The Republic of Khakassia is located in Central Siberia. It borders on the Altai Republic in the southwest, the Kemerovo region in the west, the Krasnoyarsk Territory in the north and east, and the Tuva Republic in the southeast.
Abakan
Abaza
Chernogorsk
Khakassky Nature Reserve
Sunduki
Sayanogorsk
Shira
Sorsk
In Khakassia, the official languages are Russian and Khakass. The Khakass language belongs to the Khakass-Altaic group of Eastern Turkic languages. Writing based on the Cyrillic alphabet was created in 1924; before the Mongol invasion, the ancient Turkic runic script (Orkhon-Yenisei script) was used.
By plane
Daily flights Moscow-Abakan are operated by two airlines:
Sibir (S7) and Aeroflot. Departure from Moscow closer to night, arrival
in Abakan at 6-7 am.
By train
From Moscow from the Yaroslavl
station on the Trans-Siberian Railway, then in Achinsk there is a branch
to Abakan. On the branded train No. 066Y Sayany or No. 068Y
Moscow-Abakan. The travel time is just over three days, the distance is
less than 4,400 kilometers.
By car
Along the M53 “Baikal”
highway from the Kemerovo region, then from Krasnoyarsk along the M54
“Yenisei” highway.
Khakass national cuisine is typical of Siberian semi-nomadic peoples.
Basic food products of animal origin, such as lamb and horse meat
dishes, dairy products (white food), plant foods are represented mainly
by cereals (rye, millet) from which the famous Khakass dish Talgan is
made. Popular drinks include herbal teas using thyme and oregano and the
fermented milk drink ayran.
For a traveler, there will be no
problems with food; in the cities and regions of Khakassia there is a
developed network of cafes and eateries with European and Caucasian
cuisine; Khakassian dishes can only be found in specialized restaurants
or in tourist centers in the warm season, for example, in open-air
museums. For guests of the capital of Khakassia, a list of Abakan
catering establishments has been compiled, which makes it easier to find
a place for dinner
The historical development of the peoples of Khakassia took place in
relatively favorable climatic conditions; in its course, a unique
cultural heritage was created, which represents an invaluable resource
for the development of the region. The basis of the cultural heritage of
Khakassia is natural archaeological landscapes made up of tens of
thousands of archaeological objects.
The settlement of the
territory of Khakassia began in the Paleolithic era. The Mousterian
layers of the multilayer site Dvuglazka (Glyadeny) date back to the
beginning of the Kargin interglacial 40 - 50 thousand years ago. The
earliest settlement of Homo sapiens on the territory of Khakassia is the
Paleolithic site “Malaya Syya” (30 - 35 thousand years ago), where
drilled decorations processed with chisels were found, is located in the
Shirinsky district in the vicinity of the village of Malaya Syya, on the
banks of the Bely Iyus River.
The first state on the territory of Southern Siberia arose in the 4th
- 3rd centuries BC. Ancient Chinese chronicles called its creators the
people of Dingling (Chinese: 丁零), and the state of Dingling-Guo (丁零国).
Around 201 BC the state of Dinglin-Guo was defeated by Xiongnu
troops.
After this event, the Turkic-speaking Kyrgyz tribe moved
to the Khakass-Minusinsk basin.
In the 6th - 7th centuries, the
Kyrgyz and their subordinate taiga peoples formed a peripheral
inheritance of the Central Asian states, headed by a governor, Elteber.
In the 8th century it was a separatist region led by its own beks
and inals, claiming the dignity of khan (see Barsbek Kagan).
In
the 9th century it became a rapidly expanding aggressive steppe empire
with the deified Kagan family.
In 840, this state destroyed the
Uyghur Khaganate and extended its power to Tuva. Pursuing the remnants
of the Uyghurs, the Kyrgyz fought their way to the Irtysh and Amur, and
invaded the oases of Eastern Turkestan.
The Kyrgyz provided the
state with senior military and administrative leaders. They were
considered connected dynastically and through marriage with the ruling
houses of China and other neighboring countries.
