Komsomolsk-on-Amur is a city in the Khabarovsk Territory of
Russia. It is the administrative center of the Komsomolsk municipal
district. It forms the municipal formation of the city of
Komsomolsk-on-Amur with the status of an urban district as the only
settlement in its composition.
The second largest city in the
Khabarovsk Territory and the fourth in the Russian Far East. It is
located on the left bank of the Amur, 404 km northeast of Khabarovsk
(by road). The distance from Moscow by road is 8700 km.
The
largest industrial center of the Far East region. City-forming
enterprises: shipbuilding, aircraft plant, oil refinery and
metallurgical plants. Oil pipeline and gas pipeline from Sakhalin.
Transport hub on the Baikal-Amur Mainline and federal and regional
highways; River port. There are technical and pedagogical
universities.
On May 10, 1932, a detachment of Komsomol
members landed in the area of the village of Permskoye, founded on
August 18, 1860.
December 10, 1932 - the village of Permskoye
was transformed into the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
In May
1933, prisoners arrived to build the city.
In Soviet times,
the city was a military-industrial center of Union significance.
In the period from 1959 to 1992, the city was closed to
foreigners.
Day of the city is June 12, in honor of the date
June 12, 1933, when the foundations of the hull shop were laid - the
first industrial facility of the shipyard.
The city received its name in memory of the
Komsomol-first builders (founders) of the city on the Amur, then 70%
of the builders were prisoners, but they did not arrive first, but
only a year after the Komsomol members, in 1933. According to the
study of local lore A. N. Beloglazov, in total there were no more
than 1% of those in the construction of the city.
In addition
to the official name, there are a number of unofficial ones, the
most famous of them: "City of Youth".
It is also called "The
City at Dawn" (based on the 1940 play of the same name, dedicated to
the builders of Komsomolsk-on-Amur). In colloquial speech, the
common name of the city is "Komsa".
For the Leninsky
district, which is the second, northeastern, half of the city, the
name Dzemgi was fixed, as the Nanai camp was once called here.
According to one of three versions, translated from Nanai: birch
grove.
In 1930, the All-Russian Central Executive
Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted
a resolution on the economic and cultural development of the Far
Eastern Territory, in August 1931 it was decided to build a
shipyard. In January 1932, a government commission arrived in the
village of Permskoye, located on the left bank of the Amur, which
decided to build the Amur shipyard here. At the same time, it was
decided to build an aircraft plant in the area of the Nanai camp
of Dzemgi.
On May 10, 1932, the ships Comintern and Columbus
landed about a thousand of the first builders of the future city on
the Amur coast. Today, a memorial stone and a monument to the first
builders remind of this event. The first builders who arrived in the
wild taiga region lived in the houses of the inhabitants of the
village of Permsky, as well as in hastily built dugouts and army
tents. Since 1933, whole barrack towns have sprung up.
Joseph
Stalin can be considered the founder of the city. The city was
founded in order to protect the Far Eastern borders of the Soviet
Union from external enemies. The first builders of the city were
Komsomol members who came of their own free will from the western
regions of the USSR. Subsequently, various categories of builders
participated in the construction of factories and the city -
military personnel, civilians, prisoners, prisoners of war,
mobilized, released, repatriated, evacuated, directive, special
settlers.
The city officially received the status of a city
of regional subordination by the decree of the Presidium of the
All-Russian Central Executive Committee of December 10, 1932.
In the 1990s, Komsomolsk-on-Amur was often called the "criminal
capital of the Far East."
In the 1990s. In connection with
the catastrophic situation in the city's electric power industry,
the issue of using the electric energy of nuclear submarines located
on the stocks of the Amur shipyard with nuclear reactors turned on
(10% of the power for technical support) was seriously discussed.
