Krasnoyarsk Territory is the largest region of Central Siberia.
Although its administrative borders cover a vast territory from the
Sayan Mountains to the Arctic Ocean, geographically and culturally the
Krasnoyarsk Territory is divided into three approximately equal parts.
This guide is dedicated to the southern one, which extends to Yeniseisk
and Angara. To the north is the taiga Evenkia, and even further north is
the harsh polar Taimyr.
The south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is
one of the most beautiful corners of Siberia. The mountain taiga on the
Sayan spurs closely borders here with beautiful forest-steppe. The
region is deserted in a Siberian way, but at the same time it is not
deprived of transport: moving around it is only a little more difficult
than somewhere in Central Russia. People come here most often for the
sake of natural beauty, although there are also interesting historical
cities in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
Krasnoyarsk is not a popular tourist
destination, although there is a lot to see. The city is interesting for
its antiquity: there are no less pre-revolutionary houses in it than in
Yeniseisk; Among them are carved wooden ones, merchant stone ones, and
even large shopping arcades of a metropolitan scale. Another, no less
interesting aspect of Krasnoyarsk is natural. The city stands on the
slopes of the Eastern Sayan Mountains, which together with the Yenisei
create a unique topography: bare hills and taiga-covered rocks. It’s
worth staying in Krasnoyarsk for at least a couple of days, one of which
is dedicated to the surrounding area: the famous Pillars or a trip along
the Yenisei towards the Krasnoyarsk Hydroelectric Power Station.
Achinsk welcomes those who travel to the Krasnoyarsk Territory from the
west. At its core, it is an industrial city that grew up around a giant
alumina refinery, although there is also an old part in Achinsk -
quarters of good merchant buildings, decorated with wonderful stone
carvings. Closer to the outskirts there is a pre-revolutionary military
town, the only one in Central Siberia. The city also owes its industry
to another, less traditional attraction - its own tram system that
delivers workers to the plant. In Achinsk the roads to Krasnoyarsk and
Abakan diverge, and the latter passes through most of the interesting
places in Khakassia.
Divnogorsk is a city on the Yenisei in the
vicinity of Krasnoyarsk, interesting for its picturesque rocky
landscapes and proximity to the majestic Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power
station, the lower of the cascade of three Yenisei power plants. In one
direction from Divnogorsk, it’s a stone’s throw to the Krasnoyarsk
Reservoir, a favorite vacation spot, along the banks of which there are
several caves. In the other direction, downstream, is the village of
Ovsyanka, the birthplace of the writer Viktor Astafiev, where a memorial
museum is located. In addition to the wonderful scenery on the road
connecting Krasnoyarsk with Divnogorsk, there are several places where
you can buy Yenisei fish or taste it cooked in the best traditions of
Siberian cuisine.
Yeniseysk is the
ancient capital of Eastern Siberia and the first Russian city on the
Yenisei. Having grown up on river trade, Yeniseisk completely lost its
significance when the Trans-Siberian Railway passed through Krasnoyarsk,
and was literally mothballed somewhere out of time with all its wooden
houses, old signs and way of life that had not changed for decades. This
alone, along with the majestic Yenisei, is worth crossing the 300 km of
emptiness that separates Yeniseisk from Krasnoyarsk. Another, no less
interesting attraction of the city is the old temples, built in a
special type of Baroque style. North of Yeniseisk all roads end, and the
real Siberian taiga begins, where there are more animals than people.
Kansk is located in the east of the
Krasnoyarsk Territory on the road to Irkutsk. The most dramatic events
of the civil war on Krasnoyarsk soil took place in the city, so many
died here, and the Czech writer Jaroslav Hasek only stayed late and
managed to get married. In recent years, the city has been chosen as the
venue for an alternative film festival - of course, Kansky: with all the
accompanying, no less ironic attributes. The city behind these
curiosities is less interesting than, for example, Achinsk or Minusinsk,
but it has its share of old buildings, including wooden ones. Nearby is
the Ilanskaya station, where all Trans-Siberian trains stop for a long
time to change locomotives.
Lesosibirsk is a natural and
inevitable addition to the ancient Yeniseisk. The city, which grew up
around timber processing plants, has long surpassed its historical
neighbor both in the number of residents and in the existing
infrastructure: there are decent hotels and good city cafes, which have
never existed in Yeniseisk and most likely never will. In recent years,
Lesosibirsk has decided to acquire its own attractions, and although it
remains a city “worth visiting if you have time,” two beautiful newly
built churches are among the best monuments of this kind in Siberia, and
the local museum of contemporary Christian art in Russia is almost not
the only one. Not far from the city is the picturesque spit of the
Yenisei and Angara.
Minusinsk is a
neighbor of Abakan and the oldest city in southern Siberia. Its fate is
somewhat similar to Yeniseisk: in the 19th century it was a major center
of trade and in fact the capital of the endless Khakassian steppes, but
then it found itself away from the railway and fell into oblivion, from
which, however, it emerged with the construction of a bridge across the
Yenisei and the long-awaited launch of trains. Minusinsk has a
well-preserved historical center with all the attributes of a wealthy
pre-revolutionary city, including, for example, a theater. No less
interesting is the local museum of local lore, the collection of which
is not inferior to the one in Krasnoyarsk. The road from Minusinsk leads
straight to Tuva, although you can stay longer - for example, in
Shushenskoye.
The Yenisei is one of the main Siberian rivers. Stretching for 3.5
thousand km from the Sayan Mountains to the Arctic Ocean, it serves as
the only transport corridor in these parts, connecting the vast northern
regions with the mainland. In the southern part of the Krasnoyarsk
Territory, it is easy to drive up to the Yenisei by car, and north of
Krasnoyarsk you can take a “cruise” along the river on a regular ship
and see hard-to-reach places, almost untouched by civilization.
Ergaki is a mountain range in the Western Sayan Mountains, conveniently
located in the area of the Abakan-Kyzyl highway. At altitudes of
1500-2000 m above sea level, you will encounter a variety of landscapes:
taiga, alpine meadows, mountain lakes, rocky tundra and just rocks of a
characteristic, unusually sharp shape - one of the calling cards of this
area. The Ergaki massif belongs to natural parks; in the valley next to
the road there are tourist centers and a visitor center, where tourists
will be provided with all the necessary information, but otherwise these
are ordinary, wild mountains, where you need to go on a hike for at
least a day, taking with you provisions and taking the necessary
precautions.
Krasnoyarsk Pillars is a nature reserve on the spurs
of the Eastern Sayans in the vicinity of Krasnoyarsk. It is unusual for
its huge rocky outcrops, which equally attract experienced rock climbers
and ordinary travelers who come here to see magnificent mountain scenery
just a stone's throw from a large Siberian city. The pillars are
gradually being overgrown with infrastructure, a year-round chairlift
has also been built for them, but the traditional (also the most
correct) way to visit the pillars still involves a hike from the city,
followed by a walk through the mountain taiga and, possibly, rock
climbing. This is the main excursion site in the Krasnoyarsk region.
The Sayano-Shushensky Nature Reserve is located in the flood zone of
the reservoir of the same name - in the place where the Yenisei crosses
the Western Sayan Mountains. Although this is happening in the very
south of Siberia, getting here is no easier than somewhere in Taimyr:
there are harsh mountains around, and there are no roads and no roads in
sight. You need to go to the reserve on a multi-day hike with a
difficult entry and exit - the reward will be breathtaking rocky
landscapes and the majestic Yenisei.