In a harsh
struggle with aggressive neighbors (Turkic and Uyghur Khaganates), the
Kyrgyz state defended its independence until the 13th century, which
became a turning point in the independent development of Southern
Siberia.
The Kyrgyz retain two main areas of their settlement: 1)
Upper and Middle Yenisei; 2) Altai and Irtysh. Subsequently, the ethnic
paths of the Yenisei Kyrgyz and the future Kyrgyz of the Tien Shan
diverged.
The territory of Khakassia was captured during the
conquests of the Great Mongol Ulus led by Genghis Khan and his
descendants, but gradually the power of the Mongols weakened and the
complete subordination of the territory of Khakassia to the Yuan Empire
ended in 1399 with the formation of the state of Hongorai.
The
Khongorai state waged constant wars with the Mongolian Khotogoyts under
the control of the Altyn Khans and Russians. The main ally of the state
was the Dzungar Khanate, which later diplomatically achieved the
vassalization of Khongorai.
In the 17th century, the Russians found Khongorai in the form of a
confederation consisting of four uluses: Altyrsky, Altysarsky, Isarsky
(Ezersky) and Tubinsky, inhabited by the ancestors of modern
Khakassians, Shors, Teleuts, Altaians and Tuvinians. Another part of the
Kyrgyz migrated to the Tien Shan in several waves starting from the
middle of the 9th century, from the era of the Kyrgyz Great Power, until
the middle of the 13th century.
The first contacts between the
Kyrgyz and Russians began with the construction of the Tomsk fort in
1604 on the land of the Eushta Tatars, tributaries of the Kyrgyz beks.
For more than a hundred years, the complex and painful process of
Khakassia’s entry into the jurisdiction of the Russian Empire and then
the Russian Empire took place.
The date of official assignment of
Khakassia to the Russian Empire can be considered August 20, 1727, when
a border treaty was concluded between Russia and China. All the lands
located on the northern side of the Sayan Mountains went to Russia, and
on the southern side - to the Chinese Empire.
The actual entry of
the territory of the current republic occurred later. In 1758, Chinese
troops invaded Altai and defeated Dzungaria. There was a threat of
violation of the officially recognized borders of the Russian Empire.
The tsarist government hastily placed Cossack garrisons in this
area. From the moment when the Cossacks began to carry out border
service, Khakassia actually entered the Russian Empire.
The
administration of the territory was carried out first by officials of
the Siberian and Tomsk provinces. In 1822, the Kyrgyz land became part
of the Yenisei province.
Khakasssky district was formed on November 14,
1923. It became a national district, then on October 20, 1930, the
Khakass Autonomous Region appeared on the map. It was part of the West
Siberian Territory, and after its disaggregation in 1934 it became part
of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
On July 3, 1991, the autonomous
region was transformed into a republic and received the name Khakass
Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic; on January 29, 1992, it became
known as the Republic of Khakassia[16]. On June 6, 1992, the republic
received its own flag, and on December 20, 2006, a coat of arms.
In 2007, the Central Bank of Russia issued a commemorative coin
dedicated to the Republic of Khakassia.
In 2015, the Anthem of
the Republic of Khakassia was approved.
The Republic of Khakassia is located in Southern Siberia, on the left
bank of the Yenisei River basin, in the Sayan-Altai Highlands and the
Khakass-Minusinsk Basin.
The length of the territory from north
to south is 460 km, from west to east in the widest part is 200 km. In
the north, east and southeast, Khakassia borders with Krasnoyarsk Krai,
in the south - with the Republic of Tyva, in the southwest - with the
Altai Republic, in the west - with the Kemerovo Region.
In total,
there are 271 populated areas on the territory of the republic.
The territory of Khakassia is distinguished by a pronounced nature of
biosphere processes, due to which almost all landscape-natural zones of
the earth are represented here: semi-deserts, steppes, forest-steppes,
taiga, high-mountain alpine meadows, high-mountain tundra and glaciers.
