labor camp (originally
Bakalstroy-Bakallag, later Chelyablag) of the GULAG system of the
NKVD of the USSR.
Post-war time
In the postwar period,
Chelyabinsk became a supplier of equipment, machinery, human
resources for the restoration of Stalingrad, Donbass, DneproGES and
others. The importance of Chelyabinsk is also evidenced by the fact
that it was included in the number of 20 cities of the USSR subject
to atomic bombing, according to the first post-war plan of war
against the USSR (Plan "Totality") developed in the United States
already in 1945, and was also included in subsequent similar plans.
In 1947, a new development plan was approved, which provided for
multi-storey buildings in the city center and areas adjacent to
industrial enterprises. This radically changed the panorama of
Chelyabinsk. Enterprises were built, new industries appeared.
Automation was actively introduced at the enterprises,
production was modernized. So, since 1954, cars with the brand name
of the Kolyuschenko plant entered the world market and were supplied
to 40 countries of the world. In 1956, the first stage of the
world's largest electric pipe shop was put into operation at the
pipe-rolling plant. In a decade, 18 new workshops were commissioned
at the metallurgical plant, and in 1958 blast furnace No. 5 was
launched - the first All-Union shock Komsomol construction project
in Chelyabinsk was completed. During this period, ChMP (now ChMK)
became the flagship of the ferrous metallurgy of the USSR.
By
1960, there were already about 15 thousand students in Chelyabinsk.
The first classical university in the South Urals - ChelSU was
founded in 1976. By the 1980s, the capital of the Southern Urals had
become a major scientific center of the country: 7 universities and
about 40 research and design institutes operated here.
Since
June 3, 1958, Chelyabinsk is again a city of regional subordination.
In the early 1970s, the first visitors were received by the
sanatoriums and dispensaries of ChTZ and ChTPZ, a city student
hospital appeared, and large medical institutions were built. In a
short time, the north-western part of the city was built up, new
quarters of high-rise buildings appeared at ChTZ and the north-east.
On October 13, 1976, a millionth resident was born in Chelyabinsk,
while 3 newborns were included in those at once.
By 1980, the
city's enterprises provided more than half of the all-Union
production of stainless steel, a fifth of pipes produced in the
USSR, a third of ferroalloys, and up to 40% of road vehicles. At
this time, a new building of the drama theater for 1200 seats was
opened, the Chelyabinsk puppet theater acquired all-Russian fame. In
1986, Chelyabinsk celebrated its 250th anniversary; in honor of
this, a geological museum, a chamber and organ music hall, monuments
to Igor Kurchatov and To a New Way were opened.
Modern period
The first half of the 1990s became difficult for Chelyabinsk,
resulting in bankruptcy of enterprises, non-payment of salaries, and
underfunding of social programs. In the second half of the decade,
industry resumed its work in Chelyabinsk, and many combines and
factories entered the world market with their products. In 1996, the
zoo was opened, and in 2004 - the pedestrian street Kirovki, which
has become a favorite walking place for Chelyabinsk residents and
guests of the city. In 2006, a new building of the State Historical
Museum of the Southern Urals was opened, and in 2009 the Traktor ice
arena with a capacity of 7,500 spectators.
In the 2010s, after the economic downturn of the 1990s, the
construction and commissioning of new housing intensified in the
city, large microdistricts were built from scratch (in turn,
consisting of smaller microdistricts and housing complexes) with all
infrastructure in the eastern and northern western outskirts, for
which the boundaries of the city were expanded by transferring the
land of the Sosnovsky district: "Churilovo", "Topolinaya Alleya",
"Academ-Riverside", "Parkovy"; whole residential complexes with
their own names, and sometimes comparable in size to small
neighborhoods.
On September 1, 2011, a bromine leak occurred
in the city at the Chelyabinsk-Glavny railway station, which injured
102 people, and some areas of the city were covered with a
suffocating odor. On February 15, 2013, a meteorite of the same name
fell in the vicinity of Chelyabinsk, 7320 buildings and 1613 people
suffered from the blast wave that occurred during the fall.
Chelyabinsk is located almost in the center of the mainland Eurasia
(1400 km from the geographical center), east of the Ural ridge, 200 km
south of Yekaterinburg. The height above sea level is about 200-250 m.
The geological location: the western part is the Southern Urals
(granites), the eastern part is Western Siberia (sedimentary rocks), so
the city is on the border of the Urals and Siberia and has an unofficial
name “Gate. In Siberia ”, at the turn of the XIX -XX centuries, after
the construction of the Trans -Siberian Railway, many travelers bought
postcards at the Chelyabinsk railway station and sent them around the
world as evidence of their stay in Siberia. The Leningrad bridge
connects the Ural and Siberian banks of the Miass River, thus is a
bridge from the Urals to Siberia. Strictly along the border of the Urals
and Siberia passes the Meridian highway on the site from Lenin Avenue to
Mechanical Street: travel along Lenin Ave. under the Viaduct of the
Meridian highway is the most famous among the inhabitants of the city,
the intersection of the border of the Urals and Siberia.
The city
stands on the Miass River, within the city is the Shershnevsky reservoir
and three lakes: Smolino, Sineglazovo, the first. Several small rivers
flowing into Miass flows through the city: abbot, colupaevka, chikinka,
hee and chernushka, most of them are launched through pipes and
collectors underground.
The relief of the city is poorly hilly in
the west with a gradual decrease to the east. An interesting fact,
Chelyabinsk as Rome, Constantinople and Moscow, is located on seven
hills. The city is "cut" by the valley of the river. Miass and hollows
with lakes and swamps. The shores of Miass are covered in places with
forest and shrubs. On the territory of the city below the Shershnevsky
reservoir, the river in several places was trained in forming a system
of urban ponds, as a result of which the channel spilled with gentle
shores, the bottom is sophisticated. Higher and below the city of a half
-mountainous river with a quick flow, rifts and rocky shores. The
climate is moderately continental.