Shushensky Bor is a national
park in the Western Sayan Mountains, a light version of the
Sayano-Shushensky Nature Reserve. The flat part of the park (Perovskoye
forestry) is located right on the outskirts of the village of
Shushenskoye, and you can easily go there for a walk for an hour, which,
by the way, was not disdained by the most famous resident of this
village, V.I. Lenin. More interesting is the mountain forestry area
directly adjacent to the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power
station, where you will see a reservoir surrounded by rocks and be able
to conquer the Borus ridge. All this, however, requires at least a
one-day hike in a completely autonomous mode, since there is no
infrastructure in the park.
Shushenskoye is a village in the
south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, which has become synonymous with the
wilderness, not least due to the fact that it was here that V.I., who
was in Siberian exile, spent three years. Lenin. Having gotten rid of
the taint of ideology, Shushenskoye has turned into a nice and unique
ethnographic museum in the entire Krasnoyarsk region, where you will see
a reconstruction of an old Siberian village. Along with the neighboring
village of Ermakovskoye, Shushenskoye is the southernmost regional
center of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Then the route goes into the
mountains and, having crossed them, leads to Tuva.
Putorana Plateau
Sayano-Shushensky nature reserve
In addition to the obvious route to Krasnoyarsk, you can come to the
south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory through Abakan, which has its own
airport that receives a couple of Moscow flights. The Trans-Siberian
Railway passes through Achinsk, Krasnoyarsk and Kansk. Abakan (and
neighboring Minusinsk) has its own railway, which carries direct trains
not only from the Trans-Siberian Railway, but also from the Kemerovo
region.
There are fewer roads. The Krasnoyarsk region is
connected to the rest of Russia by the only thread of the P255 highway,
which in the west comes from Mariinsk (where roads from Tomsk and
Kemerovo converge), and in the east it goes further to Irkutsk. All
other interregional roads, if they exist at all, are considered extreme:
you should not drive there without prior preparation.
Trips in the northern and southern parts of the Krasnoyarsk Territory
differ radically. If in the south there are roads, intercity buses and
even trains, and the journey is not fundamentally different from other
Russian regions, then to the north of Yeniseisk and Angara year-round
roads disappear, and regular transport even more so, so the journey
takes on the character of an expedition that requires serious
preparation.
By plane
There is a lot of local aviation in
Krasnoyarsk, which is focused on hard-to-reach northern areas. In the
south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, aircraft are in little demand. A
couple of times a week there are flights to Kodinsk, Boguchany and
Motygino located on the Angara, as well as to the village of
Severo-Yeniseisky, lost among the taiga - there are year-round roads
there, but often of poor quality and broken by ferry crossings. In
places where tourists usually go, there are airports in Yeniseisk and
Shushenskoye, but there are no regular flights from Krasnoyarsk, and
traveling by land is much more interesting.
By ship
By a large
margin, the easiest and most convenient way to travel around the
Krasnoyarsk Territory is the passenger ships “A. Sailors" and "V.
Chkalov", plying along the Yenisei. They go from Krasnoyarsk to Dudinka
and provide the opportunity to take a river cruise, although you won’t
have time to explore individual cities and towns along the way, unless
you stay there for a few days until the next ship (and they go once
every 5 days or even less often ). Motor ships, like all other (small)
passenger shipping on the Yenisei, are operated by the
PassengerRechTrans company. Previously, it was difficult to buy a ticket
from another city, but in 2020 tickets are sold on the website
http://prt24.ru. You just need to come to the gate with a printed
receipt, and that’s it, you don’t need to get a paper ticket. Departure
from Krasnoyarsk is scheduled at 7 am. You can board in Krasnoyarsk in
the evening, and upon boarding you can pay extra for an overnight stay
in a cabin. The ship arrives in Dudinka in the evening, and you can
spend the night on it only if you are sailing from Dudinka.
Cruises along the Yenisei are a ploy from travel agencies that organize
an excursion program in Norilsk, and then put tourists on a regular ship
to Yeniseisk itself, from where the bus tour begins. You can organize
all the same things yourself and for much less money by taking a regular
ticket for a ship. There are offers of cruises on a special,
non-scheduled ship with an unusual excursion program, but this is a
VIP-level event, and such cruises cost more than a week-long tour to the
other side of the world.
There is no regular passenger shipping
on the tributaries of the Yenisei, and any other has its own specifics,
since even large rivers like the Lower Tunguska are navigable only
during high water. The main means of transportation here are motor
boats.
Land transport
In the south of the Krasnoyarsk
Territory there are several asphalt roads, and this is generally
sufficient for exploring the cities. There are no roads north of
Podkamennaya Tunguska, except for the lonely highway connecting Norilsk
with Dudinka and the airport. In the interval, i.e. approximately from
the Angara to the Podkamennaya Tunguska, there are several winter roads
connected to ice crossings across large rivers. Current information
about this road infrastructure is available on the website of the
Krasnoyarsk Road Administration.
Bridges across the Yenisei exist
only in Krasnoyarsk and Divnogorsk. The only bridge across the Angara in
the Krasnoyarsk Territory is in Boguchany. There are dozens of ferry
crossings; their schedules are on the website of the same road
administration and passenger shipping company.
The southern part
of the Krasnoyarsk Territory can be explored by car: the roads (if there
are any) are in decent condition, and long distances are compensated by
the low congestion of the roads and the views from them. There are car
rental points in Krasnoyarsk, and you can also rent a car in Abakan and
go from there to the very south of the region - to Shushenskoye and
Minusinsk.
Routes
The Sayan Ring is a tourist route passing through the
cities of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Khakassia and Tuva.
The
Sayan Ring includes five main settlements - Krasnoyarsk, Divnogorsk,
Abakan, the village of Shushenskoye and Kyzyl. The rest of the list
(Minusinsk, Sayanogorsk, Kyzyl-Mazhalyk, Askiz, etc.) is debatable.
Man populated the territory of the modern Krasnoyarsk region in the
Upper Paleolithic approximately 45 thousand years ago, as evidenced by
the discovery of the Sopkarginsky mammoth on Taimyr, on whose cheekbone
scientists discovered damage from a heavy spear of primitive hunters.
The oldest layers of the Afontova Gora, Kurtak 4, Kashtanka,
Ust-Kova, Brazhnoye sites are dated to 28-32 thousand years ago.
The oldest late Paleolithic sites on the shore of the Derbinsky Bay of
the Krasnoyarsk Reservoir are dated to the period of the Konoshchel
cooling of the Karginsky time (29-30 thousand years ago). On the left
bank of the Krasnoyarsk Reservoir, at the spit where the Izhul River
flows into the Yenisei, in the eastern part of the Kurtak archaeological
region, are the Middle Pleistocene sites of Ust-Izhul 1 and Ust-Izhul 2.
A radiocarbon date of 30,010±1470 years was obtained at the Ust-Izhul 2
site. The frontal bone of a Homo sapiens from the Pokrovka II (Maly Log
II) site is dated to 27,740±150 years. Over 3,000 artifacts were
discovered at the Upper Paleolithic site of Sabanikha-3, which is
collapsing near the Krasnoyarsk Reservoir, including two stone pendants
similar to those found at the Early Upper Paleolithic site of Malaya
Siya in Khakassia, and a fire in situ. At the Ust-Kova site at the mouth
of the Kova River in the Kezhemsky District, a mammoth figurine and a
seal sculpture made from mammoth tusk more than 20 thousand years ago
were found.