The republic has significant resources of fresh underground and
surface water. There are almost all types of water bodies: mountain
rivers, tarn lakes, foothill rivers, water bodies with a flat type of
regime. The main waterway is the Yenisei River.
The total area of
the forest fund is 65 percent of the entire territory of the republic,
which is 36.47 thousand km². The total timber reserve is 444.3 million
m3, including coniferous species 363.9 million m3. Cedar forests are of
particular value.
Specially protected natural areas occupy 7.6
percent of the republic's area.
The predominant terrain: steppes, mountains and taiga. The Sayan
Mountains, whose height sometimes exceeds 2000 m, occupy two-thirds of
the republic's territory.
The largest rivers of Khakassia are:
Yenisei, Abakan, Tom, Bely Iyus, Cherny Iyus, Chulym, the last four
belong to the Ob River basin. There are more than 500 lakes, rivers and
small streams in the republic. The total length of rivers is 8 thousand
km.
The climate is generally sharply continental, with dry hot summers
and cold winters with little snow. The average air temperature in July:
+15 ... +22 ° C, in January: -14 ... -19 ° C. The number of sunny days
in the republic is significantly higher than in neighboring regions. The
period with positive temperatures is 200 days. There are 311 clear and
sunny days. The vegetation period is up to 150 days in the valleys.
Autumn, winter and spring are mostly dry, rain falls in the summer
months.
Khakassia has a diverse climate, which is due to the
peculiarities of its geographical location and relief. The climate
features are formed under the influence of solar energy, relief,
vegetation, atmospheric circulation, etc.
The total amount of
solar radiation in the steppe part of Khakassia is significantly greater
than at the same latitudes in the more western regions of Russia. Clear,
cloudless weather prevails here. It is no coincidence that the name
"sunny Khakassia" is used. Indeed, there are more sunny days in
Khakassia than in Sochi. The main reason for the aridity of the climate
is the influence of mountain ranges, which create a rain shadow.
Southwest winds prevail in Khakassia. Strong winds are typical for the
spring period, they often lead to dust storms. The openness of the
territory from the north contributes to the penetration of arctic air.
The Republic of Khakassia is rich in natural healing resources:
underground mineral waters, lake waters, and healing mineral muds
contained in lakes.
The most famous for their balneological
properties are the lakes Shira, Bele, Tus, Dzhirim, Vlasyevo, Gorkoye,
Utichye, Altayskoye, Shunet, Khankul and a number of smaller lakes.
There are 24 reservoirs with a mineralization of more than 10 g/dm3
in the territory, which can be used for baths and swimming for medicinal
purposes. The most mineralized (up to 92-149 g/dm3) are the lakes Tus,
Altayskoye-1, Kamyshovoye.
Open mineral springs:
Altai deposit
(mineral waters);
Bograd deposit (mineral waters, bottled water is
produced);
Dikoozerskoe deposit (radon mineral waters);
Tashtypskoe deposit (Goryachiy Klyuch in the upper reaches of the Abakan
River, nitrogen siliceous thermal waters).
The vegetation of the republic includes more than one and a half
thousand species of various plants. Most of the territory of Khakassia,
about two thirds of its total area, is occupied by forests, most of them
are mountainous. Coniferous trees predominate in the forests of
Khakassia: spruce, cedar, fir, pine. Deciduous trees are also found
here: aspen, larch, birch. Vegetation covers 13.4 thousand km² of forest
fund.
The steppe occupies about 20% of Khakassia. A huge number,
about 300 species of medicinal plants (yarrow, St. John's wort, burnet,
etc.) grow in the steppes. Plants listed in the Red Book also grow:
common heather, Altai bellflower, lady's slipper, spring adonis and many
others.