From the south-west to the
north, Chelyabinsk, Sosnovsky District, is subtle-shaped. On the eastern
side, the satellite city Kopeisk adjoins the Chelyabinsk. In the
northeast, Chelyabinsk borders on the Krasnoarmeysky district.
Chelyabinsk is located in the clock zone of MSC+2. The displacement of the used time relative to the UTC is +5: 00. In accordance with the time and geographical longitude used, the average sunny noon in Chelyabinsk occurs at 12:54.
Chelyabinsk is located in the forest -steppe zone, almost in the
center of the mainland of Eurasia at a large distance from the seas and
oceans, east of the Ural ridge.
The city’s climate is moderate,
according to general characteristics, refers to a moderate continental
(transition from moderately continental to sharply continental). The air
temperature depends on both the influence of the air masses entering the
territory of the region, and on the amount of solar energy received.
2066 hours a year, the sun shines in the region. The amount and
distribution of precipitation throughout the year is determined mainly
by the passage of cyclones over the territory of the region, their
annual amount is 410-450 mm. The wind regime in the territory of
Chelyabinsk and the region depends on the peculiarities of the placement
of the main centers of the atmosphere and changes under the influence of
orography. In January-May, winds of the southern and southwestern trend
at a average speed of 3-4 m/s prevail. With snowstorms, the maximum
speed increases to 16-28 m/s. In June-August, the wind blows from the
west and north-west, the average speed does not increase, but with
thunderstorms there is a short-term squalling wind strengthening to
16-25 m/s. In September-December, the wind turns to the southern and
southwest, the average wind speed is 3 m/s, the maximum is 18-28 m/s.
Winter is long, moderately cold and snowy. Constant snow cover is
formed on November 15-18 and lasts 145-150 days. The height of the snow
cover is 30-40 cm, but in low-snow winters it happens 10-15 cm less.
Blizzards are observed for 30-35 days, with a total duration of 220-270
hours. The average temperature of the January is from - 15.5 to −17.5 °
C. The absolute minimum of air temperature reached −49 ° C. Spring is
long and moderate. Summer temperatures begin to rise in May. Summer is
moderately warm and dry, rainy in some years. The average air
temperature in July is from 18 to 19 ° C. Absolute maximum temperature
was noted in 1952 - +39.2 ° C. The largest amount of precipitation falls
in July.
Late spring (in the first half of June) and early autumn
(at the end of August) frost, in some years with snowfall are
characteristic.
The length of the daylight hours varies from 7
hours 08 minutes to 17 hours 24 minutes (during winter and summer
solstices).
Due to the fact that Chelyabinsk is an industrial city with a large
number of factories, the environmental situation in the city is
especially acute. According to the statements of the former governor of
the Chelyabinsk region, Boris Dubrovsky, in Chelyabinsk there is a
crisis of control over the quality of the air, and the environmental
capacity of Chelyabinsk has been exhausted, which is why it is
impossible to create new production. According to the Ministry of
Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation, in Chelyabinsk
in 2020, the volume of emissions increased by 13 % relative to the
indicators of 2019. The special representative of the President of the
Russian Federation on environmental protection, ecology and transport
Sergei Ivanov said that Chelyabinsk is unfavorable for living by the
city due to pollution of the atmosphere. Member of the Council of Human
Rights under the President of the Russian Federation Ivan Zasursky, who
visited Chelyabinsk in February 2018, said that "Chelyabinsk is a city
with the strongest smell in Russia, you can’t live in Chelyabinsk." In
the environmental rating of the Green Patrol public organization, the
Chelyabinsk region for the period of winter 2021–2022 took 80 out of 85.
According to a study by the Chelyabinsk branch of the 2017 RANEPA,
93 % of the city’s inhabitants believe that the air is polluted. Due to
the critical situation with air pollution, Chelyabinsk became the object
of Internet memes and jokes, in which the theme of Smog and air touches,
and on Twitter the city received its own hashtag "#Chelyabinskdyshi".
In the reports of Roshydromet and the Ministry of Ecology of the
Chelyabinsk Region, for 2020 it is noted that the level of air pollution
in the city is increased. The average annual maximum permissible
concentration (MPC) was recorded by formaldehyde and hydrogen fluoride,
and periodic excess of norms was fixed in nitrogen dioxide, carbon
monoxide, benzapiren, phenol, hydrogen sulfide, ethylbenzene, benzene,
lead, manganese and weighed substances. In 2016–2020, an increase in the
concentrations of carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, hydrogen fluoride,
ammonia, xylolov, ethylbenzene, toluene, nickel, chromium. The ecology
of Chelyabinsk is characterized by a constant announcement of days with
adverse weather conditions (NMU), which arise with a rod and low wind,
which is why there is an accumulation of emissions in the lower layer of
the atmosphere. There is a negative trend, since in 2021 52 % of days
(190 days out of 365) were accompanied by NMU, and in 2020 - 180 days.
There are several lakes within the city: Smolino, the first and
second, Shelyugino and the Shershnevsky reservoir. The Shershnev
reservoir - a source of drinking water for the city, according to the
report of Rosprirodnadzor, has high organic pollution, and the quality
of the source water does not correspond to 8 out of 12 samples taken in
2021. Rospotrebnadzor said that bathing on all reservoirs of Chelyabinsk
is dangerous. The Miass River, flowing through the city, is influenced
by wastewater of urban treatment facilities and enterprises, which was
expressed in 2020 in the periodic excesses of the MPC for ammonium
nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, phosphate nitrogen (phosphorus), general
gland, nickel, arsenic, copper , zinc, manganese, oil products.