The Achinskaya and Tarachikha sites date back to the
period 18-24 thousand years ago. At the late Paleolithic Achinskaya site
(c. 20 thousand years BC), archaeologists found an ornamented staff,
which may be a lunar calendar.
The Y-chromosomal haplogroup
Q1a1-F746 was determined for the AG-2 sample (16.7 thousand years BC)
from the Afontova Gora II site. The mitochondrial haplogroup R1b was
determined for the AG-3 sample (16,930-16,490 years BP). Based on
autosomes, the samples from the Afontova Gora II, Afontova Gora III, and
Mal'ta I (MA-1) sites had a common origin and were grouped together in
the Mal'ta cluster. Phenotypic analysis showed that the Afontova Gora
III sample carried the derivative allele rs12821256, which is associated
with blond hair in Europeans, making this sample the earliest known
human to carry this derivative allele.
The Listvenka site near
Divnogorsk is dated to 16.5–10 thousand years ago.
The
Kokorevskaya culture in the upper Yenisei River is dated to 15–10
thousand years ago. A bison shoulder blade with a spearhead embedded in
it was found at the Kokorevo I site in the upper Yenisei River in
Novosyolovsky District.
The sample kra001 (2295-2140 BC) from
Krasnoyarsk Krai (LN/EBA) was identified to have the Y-chromosomal
haplogroup N1a1a1a1-CTS6967*, ancestral to N1a1a1a1a-L392/L1026, which
is basal to both the N1a1a1a1a1-L4339>N1a1a1a1a1a-VL29 line and the
N1a1a1a1a2-Z1936 line. On the PCA graph, kra001 (RUS_Krasnoyarsk_BA) is
located close to the Nganasans, Yukaghirs, and Evens.
The
Andronovo culture (17th-9th centuries BC) was named after the Bronze Age
burials near the village of Andronovo.
The Munkh-Khairkhan
culture in the Idzhim River valley (Ermakovsky district) includes the
Maralskoye 2 and Sayan-Pogranichnoye 6 burial grounds.
A Bronze
Age settlement was discovered near Lake Pyasino near Norilsk, where
primitive equipment for smelting and casting and raw materials (native
copper balls) were found.
The first state in the territory of southern Siberia arose in the
4th-3rd centuries BC. Ancient Chinese chronicles called its creators the
"Dingling" people (Chinese: 丁零), and the state - "Dingling-guo" (丁零国).
Around 201 BC, the Dingling state was defeated by the Xiongnu
troops.
The Xiongnu (Chinese: 匈奴 Xiongnu) were an ancient Turkic
nomadic people who inhabited the steppes north of China from 220 BC to
the 2nd century AD. To protect themselves from their raids, Qin Shi
Huangdi built the Great Wall. The Xiongnu waged active wars with the
Chinese Han Empire, during which they consolidated into a single state
that subjugated the tribes of neighboring nomads. According to a
widespread opinion, part of the Huns reached Europe and, having mixed
with the Ugrians, gave rise to a new people, which in Europe is known as
the Huns).
According to the burial mound excavated near the
village of Tes, the Tes culture (2nd century BC - 2nd century AD) was
identified as a Tagar-Tashtyk transitional stage.
After the defeat of Dingling-go by the Huns, the Turkic-speaking
tribe of the Kyrgyz moved to the Minusinsk Basin.
In the 6th-7th
centuries, the Kyrgyz with the subordinate taiga peoples formed a
peripheral fiefdom of the Central Asian states headed by a viceroy -
Elteber.
In the 8th century - a separatist region headed by its
own beks and inals, claiming the khan's dignity (see Bars-Khagan).
In the 9th century - a rapidly expanding aggressive steppe empire
with a deified Khagan clan.
In 840, this state destroyed the
Uyghur Khaganate, spreading its power to Tuva and Mongolia. Pursuing the
remnants of the Uyghurs, the Kyrgyz fought their way to the Irtysh and
Amur, and invaded the oases of Eastern Turkestan. V.V. Bartold called
this period of history "the Kyrgyz great power".
The Kyrgyz
provided the state with the highest military and administrative leaders.
They were considered to be connected both by dynasty and through
marriage with the ruling houses of China and other neighboring
countries.
Beginning in the middle of the 1st millennium AD, the
ancestors of the Evenks appeared on the territory of Siberia. By the
13th century, the Tungus tribes settled on the Middle Lena, Vilyuy, and
Olyokma. The Evenks were formed by mixing the aborigines of Eastern
Siberia with the Tungus tribes who had come earlier from the Baikal and
Transbaikal regions. The Glazkov culture is considered to be a
proto-Tungus community.
There are grounds to consider the Uvan
people of Transbaikalia, who, according to Chinese chronicles of the
5th-7th centuries, lived in the mountain taiga northeast of Barguzin and
Selenga, as the Evenks' immediate ancestors. The Uvans were not
aborigines of Transbaikalia, but were a group of nomadic cattle breeders
who had come here from a more southern area. In the process of settling
across the vast expanses of Siberia, the Tungus encountered local tribes
and, ultimately, assimilated them. The peculiarities of the ethnic
formation of the Tungus led to the fact that they are characterized by
three anthropological types, as well as three different economic and
cultural groups: reindeer herders, cattle breeders and fishermen.
In the 12th-14th centuries, the Evenks were dissected by the advance
of the Yakuts to the north. The eastern Evenks formed the Even ethnic
group. Before the arrival of the Russians in the 17th century, the
Evenks (Tungus) lived along the Yenisei, Angara, Vilyuy, Vitim, Upper
Lena, Amur (Orochens), and also on the coast of Lake Baikal.
On July 26, 1628, when the construction of the Krasnoyarsk fort was
not yet completed, the local Arinians and Kachins "came to the fort to
fight in kuyaks and in armor."
Until 1629, the territory of
today's Krasnoyarsk Territory was part of the Tobolsk division with its
center in the city of Tobolsk. Since 1629, the Yenisei, Krasnoyarsk, and
Kansk forts with adjacent lands were assigned to the Tomsk division,
which was separated from the Tobolsk division.
After the
reduction of the Krasnoyarsk garrison, the Kyrgyz nomads learned of
this, and they began raids, including on Yeniseysk. Raids by the Kyrgyz
princes on Krasnoyarsk and surrounding villages were carried out in
1630, 1634, 1636, 1640, 1665, 1667. In 1632, the decision to abolish
Krasnoyarsk was cancelled.
The advance to the south was
difficult. The Yenisei Kyrgyz burned the first Achinsk fort in 1675, the
Abakan fort, and besieged the Krasnoyarsk, Kansk, Kuznetsk and Tomsk
forts.
In 1676, the Yenisei fort received the status of a city,
to which all settlements along the Yenisei and the right-bank
territories extending to Transbaikalia were transferred.