There are 337 species of birds in Khakassia, belonging to
19 orders. According to the nature of their stay, birds can be divided
into several groups. The largest group consists of nesting species: 257,
of which 56 are sedentary and semi-sedentary, 201 are migratory. 22
species are migratory, 17 are flying, 16 are vagrant, and 5 are
wintering. A separate group can include 20 species with very rare summer
stays, the nature of whose stay is unclear. Among the birds here, there
are the wren, pelican, osprey, flamingo, which are rare bird species in
Khakassia.
There are 75 species of mammals in Khakassia, which
are often hunted and traded.
The republic has almost all types of water bodies: mountain rivers,
karst lakes, foothill rivers, water bodies with a flat type of regime
(small steppe rivers and lakes of closed basins). Most of the territory
belongs to the middle reaches of the Yenisei River basin, which is
currently regulated by the hydraulic structures of the Krasnoyarsk,
Sayano-Shushenskaya and Mainskaya hydroelectric power stations. Its
water resources are used primarily to generate electricity.
Surface water bodies are represented by a number of reservoirs, the
largest of which are Krasnoyarsk, Sayano-Shushenskoye, Mainskoye, as
well as more than 500 lakes: Bele, Shira, Chernoye, Itkul, Ulug-Kol and
others. Khakassia is rich in natural healing resources: underground
mineral waters, lake waters, therapeutic mineral mud contained in lakes.
The formation of atmospheric air quality in the Republic of Khakassia
is influenced by various factors, including the degree of
industrialization, the presence of highway networks with intensive
traffic, as well as the geographical location and climatic features.
The share of atmospheric air samples exceeding the maximum
permissible concentrations in the republic was not detected in 2014 (in
2013 9.9%, in 2012 4.9%, in 2011 10.4%). Such positive dynamics are due
to the general trend towards a decrease in the amount of emissions from
stationary sources. Analysis of atmospheric air samples for the content
of harmful substances in them, both common to the air basin of all
cities and specific to each particular city, indicates a trend towards
improving the environmental situation.
Khakassia produces iron (reserves of 2 billion tons, large deposits: Teiskoe, Abakanskoe), molybdenum (Sorsky production complex), gold, coal (Askizskoe, Beiskoe, Izykhskoe, Chernogorskoe, Kuten-Bulukskoe), non-metallic minerals: barite, bentonite, facing marbles and granites, building materials. Copper, polymetallic, phosphorite, asbestos, gypsum, nephrite, jadeite deposits have been explored. The explored deposits of Khakassia contain (as a percentage of Russia's reserves): 3% coal, 1% iron ore, 11% molybdenum, 27% barite, 6.5% bentonite, 13% facing stones.
The highest normative legal act of the region is the Constitution of
the Republic of Khakassia. It was adopted on May 25, 1995 by the Supreme
Council of the republic.
The highest official of the republic,
heading the executive power in the region: the head of the Republic of
Khakassia - the chairman of the government of the Republic of Khakassia.
The term of office is 5 years. Since November 15, 2018, this post has
been held by Valentin Konovalov (CPRF). On September 10, 2023, he was
re-elected for a second term.
Legislative power in Khakassia is
exercised by the unicameral Supreme Council of the Republic of
Khakassia, consisting of 50 deputies elected by a mixed electoral
system: 25 by party lists and 25 by single-mandate constituencies. The
United Russia faction makes up an absolute majority in the regional
parliament (34 deputies). The Chairman of the Supreme Council of the
current VIII convocation, elected in 2023, is Sergei Mikhailovich Sokol.
In the Federation Council, the region is represented by a member of
the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Senator Oleg Zemtsov from
the executive branch (since September 19, 2023) and a member of United
Russia, Senator Alexander Arkadyevich Zhukov from the legislative branch
(since March 8, 2019).
Sergei Mikhailovich Sokol (United Russia)
was a deputy of the State Duma of the VIII convocation from Khakassia in
2021-2023.
In the urban districts and municipal districts of the Republic of
Khakassia, the following have powers in the field of tourism: the
departments of culture, youth, sports and tourism; departments of
sports, tourism and youth of the administrations of municipalities.