Physical and geographical characteristics
The city is
located in a bend, on the left bank of the Amur, 348 km from
Khabarovsk, downstream at the northern edge of the Middle Amur
lowland, where the river cuts through the adjoining spurs of the
Sikhote-Alin and Bureinsko-Badzhal mountain systems changes its
course to submeridional, entering the so-called Komsomolsko
-Kiselevskoe narrowing. On the right to the river bed, the spurs of
the Hummi ridge (Sikhote-Alin system) with absolute elevations of
350-380 m drop abruptly. The left side of the Amur valley is framed
by the spurs of the Miao-Chan ridge. As a result of prolonged
denudation, the mountains were destroyed to the stage of shallow
hummocks. The relative heights of the hills are 75-180 m. The
steepness of the slopes is from 15% to 35-45%. In the north, the
peaks of the Miao-Chan ridge are visible. In the west there are the
peaks of the Badzhal Range. In the east there are hills - spurs of
the Sikhote-Alin mountain system. From the west and from the east,
the territory of the city is limited by the basins of the lakes
Mylka, Rudnikovsky, Horpa and Galichny, belonging to the type of dam
lakes of the side tributaries of the Amur. They are confined to the
mouths of the rivers flowing into them. The prevailing depths are
small 0.5-1 m, maximum up to 3 m. The level regime of the lakes is
associated with fluctuations in the level of the Amur River). In the
1980s. In connection with the laying of the embankment and the
commissioning of the highway, lakes Mylki (area 9 km2) and
Rudnikovskoye (area 2.5 km2) ceased to exist, only small, scattered
water bodies remained. In the 2000s, Lake Horpy virtually
disappeared. After the 2013 floods, the lakes have partially
recovered.
A series of three terraces above the floodplain
occupies about 40% of the urban area. They are located in the
central part of the city. The first above-floodplain terrace of the
Amur has a relative height of 5-10 m and occupies 30% of the city's
territory. It is susceptible to flooding during floods on the Amur,
up to 54 km² of the city's territory is flooded, the rest is
flooded. The floodplain before the construction of hydroelectric
facilities on the main tributaries of the Zeya, Bureya and Sungari
was flooded in the summer-autumn period and, subsequently, became
swampy.
A feature of the geological structure of the Komsomolsk site is
the predominance of a pebble-gravel composition of soils covered
with clays with a thickness of up to 4-5.5 m. Due to the ability of
soils to filter, they react to the slightest anthropogenic impact.
Draining them leads to a rapid sputtering of the clay-loamy
substrate overlying the pebbles, and an increase in the level of
surface water leads to flooding of the areas.
The area of
the urban district is about 352 km², including water bodies and
mountainous areas.
The Amur River flows in the eastern part
of the city for 32 km with the width of the urban development being
8-10 km. The width of the channel within the city limits varies from
1.75 km in the central part of the city to 3.75 km at the mouth of
the channel of Lake Mylki. Average channel depth 15-16 m; the speed
of the water flow is 1.2 m / s.
The absolute highest level of
the Amur near Komsomolsk is +912 cm.The highest levels were observed
in 1932 (+687 cm), 1959 (+701 cm), 1984 (+670 cm), 1985 (+641 cm) ,
2013 (+912 cm), 2019 (+829 cm). Groundwater is represented by upper
water, ground and interstratal waters.
Within the city, small
rivers flow, which are the left tributaries of the Amur. The largest
of them, the Silinka River, 75 km long (within the city limits 22
km), divides the city into two parts. Cherny Klyuch is a right
tributary of the Silinka, 16.25 km long, flows in the northern part
of the city. Among other rivers, we note the Big Hapsol 15 km long
(within the city limits 4 km), the Small Hapsol - 5 km, flowing into
the lake. Soaps; the Bochin River is 29.6 km long (2.5 km within the
city limits), which flows into Lake Rudnikovskoye, the Klyukvennaya
River - 10 km (7.5 km within the city limits), the Horpinskaya River
- 8.75 km (within the city limits 1 , 25 km), the Horpinskaya
Vtoraya river - 32.5 km (1 km within the city limits), flowing into
Lake Horpy, the Galichnaya river 25 km long, flowing into Lake
Galichnoye outside the city limits.
A long, harsh winter with
little snow contributes to the freezing of soils up to 3-3.2 m. As a
result, the condition of the road surface in the city is
unsatisfactory, deformation of the foundations of buildings occurs.