1679 — a
siege by the combined forces of the Yenisei Kyrgyz and Dzungars under
the command of Irenek. 16 villages were burned, including the
Podstolbovsky stanitsas of Bazaikha and Torgashino. The guard perimeter
of signal posts and towers was destroyed. Despite their small numbers,
the Cossacks made a sortie and entered the battle in the open field. In
the battle, Irenek himself almost died, knocked out of the saddle. The
Kyrgyz could not withstand the artillery fire, which was led by Vasily
Mnogogreshny, and retreated. Under the command of Roman Starov and Ivan
Grichaninov. In 1680, the detachment inflicted significant damage on the
Kyrgyz. In 1692, an even stronger detachment under the command of Vasily
Mnogogreshny finally defeated the Tubinsky ulus of the Kyrgyz. The
defeated Kyrgyz asked to stop collecting yasak for several years. When
the Russians came to Abakan for yasak in 1703, they did not find any
Kyrgyz or most of the Kyshtyms - they went to Dzungaria. In the summer
of 1707, about a thousand Cossacks recruited from five forts, under the
command of Ilya Tsitsurin and Konon Samsonov built the Abakan fort. In
1708, Peter I carried out territorial and administrative reforms to
streamline the governance of the state. The main administrative unit of
the Russian Empire was the governorate, which included provinces divided
into counties. According to the Decree of December 18, 1708, the entire
territory of the empire was divided into eight governorates. Siberia and
part of the Urals became part of the Siberian governorate with its
center in Tobolsk.
In 1718, the southernmost Sayan fort was built
in front of the so-called Lodzhanov rampart, the winter fortress of the
last Altyn Khan.
Due to the long distances and the lack of
communication routes, the management of the territories of the Siberian
governorate was extremely difficult. There was a need to carry out
territorial reforms. In 1719, three provinces were established as part
of the Siberian Governorate: Vyatka, Solikamsk and Tobolsk, and five
years later two more provinces - Irkutsk and Yenisei with the center in
the city of Yeniseysk. The Yenisei Province included the following
counties: Mangazeya, Yenisei, Krasnoyarsk, Tomsk, Kuznetsk, Narym and
Ketsky.
In 1764, by decree of Catherine II, Siberia underwent
another administrative-territorial reform: a second province was
established - Irkutsk, which included the Yenisei Province. Two decades
later, the Yenisei Province was liquidated, its counties were included
in three provinces: Tobolsk (Yeniseisk and Achinsk), Irkutsk and Kolyvan
(Krasnoyarsk).
In 1797, the entire Yenisei River basin was
included in the Tobolsk Governorate (until 1804; then until 1822 they
were part of the Tomsk Governorate).
In order to centralize
governance, in 1803, the Siberian Governorate-General was created with
its center in the city of Irkutsk, which absorbed the territories of the
Tobolsk, Irkutsk and Tomsk Governorates.
In 1822, this system of
territorial subordination was abolished, and in its place, the West
Siberian (center - Tobolsk) and East Siberian (center - Irkutsk)
Governorates-General were created.
At the same time, at the
suggestion of M. M. Speransky, who was conducting an audit of the
Siberian possessions, Emperor Alexander I signed a decree on the
formation of the Yenisei Governorate consisting of five districts:
Krasnoyarsk, Yenisei (with the Turukhansk Territory), Achinsk, Minusinsk
and Kansk. The city of Krasnoyarsk was approved as the administrative
center of the newly formed province.
On February 26, 1831, the
Senate issued a decree "On the organization of postal administration in
the Yenisei province." A provincial post office was established in
Krasnoyarsk, postal expeditions were established in Yenisei and Achinsk,
and post offices were opened in Kansk, Minusinsk and Turukhansk.
In the 50 years since the creation of the Yenisei province, minor
changes took place in the administrative structure of the Russian
Empire: in 1879, the districts were renamed into counties. The territory
of the Yenisei province was not subject to changes and basically
coincided with the borders of modern Krasnoyarsk Krai.
Since
1913, Yenisei Governorate has been part of the Irkutsk
Governorate-General. In April 1914, Russia established a protectorate
over Tuva, which became part of Yenisei Governorate under the name of
Uryankhai Krai.
This administrative-territorial division remained
in place until the early 1920s.
In mid-1921, Tuvan revolutionaries, supported by the Red Army of the
RSFSR, decided to proclaim the national sovereignty of Tuva.
Since 1923, work began on the division of Siberia into districts, which
marked the beginning of the administrative reorganization of the
territory of the region. With the abolition of volosts, enlarged
districts were created.
By the Resolution of the All-Russian
Central Executive Committee of May 25, 1925, all provinces and regions
in Siberia were abolished, their territories were merged into a single
Siberian region with the center in Novosibirsk.
By the Resolution
of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of
December 7, 1934, as a result of the disaggregation of the West Siberian
and East Siberian regions, Krasnoyarsk Krai was formed (practically
within the former borders of the Yenisei province).
The Achinsky,
Berezovsky, Birilyussky, Bogotolsky, Ermakovsky, Karatuzsky, Kuraginsky,
Minusinsky, Nazarovsky, Usinsky and Uzhursky districts, as well as the
Khakass Autonomous Region consisting of 6 districts, were transferred
from the West Siberian Territory to the new territory.
The
Abansky, Balakhtinsky, Boguchansky, Bolshe-Murtinsky, Dzerzhinsky,
Yeniseisky, Ilansky, Irbeysky, Kazachino-Yeniseisky, Kansky, Kezhemsky,
Krasnoyarsky, Mansky, Nizhneingashsky, Novosyolovsky, Partizansky,
Pirovsky, Rybinsky, Sukhobuzimsky, Taseevsky, Turukhansky, Uyarsky, as
well as the Evenki and Taimyr National Okrugs were transferred from the
East Siberian Territory to the new territory. In total, 52 districts
were included in the territory. Krasnoyarsk, Achinsk, Bogotul,
Yeniseisk, Kansk, and Minusinsk became cities of regional subordination.
The administrative-territorial division underwent significant
changes in 1935-1936. New districts were formed: Artemovsky, Daursky
(from parts of Krasnoyarsky, Balakhtinsky, and Novosyolovsky), Idrinsky,
Igarsky, Kozulsky, Krasnoturansky, Udereisky, Severo-Yeniseisky, and
Tyukhtetsky (from Bogotulsky), and Krasnoyarsky District was divided
into Yemelyanovsky and Sovetsky Districts.
In 1937, the regional
capital, the city of Krasnoyarsk, began to be divided into city
districts: (Stalinsky and Kirovsky).
In 1938, the Kaganovichsky
urban district of Krasnoyarsk was formed.
In 1941, the Yartsevsky
district was formed.
In 1942, the Leninsky district separated
from the Kirovsky urban district of Krasnoyarsk.
In 1944,
Bolsheuluysky, Dolgomostovsky, and Shushensky districts were formed.
In 1947, Sharypovsky District was transferred from the Khakass
Autonomous Okrug.
In the summer of 1953, the Norilsk Uprising
took place — a revolt by prisoners of the Gorlag.
In 1953, the
cities of Norilsk and Uzhur became cities of regional subordination.
In 1954, ZATO Krasnoyarsk-26 was formed.
In 1956, Artemovsky
(included in Kuraginsky), Usinsky (included in Ermakovsky), Yartsevsky
(included in Yeniseisky) districts were abolished, and Udereysky was
renamed Motyginsky. ZATO Krasnoyarsk-45 was formed.
On October
23, 1956, Krasnoyarsk Krai was awarded the Order of Lenin for the
development of virgin lands.
In 1957, the Kaganovichsky urban
district of Krasnoyarsk was renamed Oktyabrsky.
In 1961, the
Stalinsky urban district of Krasnoyarsk was renamed Central. The city of
Nazarovo became a city of regional subordination.