In the city of Abakan, the municipal economy committee of the city
administration is the authorized body for the development of tourism in
the territory of the urban district.
The basis of the region's economy: hydropower and aluminum
production.
The energy system of Khakassia includes the
Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station (part of the Yenisei
cascade of hydroelectric power stations, the most powerful in Russia,
6400 MW), the Mainskaya hydroelectric power station (capacity 321 MW)
and three thermal power plants with a total capacity of 300 MW.
The Sayanogorsk and Khakass aluminum plants, as well as PAO Sayanskaya
Folga, are located on the territory of the republic, all of which belong
to the Rusal company.
Coal mining is also carried out in the
region (OOO Coal Company Razrez Stepnoy and the Chernogorsk branch of
PAO Siberian Coal Energy Company).
Coal is mined by two mines
(Yeniseiskaya, Khakasskaya) and five open-pit mines with a total annual
production volume of more than 6 million tons.
Other non-ferrous
metallurgy enterprises include Sorsky GOK LLC (ferromolybdenum and
copper concentrate), Tuimsky Plant for Non-Ferrous Metals Processing LLC
(copper rolled products).
Electricity per capita production
ratio: 7.3, the highest coal ratio in Russia: 5.3.
As of the end of 2018, Khakassia operated power plants with a total capacity of 7,155.7 MW, including 3 thermal power plants, two hydroelectric power plants (including the largest power plant in Russia, the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP), and one solar power plant. In 2018, they produced 29,789 million kWh of electricity.
As of January 1, 2021, the rural population was 159,833 people, 30%
of the population of Khakassia.
Khakassia belongs to the East
Siberian region in terms of natural and climatic conditions.
Khakassia is a developed agricultural region of Southern Siberia.
Livestock farming predominates in agriculture (70% of agricultural
production) with a high proportion of sheep, cattle, and poultry. Due to
the combination of mild climate and fertile soils (chernozems
predominate in the steppe and forest-steppe), the region has favorable
conditions for the development of crop production; the sown area of
the Republic of Khakassia is 257.5 thousand hectares.
Vast
areas occupied by pastures and hayfields are the basis for the
development of livestock farming (fine-wool sheep breeding, dairy
farming). Horse breeding plays an important role. The main crops in crop
production are: wheat, barley, oats, millet. Sunflower and sugar beet
are cultivated as industrial crops. The per capita production
coefficient for livestock farming is 1.2. Agricultural lands make up
less than 20% of the region's area.
Over 3.5 thousand heads of farm animals were exported from Khakassia
outside the Russian Federation in the first 9 months of 2021, an
increase of 8.6 times. Agricultural enterprises sold 1,739 heads of
cattle to Kazakhstan, a third of which were breeding animals, as well as
1,083 horses for use and slaughter purposes. 569 heads of cattle were
exported to Kyrgyzstan, 187 heads to Uzbekistan for slaughter.
As
of January 1, 2021, the number of cattle in farms of all categories was
162.4 thousand heads (-4.1%), of which 69.2 thousand heads were cows
(-4.2%), 313.4 thousand heads were sheep and goats (-0.5%), the number
of pigs was 32.6 thousand heads (-2.2%), and 602.3 thousand heads were
poultry (+0.1%). In the structure of the livestock population, 50.2% of
cattle, 76.9% of pigs, 36.3% of sheep and goats (as of January 1, 2020,
53.5%, 81.8%, 34.8%, respectively). In 2020, 32.5 thousand tons of meat
were produced in live weight (-3.8%), 140.5 thousand tons of milk
(-3.9%), and egg production was 89.7 million pieces (-3.6%).
Milk
yield per cow in agricultural organizations in 2020 amounted to 4365
kilograms (+469 kg), egg production of laying hens was 155 eggs (296
eggs in 2019).
The average daily milk yield in 2020 from a dairy
cow was 10.2 liters (in the neighboring Krasnoyarsk Territory 16.4
liters, the Russian average is 16.9 liters). The number of dairy cows is
10137 heads.