On December 27,
1962, a decision was made to form 4 industrial and 35 rural districts in
Krasnoyarsk Krai instead of 60 districts, so in 1963, the Motyginsky and
Nizhneingashsky industrial districts were formed; Berezovsky
(incorporated into Nazarovsky), Bolshe-Uluysky (incorporated into
Achinsky), Daursky (incorporated into Balakhtinsky), Dzerzhinsky
(incorporated into Kansky), Dolgomostovsky (incorporated into Abansky),
Ermakovsky (incorporated into Shushensky), Kozulsky (incorporated into
Achinsky), Krasnoturansky (incorporated into Kuraginsky), Mansky
(incorporated into Uyarsky), Motyginsky (incorporated into Motyginsky
industrial), Nizhneingashsky (incorporated into Nizhneingashsky
industrial), Novosyolovsky (incorporated into Balakhtinsky), Partizansky
(incorporated into Uyarsky), Sayansky (incorporated into Irbeysky),
Severo-Yeniseisky (incorporated into Motyginsky industrial), Sovetsky
(incorporated into Yemelyanovsky), Sukhobuzimsky (incorporated into
Bolshe-Murtinsky), Tyukhtetsky (incorporated into Bogotolsky),
Sharypovsky were abolished (included in Uzhursky) districts. The city of
Divnogorsk received the status of a city of regional subordination in
connection with the construction of the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power
station.
In 1965, the closed administrative-territorial entity
Krasnoyarsk-66 was formed.
In 1966, the Motyginsky and
Nizhneingashsky industrial districts were again abolished and the
Bolsheuluysky, Dzerzhinsky, Ermakovsky, Krasnoturansky, Mansky,
Motyginsky, Nizhneingashsky, Novosyolovsky, Partizansky, Sayansky,
Severo-Yeniseisky, Sukhobuzimsky, Tyukhtetsky, Sharypovsky districts
were formed.
In 1969, the Sovietsky district separated from the
Central city district of Krasnoyarsk.
On December 2, 1970,
Krasnoyarsk Krai was awarded the second Order of Lenin for achievements
in the field of industry, as well as for development in the field of
agriculture, development of culture during the 8th Five-Year Plan
(1966-1970), which turned out to be the most productive during the
entire period of the region's existence.
In 1972, Kozulsky
District was re-established (separated from Achinsky).
In 1975,
the city of Lesosibirsk received the status of a city of regional
subordination.
In 1977, Sverdlovsky District separated from
Kirovsky Urban District of Krasnoyarsk.
In 1979, Zheleznodorozhny
District separated from Oktyabrsky Urban District of Krasnoyarsk.
In 1981, the village councils of the Nazarovsky district, Berezovsky
and Novoaltatsky, were transferred to the Sharypovsky district. The
cities of Sharypovo and Borodino received the status of cities of
regional subordination.
In 1983, the Berezovsky district was
separated from the Yemelyanovsky district.
On December 5, 1984,
Krasnoyarsk Krai was awarded the Order of the October Revolution for the
great services of the workers of the region in the revolutionary
movement, in the fight against the Nazi invaders in the Great Patriotic
War, their contribution to the development of natural resources and the
development of the productive forces of Siberia.
In 1985, the
city of Sosnovoborsk received the status of a city of regional
subordination.
In 1988, the center of the Kezhemsky district was
moved to Kodinsk in connection with the construction of the
Boguchanskaya hydroelectric power station.
In 1989, the village
of Novoeniseisk was annexed to the administration of the city of
Lesosibirsk.
In 1991, the Khakass Autonomous Region left the Krai
and was transformed into the Republic of Khakassia.
In 2005, Igarka became a city of district subordination (Turukhansky
District). The settlement of ZATO Solnechny acquired the status of an
urban district.
Since January 1, 2007, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Taimyr
(Dolgano-Nenets) Autonomous Okrug, and Evenki Autonomous Okrug united
into a new subject of the Russian Federation — Krasnoyarsk Krai within
the borders of the three previously existing subjects; the autonomous
districts became part of the Krai as Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets and Evenki
Districts. Since January 1, 2007, ZATO Kedrovy was abolished.
In
2013, in Staro-Turukhansk, at the site of the Staro-Turukhansk
settlement of Novaya Mangazeya, among the ruins of a traditional
Russian-type residential building from the end of the 18th century, the
first birch bark letter in Siberia was found, on which the Cyrillic
alphabet is written from the letter i to the end. In 2016, in Yeniseisk,
archaeologists during excavations in the cellar of the voivode's court
from the mid-17th century discovered the second birch bark letter in the
Krasnoyarsk Territory, on which, according to preliminary data, a curse
was written. Near the wall of the prison, archaeologists found a jug
made in Western Europe 300 years ago with an image of, possibly, the god
of wine Bacchus.
On May 29, 2020, when a tank with diesel fuel
was depressurized at CHPP-3 in Kayerkan (Norilsk region), one of the
largest oil leaks in the history of Russia occurred - an environmental
disaster that poses a threat to the ecosystem of the Arctic Ocean. By
June 3, according to Rosprirodnadzor, the maximum permissible
concentration of harmful substances in the water of the Ambarnaya River
exceeded the norm by tens of thousands of times.
Krasnoyarsk Krai is located in Central and Eastern Siberia. It
occupies 13.86% of the territory of Russia. It stretches almost 3000 km
from north to south (located between 78° and 52° N, which makes the
subject the longest administrative-territorial unit in the world from
north to south), and the maximum width from west to east is 1250 km.
The region is located in the basin of the Yenisei and Ob rivers. In
the north, the region is washed by the waters of two seas of the Arctic
Ocean - the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea.
The region contains over 95% of Russia's nickel and platinum group
metal reserves, over 20% of gold, significant reserves of cobalt,
nepheline ores, magnesites, Iceland spar, fine quartz sands, refractory
clays, graphite, antimony, titanium ore, nephrite, jadeite, brown coal
and 58 more types of minerals.
The largest Russian coal reserves
are concentrated in the Krasnoyarsk region. Large-scale coal mining is
carried out in the Kansk-Achinsk basin, the largest Tunguska coal basin,
oil and gas deposits of the Yurubchensky block, and the large Vankor oil
and gas field are widely known. 25 oil and gas fields have been
discovered in the region.
One of the world's largest lead
deposits is Gorevskoye (42% of Russian reserves). The Abagas iron ore
deposit and the Kureiskoye graphite deposit are being developed. The
Maimecha-Kotuy apatite province contains 21% of Russia's apatite raw
materials. The country's largest Chuktukon deposit of rare earths is
promising, the Porozhynskoye manganese ore deposit, aluminum
(Chadobetskaya group of bauxite deposits) and uranium ore deposits
(Kuraginskoye and Karatuzskoye deposits) are ready for development, and
gas and gas condensate deposits of the Vankor block have recently been
discovered.
In total, more than 10 thousand deposits and ore
occurrences of various minerals have been discovered in Krasnoyarsk
Krai.
Krasnoyarsk Krai is located in the MSK+4 time zone. The offset of the applied time relative to UTC is +7:00.
The climate of the Krasnoyarsk Territory ranges from sharply
continental to moderately continental; strong fluctuations in air
temperature are typical throughout the year. Due to the large extent of
the region in the meridional direction, the climate is very
heterogeneous.
There are three climatic zones in the territory of
the region: arctic, subarctic and temperate. Within each of them,
changes in climatic features are noticeable not only from north to
south, but also from west to east. Therefore, western and eastern
climatic regions are distinguished, the border of which runs along the
Yenisei valley. The duration of the period with a temperature of more
than +10 °C in the north of the region is less than forty days, in the
south 110-120 days.
Cities: Igarka, Dudinka and Norilsk;
districts: Severo-Yeniseisky, Taimyrsky Dolgano-Nenets, Turukhansky,
Evenkiysky — belong to the regions of the Far North.
Cities of
Yeniseisk and Lesosibirsk; districts: Boguchansky, Yeniseysky,
Kezhemsky, Motyginsky — are equated to the districts of the Far North.
The northern districts of the region, where an insignificant mass of
the population lives, are characterized by a continental climate with a
long winter and a short, cool summer. The absolute minimum temperature
in Taimyr reached -62° in Imangda, and in Evenkia it is unofficially
-65° in Tembenchi, where in March 2021 the temperature dropped to
-55.7°, and to -37.5° in October 2012, further south in Kerbo in January
2006 On January 20, the temperature dropped to -58.5°, which became one
of the lowest temperatures for this weather station. The absolute
minimum temperature in the region is almost everywhere below -50°,
already in November frosts can reach -55°, and in early March -57°,
-58°. In Taimyr, the period without thaw often begins in mid-late
October.
The central part of the region, mainly flat, with island
forest-steppes and fertile soils, is characterized by a relatively short
hot summer, a long cold winter, and rapid temperature changes. In the
center of the region, at the Strelka weather station, with a latitude of
59.05° and a longitude of 93°, in 1996 July reached as much as +22.5° on
average July, and became one of the hottest summer months in the central
part of the region. At the same time, in one of the poles of cold as the
coldest points - Tembenchi, in December the average temperature can fall
below -47° (2000) and in January below -48° (1979).
In the south
of the region there are hot summers and moderately severe winters with
little snow. Dry clean air, plenty of sunny days in summer, healing
waters of springs and numerous lakes create favorable conditions for the
construction of resorts, sanatoriums and recreation centers.
The
warmest cities of the region are Minusinsk, Bogotol, Krasnoyarsk,
Zheleznogorsk, Uyar, Achinsk and Zelenogorsk.
The average January
temperature is -36 °C in the north and -18 °C in the south, in July
respectively +10 °C and +20 °C. On average, 316 mm of precipitation
falls per year, the main part in the summer, in the foothills of the
Sayan Mountains 600-1000 mm. Snow cover is established in early November
and melts by the end of March. In the mountains of the Eastern and
Western Sayan Mountains, snow in some years remains all year round. Here
the snow lies at an altitude of 2400-2600 m, in the Putorana Mountains -
at an altitude of 1000-1300 m.
Krasnoyarsk Krai is one of the regions with good water resources. One
of the largest rivers in the world, the Yenisei, flows from south to
north.
Lakes
There are 323 thousand lakes with a surface area
of over ten hectares in Krasnoyarsk Krai. In addition, a large number
of lakes appear once every few years — during intensive snowmelt.
About 86% of the lakes in the region are located beyond the Arctic
Circle. The largest of them is Lake Taymyr. Its surface area is 4,560
km². Other large lakes: Khantayskoye, Pyasino, Keta, Lama.
There
are about sixteen thousand lakes in the central part of the region.
There are more than four thousand lakes in the south of the region.
The waters of some lakes are used for medicinal purposes. These are
the lakes: Ladeinoe, Uchum, Tagarskoe, Ingol, Bolshoy Kyzykul,
Plakhino-Borovoe and others.
Permafrost-taiga and mountain-taiga soils, as well as podzolic taiga and mountain-tundra soils predominate. In the forest-steppe parts of Krasnoyarsk Krai (Achinsko-Bogotolskaya, Krasnoyarsk, Kanskaya and Yuzhnaya forest-steppe), the soils are represented by chernozems (mainly leached and podzolized), gray forest soils. Chernozem soils are distinguished by high humus content. Permafrost predominates over most of the territory of the region, with the exception of the Minusinsk Basin, the Yenisei River Valley (except for the territories north of the mouth of the Podkamennaya Tunguska River), the Atamanovskiy and Torgashinsky ridges, as well as almost the entire southwestern part of the region, except for the highland areas.
The forest fund area of Krasnoyarsk Krai is 168.1 million hectares.
Forests cover 71.02% of the territory of the region. Industrial timber
reserves are estimated at 14.4 billion m³, which is 18% of the total
Russian timber reserves. More than half of the forests of the region are
larch, about 17% are spruce and fir, 12% are Scots pine and more than 9%
are Siberian cedar. The forests of the region are 88% coniferous.
The region contains 10% of Russia's timber reserves.
The
development of trade relations with China after the collapse of the USSR
led to changes in forestry and the environmental situation in
Krasnoyarsk Krai. A study of a similar process in Primorye by the World
Wildlife Fund allows us to conclude that the volume of logging is many
times greater than permitted and declared. Sawmills and timber yards
owned by the Chinese play a key role in the spread of illegal logging
(p. 17). A ban on the export of unprocessed timber could lead to the
creation of jobs and an influx of investment, the introduction of new
technologies, and an improvement in the socio-economic situation.
In the Uyarsky District, the construction of furnaces for the
production of charcoal using a technology banned in China was discovered
(it is ecologically very dangerous, the work is carried out illegally in
the Russian Federation, trees dry up near such production and people get
sick due to air pollution with phenols, etc.); protests by local
residents forced the work to be suspended.
Of commercial importance are: sable, squirrel, arctic fox, fox,
ermine, and also wild reindeer. The population of wild reindeer is
estimated at 600 thousand heads. In total, 342 species of birds and 89
species of mammals live in the region.
About thirty species of
commercial fish live in the rivers of the region: sturgeon, sterlet,
taimen, grayling, whitefish, bream and others. About sixty species of
fish live in the northern regions of the region.
Invertebrates
are the most numerous part of the animal world in terms of species.
Several thousand species of insects, arachnids and other invertebrates
live in the region, including rare ones. Eighteen species of insects
were included in the Red Book of Krasnoyarsk Krai as amended in 2012,
including one mollusk and four species of insects listed in the Red Book
of the Russian Federation.
Amphibians and reptiles. The fauna of
amphibians and reptiles in the region is small and is represented by
eleven species. Among them are two species of newts, a gray (common)
toad, two species of frogs, as well as two species of lizards and four
species of snakes, two of which (the common adder and the common
copperhead) are poisonous. The small number of species and the high
vulnerability of their populations are determined by the harsh climatic
conditions in most of the territory of the region.
Birds. More
than three hundred and seventy species of birds live in the territory of
the region, of which several dozen species of representatives of the
orders of Galliformes, Anseriformes, Charadriiformes and some other
orders are of commercial importance.
Ichthyofauna. In the
territory of Krasnoyarsk Krai, the ichthyofauna is represented by fifty
species and subspecies of fish and lampreys belonging to thirteen
families. Of these, twenty-two species of fish are of commercial
importance. In addition, one species of invertebrates (long-clawed
crayfish) is of commercial importance.
Large-scale industry makes the main contribution to environmental
pollution. Seventeen cities in the region produce 76.6% of harmful
emissions. The main emissions are produced by Norilsk, Krasnoyarsk, and
Achinsk.
Up to twelve million tons of pollutants are generated in
the region annually as part of industrial aerosols and gases.
By
2008, 79% of the generated mass of pollutants was captured at gas
cleaning plants.