In 2021, the harvest of grain and leguminous crops was 173 thousand
tons in initial weight, including 163 thousand tons of grain, with a
yield of 21 c/ha. About 91 thousand tons of wheat, 65 thousand tons of
oats, 8.3 thousand tons of barley, 7.2 thousand tons of buckwheat, 10.2
thousand tons of rapeseed, 2 thousand tons of flax were harvested. In
addition, 6.4 thousand tons of carrots, beets, cabbage and 3.2 thousand
tons of potatoes were harvested from the fields.
In 2020, the
harvest of grain and leguminous crops was 177 thousand tons with a yield
of 23.2 c/ha in bunker weight (in 2019, 20.4 c/ha). After drying and
taking into account losses, 160.8 thousand tons of grain were removed to
the bins (an increase of 20 thousand tons compared to 2019). As a
result, 80 thousand tons of wheat, 56.3 thousand tons of oats, 16
thousand tons of barley, and 6.7 thousand tons of buckwheat were
obtained. The total gross yield of oilseeds, including sunflower,
soybeans, and flax, amounted to 7.2 thousand tons. The total sown area
amounted to 213 thousand hectares, with 76.5 thousand hectares allocated
for grain and leguminous crops. Of these, 34.6 thousand hectares are
under wheat, 7.8 thousand hectares under barley, 27.9 thousand hectares
under oats, and 4.3 thousand hectares under buckwheat.
If you
choose the right variety of any agricultural crop, the yield increase
can be up to 200%. Therefore, selection is of great importance. New
varieties are recommended for cultivation in the Republic of Khakassia.
The average yield of spring soft wheat "Union" in the Republic of
Khakassia is 40.2 c/ha. The yield of buckwheat "Zhdanka" in the Republic
of Khakassia is 26.7 c/ha.
Internal differences, specialization
of individual cities
Abakan hub specializing in processing
agricultural raw materials (meat-packing plant, brewery).
Chernogorsk hub is the center of the Minusinsk coal basin (mines
"Khakasskaya", "Yeniseiskaya", Chernogorsk coal open-pit mine), open-pit
mine "Stepnoy". The basis of the city's economy: Chernogorsk branch of
the Siberian Coal Energy Company (coal mining).
Sayanogorsk hub,
one of the four largest aluminum plants in Russia - Sayan Aluminum
Plant. A group of construction industry enterprises (Sayanmramor plants)
has been created in Sayanogorsk. The Sayano-Shushenskaya and Mainskaya
hydroelectric power plants are located higher up the Yenisei.
The republic's transport network is represented by automobile, rail and air transport.
The republic's road network is most developed in its center, west and
southwest, which is directly related to the location of the region's
major cities.
The federal highway R-257 "Yenisei" runs through
Khakassia, to which the regional highway 95K-002 Abakan - Ak-Dovurak
adjoins near the capital. The most developed sections of Khakassia's
roads are: Abakan - Sayanogorsk, Abakan - Beya, Abakan - Abaza, Abakan -
Sorsk, Bograd - Shira - Kopyevo, Kopyevo - Priiskovy.
The total
length of the Republic's roads Khakassia is 7011.57 km, including:
regional and inter-municipal roads 2749.6 km, including 138.9 km of
roads under the operational management of the State Institution
"Tyvaavtodor", federal roads 186.1 km, local roads 4062.54 km. The
density of the network of public roads with hard surfaces is 1.11 km per
1 km2.
Roads to other, smaller settlements are mainly dirt roads,
although they are currently being replaced with hard surfaces.
Intercity bus service is available to all neighboring regions:
Krasnoyarsk Krai (Krasnoyarsk, Achinsk, Artemovsk), Tuva (Kyzyl,
Ak-Dovurak), Kemerovo Region (Mezhdurechensk, Novokuznetsk), Altai Krai
and the Altai Republic (Biysk, Barnaul, Gorno-Altaysk). There are longer
distance routes: to Novosibirsk, Tomsk.