Up to three hundred and fifty million tons of
waste are generated in the Krasnoyarsk region per year. The main volume
of waste is generated during the extraction of minerals, which amounted
to 87.7% of the total amount of waste generated in 2013. In the
extraction of minerals, the main share of waste falls on the 5th hazard
class (mainly overburden) - 99.99%. The second place in waste generation
is occupied by the manufacturing industries (metallurgical, pulp and
paper, chemical production, wood processing, etc.) - 10.8%. The third
place in waste generation is occupied by enterprises producing and
distributing electricity, gas and water, the volume of waste from which
is 0.3% of the total amount of waste generated.
Industrial waste
is stored in seventy-three storage facilities. The share of waste
recycling does not exceed 26%. Housing and communal services annually
produce about 1.6 million tons of solid waste. There are nine hundred
and thirty-five authorized landfills in the region and only ten
landfills meet regulatory requirements. More than two hundred and ninety
unauthorized landfills have been registered.
Four hundred and
eighty million cubic meters of liquid waste are discharged into water
bodies of the region.
The National Operator for Radioactive Waste
Management is building a radioactive waste storage facility (of Russian
and foreign origin) in Krasnoyarsk Krai near Zheleznogorsk. This has
raised concerns among specialists due to the lack of adequate attention
to visitor safety issues.
Nature Reserves and Other Specially
Protected Natural Areas
Seven nature reserves have been created in
Krasnoyarsk Krai:
Great Arctic Nature Reserve
Putoransky Nature
Reserve
Sayano-Shushensky Nature Reserve
Stolby National Park
Taimyr Nature Reserve
Tungussky Nature Reserve
Central Siberian
Nature Reserve
As well as Shushensky Bor National Park and Ergaki
Nature Park.
As of May 1, 2007, three federal state nature
reserves and 27 regional state nature reserves have been created in the
Krai. It is planned to create another 39 state nature reserves. There
are 51 objects in Krasnoyarsk Krai that have the status of a natural
monument of regional significance.
The budget in 2021 amounted to revenues +306.6 billion rubles,
expenses -313.5 billion rubles, deficit ~7 billion rubles.
Type
of economy and level of development
Krasnoyarsk Krai ranks first in
Siberia in terms of socio-economic development (2019). It is the only
region in Siberia where the standard of living is higher than in St.
Petersburg. In Russia, it ranks 11th, ahead of most regions of Russia in
terms of development (2019).
The economy of the region has an
industrial specialization. Thanks to significant reserves of metal ores,
the availability of energy resources, and heavy industry inherited from
Soviet times, the region is one of the country's leaders in the
production of industrial products per capita, the region accounts for
3.2% of the total volume of industrial products produced in Russia.
The gross regional product (hereinafter GRP) in 2018 was 2.3 trillion rubles (+20% compared to the previous year). In 2007, industry (manufacturing and mining) produced 60.4% of the GRP, transport and communications — 8.1% of the GRP, trade and services — 6.7%, construction — 6.1%, agriculture — 4.9%.
The region's large energy resources made it possible to create a
large metallurgical complex: Krasnoyarsk Hydroelectric Power Station —
Krasnoyarsk Aluminum Plant — Achinsk Alumina Refinery — Krasnoyarsk
Metallurgical Plant (KrAMZ).
Krasnoyarsk Territory enterprises
produce about 27% of Russian primary aluminum; Norilsk Nickel produces
more than 70% of Russian copper, 80% of nickel, 75% of cobalt, and more
than 90% of platinum group metals.
In 2007, the region's
metallurgy (ferrous and non-ferrous) produced goods worth 399.1 billion
rubles, in 2008 - 293 billion rubles with a physical production index of
102%.
Large metallurgical enterprises:
Gorevsky Mining and
Processing Plant (lead-zinc ores)
Krasnoyarsk Non-Ferrous Metals
Plant named after Gulidova (gold, platinum)
Norilsk Combine (copper,
nickel, PGM)
Enterprises under design and construction:
Yenisei Ferroalloy Plant
The region's energy system is the largest in terms of installed power
plant capacity in Russia - as of the end of 2020, 23 power plants with a
total capacity of 18,193.8 MW were operating in the Krasnoyarsk
Territory (excluding the decentralized energy supply zone), including 18
thermal power plants and 5 hydroelectric power plants. In 2019, they
produced 67,420 million kWh of electricity. The specificity of the
energy sector of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is the presence of the
Norilsk-Taimyr energy region, isolated from the unified energy system of
Russia, as well as a decentralized energy supply zone.
The
following hydroelectric power plants have been built in the region:
Krasnoyarsk (20 billion kWh per year);
Boguchanskaya (18 billion kWh
per year);
Kureyskaya (2.6 billion kWh per year);
Ust-Khantayskaya
(2 billion kWh per year).
There are projects for the Evenkiyskaya
hydroelectric power plant, Nizhneangarsk hydroelectric power plants and
the Kulyumbinsky cascade of hydroelectric power plants. The construction
of the Nizhnekureyskaya hydroelectric power plant has been mothballed.
The following power plants operate on coal from the Kansk-Achinsk
coal basin: Berezovskaya (7 billion kWh per year), Nazarovskaya,
Krasnoyarsk State District Power Plant-2 and Krasnoyarsk Thermal Power
Plants (TPP-1, TPP-2, TPP-3).
Mechanical engineering ranks second in Krasnoyarsk Krai in terms of
the number of jobs created.
Mechanical engineering enterprises of
Krasnoyarsk Krai produce products for both civilian and defense
purposes:
agricultural machinery — Nazarovsky Plant of Agricultural
Engineering;
household refrigerators — Biryusa;
quarry excavators
— Krastyazhmash;
overhead cranes up to 200 tons — Sibtyazhmash; On
July 8, 2013, the Krasnoyarsk Regional Court declared the enterprise
bankrupt
rocket and space technology — Krasnoyarsk Machine-Building
Plant, JSC ISS named after Academician M.F. Reshetnev;
river vessels
— Krasnoyarsk Shipyard;
radio-electronic equipment;
and others.
In 2007, the region's mechanical engineering enterprises produced
products worth 27.1 billion rubles, in 2008 — worth 29.9 billion rubles.
Krasnoyarsk Krai ranks second in Russia in terms of forest resources.
The forest fund area of the region is 158.7 million hectares, or 42.6%
of the forest fund area of the Siberian Federal District. More than
450 plant species grow on the territory of the region, including
industrially valuable species. More than 50% of the forests of the
region are larch, about 17% are spruce and fir, 12% are pine and more
than 9% are cedar. 88% of the forests consist of coniferous species,
including 30% of all cedar forests in the country.
The forest
industry ranks fifth in the region in terms of the number of jobs
created. About 1,500 enterprises work in logging and wood processing.
The largest of them are: Lesosibirsky LDK OJSC, Novoyeniseysky LHK CJSC,
Yenisei DOK LLC, Kraslesinvest JSC, Ksilotek-Sibir LLC, Priangarsky LPK
LLC, ForTrade LLC, Krasfon LLC and others. They produce: fiberboard,
chipboard, MDF, sawn timber, planed sawn timber, plywood, fuel
briquettes and fuel pellets, moldings, and frame-panel housing kits. In
2021, the volume of shipped products from enterprises in wood processing
and wood product manufacturing amounted to 48.5 billion rubles.