Intercity service is
provided by buses, route taxis, private taxis. With the opening of the
summer season, the load increases on the Abakan-Shira, Abakan-Sorsk (to
the Tumanny sanatorium) road sections.
Due to the significant territorial remoteness of the Republic of
Khakassia from the central regions of the Russian Federation, one of the
leading roles in the transport services market is given to railway
transport in both freight and passenger transportation. It accounts for
99% of freight turnover and 79% of passenger turnover in the Republic of
Khakassia.
The capital of Khakassia, Abakan, is home to the
Abakan railway station, the main transport hub for rail transportation.
The railway network of Khakassia belongs to the Abakan region of the
Krasnoyarsk Railway.
The operational length of railway tracks is
666.6 km, of which 288.4 km are electrified, equipped with centralized
dispatching devices and automatic blocking. The density of railways in
the Republic of Khakassia is 108 km per 1000 km2 of territory.
Direct railway service from Abakan is provided in the following
directions: Abakan - Novokuznetsk - Barnaul, Abakan - Moscow, Abakan -
Krasnoyarsk.
There are both electrified sections (Abakan -
Kaltas) and non-electrified sections, which make up the bulk of the
republic's railway network: Tigey - Kopyevo, Askiz - Abaza, Biskamzha -
Teya.
Local trains No. 659/660 Abakan - Krasnoyarsk (via
Achinsk), No. 675/676 Abakan - Barnaul (via Biskamzha), long-distance
trains No. 67/68 Abakan - Moscow (via Achinsk, Omsk, Yekaterinburg) run
across the republic;
In addition, depending on the season, from
Abakan, trailer cars and seasonal trains can be used to get to Irkutsk,
Taishet, Adler.
The Tigey-Kopyevo railway section and further to
Uzhur, Achinsk is a link between two railway arteries: the
Trans-Siberian Railway and the Yuzh-Siberian Railway
(Taishet-Abakan-Novokuznetsk-Artyshta-Barnaul-Kulunda-Pavlodar-Astana-Tobol-Kartaly-Magnitogorsk).
In addition to Abakan, the Biskamzha station is a junction. The city of
Sayanogorsk is connected to the railway network through the Kamyshta
station.
There is an international airport in Khakassia. It is located in the
suburb of Abakan, in the village of Kalinino.
Abakan Airport was
commissioned in 1938, the last reconstruction was carried out in 2016.
Passenger and cargo transportation is carried out by Royal Flight
and PJSC Krasnoyarsk-Avia. Flights are operated to Moscow, Norilsk,
Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kazan, Irkutsk and St. Petersburg.
Passenger traffic for the period from 01.01.2016 to 01.01.2017 on
international routes was 4,344 people, on Russian routes 175,462 people,
and in total, taking into account transit, about 300 thousand people.
The airport has one runway (runway class: B), measuring 3250 x 45 meters
with asphalt concrete pavement.
Due to geographical and climatic features, water transport in the
Republic of Khakassia has not been widely developed.
This is
explained by the presence of shallows and other navigational hazards
(insufficient depth, width of the waterway, low maneuverability).
In Khakassia, there are only inland waterways: rivers, lakes, the
Krasnoyarsk Reservoir (on the border with Krasnoyarsk Krai).
In Abakan, there are the Khakass Research Institute of Language,
Literature and History, the Khakass State University named after N. F.
Katanov with agricultural, medical, pedagogical and music colleges, the
Khakass Technical Institute - a branch of the Siberian Federal
University, the Abakan branch of the Modern Humanitarian Academy, the
Khakass Institute for the Development of Education and Advanced
Training, the Khakass Polytechnic College, the Khakass College of
Professional Technologies, Economics and Service and others.
In
Chernogorsk, there is the Mining College. The training center of the
Corporate University of Hydropower operates in Sayanogorsk.
Abakan is the cultural center of Khakassia. It houses the Khakassian
National Museum of Local History named after L. R. Kyzlasov, the
National Library named after N. G. Domozhakov, the Khakassian Republican
Philharmonic named after V. G. Chaptykov, the Center for Culture and
Folk Art named after S. P. Kadyshev, the Abakan Art Gallery, the Abakan
Youth Palace, the city cultural center "Pobeda", the house of culture of
railway workers, the DK "Zarechye" and the DK "Yuzhny".
Among the
theaters operating in Abakan, there are two drama theaters: the Russian
Republican Drama Theater named after M. Yu. Lermontov and the Khakassian
National Drama Theater named after A. M. Topanov. There are also the
Khakassian National Puppet Theater "Skazka", the Traveling Puppet
Theater "Podorozhnik", and the Khakassian State Theater of Small Forms
"Chitigen".
In addition to the bright local holidays held
according to the ancient calendar, the national color is emphasized by
the beauty contest "Miss Abahai".
Every two years, the summer
festival of puppet theaters "Chir Chayaan" ("Spirit of the Earth") is
held on the territory of the republic.
Afanasyevskaya culture | Okunevskaya culture | Andronovo culture | Karasuk culture | Tagar culture | Tashtyk culture | Salbyk mound | Boyarskaya petroglyphs | Sulekskaya petroglyphs | Chebaki fortress (Sve-Takh).
Since 2018, the base of the Russian Olympic ski team has been
operating in the village of Vershina Tei in Khakassia.
Freestyle
wrestling is also developing in the republic (Karamchakov Sergey, bronze
medalist of the Seoul Olympics, Chuchunov Leonid, silver medalist of the
European Championship, Serbigeshev Alexey, bronze medalist of the World
Championship, Karamchakova Inga, silver medalist of the World
Championship, Karamchakova Natalya, silver medalist of the World
Championship, Kaskarakova Liliya, European Champion, silver medalist of
the World Championship). Dmitry Popov, master of sports of international
class in bobsleigh, 5-time winner of the Russian championship, in 2017
became the only winner of the European Cup in bobsleigh in Russia.
The youth team of the Sports School of Olympic Reserve in volleyball
"CSKA-Khakassia" (the village of Bely Yar) is a multiple champion of
Russia among girls.
Abakan is a popular destination for
athletics, volleyball, basketball, and table tennis. The city is home to
the professional bandy club Sayany-Khakassia and the amateur ice hockey
club Kristall. The men's volleyball club Sibirtelecom-Khakassia and the
women's volleyball team of Khakassia State University compete in various
Russian leagues. There is an aikido-aikikai club called Samurai, and
there are kickboxing and freestyle wrestling teams. There are boxing
sections. Equestrian sports (dressage, show jumping, eventing) are also
practiced.
The capital of Khakassia has a city sports complex
named after N. G. Bulakin with a swimming pool and athletics arena. It
is rightfully considered the best multifunctional sports complex in
Russia. Here, interregional competitions in dance sport for the prizes
of the head of Abakan, the so-called "mayor's cup", are often held, as
well as various tournaments in table tennis and cheer-leadership
("Khakassia cup").
Republican television network (TV channel "RTS");
Republican
newspaper "Khakassia";
Republican newspaper "Khakas chiri" (in the
Khakass language);
TV studio GTRK "Khakassia";
Information agency
"New Khakassia";
Media holding "Abakan" (newspaper, radio, TV channel
"Abakan 24");
Weekly newspaper "Pravda Khakasii" (organ of the
Khakass RO CPRF);
News agency "Khakassia Inform";
Business
information agency;
Media group "Yug Sibiri" (You-Tube news channel
Nota Bene);
Weekly newspaper "Chance";
Weekly newspaper
"Pyatnitsa";
Newspaper "Advertising Courier";
Online magazine
"Novyi Fokus";
Magazine "Stroyka v Khakasii";
Media holding
"Chernogorsk-Inform" (newspaper, radio, TV channel)