In terms of sawn timber production, Krasnoyarsk Krai ranks second among
all subjects of the Russian Federation, and third in pellet production.
The region plans to build two pulp and paper mills.
The chemical industry of the region produces:
gasoline and oil
products - Achinsk Oil Refinery;
rubbers - Krasnoyarsk Synthetic
Rubber Plant;
medicines - Kraspharma
The production of
synthetic fibers has been discontinued. The work of the Federal State
Unitary Enterprise "Production Association Krasnoyarsk Chemical Plant
"Yenisei" has been discontinued.
In the 1950s, the city of Krasnoyarsk-26 and the Mining and Chemical Plant (Zheleznogorsk), the city of Krasnoyarsk-45 and the Electrochemical Plant were built in the region.
On August 21, 2009, the Vankor oil and gas field began commercial exploitation. The field's oil reserves exceed 260 million tons, and natural gas reserves are about 90 billion m³. The design capacity is 14 million tons of oil per year. In terms of oil and gas production, Krasnoyarsk Krai currently occupies a leading position in the Siberian Federal District.
The largest financial and industrial groups operate in the region:
Basic Element (RUSAL Krasnoyarsk Aluminum Plant, Achinsk Alumina
Refinery, Krasnoyarsk Pulp and Paper Mill)
Interros (Norilsk Nickel)
Evraz (Krasnokamensk and Irbinsk iron ore mines, forestry complex)
MDM Group — SUEK (coal mining, energy)
Russian Railways
Rosneft
In addition, the following enterprises are significant:
Krasnoyarsk Cement Plant
Severo-Angarsk Mining and Metallurgical
Plant (magnesite ores)
Krasnoyarsk Krai is a major transport distribution and transit hub of
the Siberian Federal District. The transport complex of the region is
represented by all types of transport, including pipelines.
Railway transport
Trans-Siberian Railway with branches "Achinsk -
Lesosibirsk" and "Reshoty - Karabula"; "Achinsk - Abakan" (previously
called the Achinsk-Minusinsk railway "AchMinDor");
South Siberian
Railway (section "Abakan - Taishet" - "Road of Courage");
Norilsk
Railway
North-Siberian Railway and Transpolar Railway are being
designed on the site of the abandoned section "Igarka - Dolgy"
Automobile transport The main highways of the region:
M53 "Baikal"
(Kemerovo - Krasnoyarsk - Irkutsk)
R-257 "Yenisei" (Krasnoyarsk -
Kyzyl - Mongolia)
R409 "Yenisei tract" (Krasnoyarsk - Yeniseisk)
R408 "Achinsk-Uzhur-Troitskoye" (Achinsk - Troitskoye)
Water
transport The Northern Sea Route and shipping on the Yenisei (Yenisei
River Shipping Company) River ports:
Krasnoyarsk river port,
Lesosibirsk port,
Yenisei port,
seaport in Igarka;
seaport in
Dudinka
The Ob-Yenisei Canal waterway has not been in operation since
1942.
Air transport
Air transport is well developed:
twenty-six airports, including the largest international airport,
Yemelyanovo in Krasnoyarsk.
Pipeline transport
The region is
crossed by two lines of the Irkutsk-Anzhero-Sudzhensk oil pipeline.
Main power lines
Main power lines: "Bratskaya HPP - Krasnoyarsk
HPP - Novosibirsk", "Krasnoyarsk HPP - Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP".
The largest transport companies in Krasnoyarsk Krai:
Krasnoyarsk
Railway
Yenisei River Shipping Company
Vostoksibpromtrans
NordStar Airline
Pegas Fly Airline
KrasAvia Airline
The
main mode of transport remains the railway. 74.3% of freight in 2008 was
transported by rail. Freight turnover of transport enterprises in 2008
amounted to 71.9 billion ton-km. In 2008, transport enterprises
transported 459.5 million people and 84.3 million tons of freight.
The turnover of transport enterprises in 2008 amounted to 61.2
billion rubles.
There are 220 communication operators in the region. In 2008, they provided services worth 28.1 billion rubles. The level of telephony was 167 landline phones per 1,000 people.
The intensive development of large-scale industry has made it
possible to create a powerful construction sector in Krasnoyarsk Krai.
More than 70 thousand people are employed in the construction
industry of the region. The composition of organizations participating
in construction in the region includes about 7 thousand companies (11.5%
of the total number of organizations in the region, including
contracting organizations).
Largest enterprises:
Bamtonnelstroy
ZAO Firma „Kultbytstroy“
Krasnoyarsk and Achinsk
cement plants
OAO Zhelezobeton
OAO Uyarzhelezobeton
OAO
Krasnoyarsk ZhBI-1 Plant
In 2021, 5707 buildings (2127.7 thousand
m²) were commissioned in Krasnoyarsk Krai. Of these, 5204 buildings are
residential, 503 buildings are non-residential, including: industrial -
104, agricultural - 15, commercial - 76, administrative - 43,
educational - 7, healthcare - 4, others - 254. The volume of work
performed in the type of economic activity "Construction" in 2021
amounted to 229.6 billion rubles (116.4% of 2020).
The coat of arms of the Krasnoyarsk Territory depicts a lion with a
sickle and a shovel. The sickle and shovel reflected the main occupation
of the inhabitants - agriculture and mining, primarily gold.
The
climate of the Minusinsk Basin is considered the best in Siberia - the
best vegetables and fruits in Siberia are grown here. More than 50% of
the regional agricultural production volume falls on the districts
located in the central and southwestern parts of the region: Nazarovsky,
Yemelyanovsky, Uzhursky, Berezovsky, Shushensky, Mansky, Balakhtinsky,
Sharypovsky, Minusinsky, Krasnoturansky.
At a meeting of the
Government of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, amendments were adopted to the
state program of the region "Development of agriculture and regulation
of markets for agricultural products, raw materials and food" for
2022-2024. In 2022, funding will amount to 8.4 billion rubles, primarily
for the programs "Staffing of the Territory's Agro-Industrial Complex",
"Support for Gardening and Vegetable Gardening", and "Development of
Agricultural Land Reclamation". The salaries of workers in agriculture
will increase by 27%. The program for the development of production and
processing of agricultural products for 2022-2024 includes the
construction of six dairy complexes in the Ermakovsky, Kuraginsky,
Minusinsky and Krasnoturansky districts (Milk production in the region
will increase by 95 thousand tons per year). In crop production - the
construction of a selection and seed center in the Uzhursky district.
The planned seed storage capacity will be 60 thousand tons per year. In
the food and processing industry — construction in the Sharypovsky
district of a plant for deep processing of wheat with a capacity of 250
thousand tons per year, for the production of gluten, lysine chloride,
feed protein concentrates and biodegradable polymer.
At the same
time, funds allocated to support agriculture are not always used for
their intended purpose, adequately and effectively, and the
ill-considered policies of district and rural administrations prevent
residents from maintaining their personal farmsteads normally.
In the 2022 season, it is planned to sow 1.3 million hectares with
spring crops (an increase of 50 thousand hectares). Including 933
thousand hectares will be sown with grain and leguminous crops, 220
thousand hectares with industrial crops. Subsidies are in effect in the
region to stimulate the production of potatoes and vegetables; it is
planned to allocate 5.8 thousand hectares for potatoes, 1.2 thousand
hectares for vegetable crops: compared to last year, the area under them
will increase. In 2022, a record harvest of grain and leguminous crops
of 3.2 million tons in bunker weight was collected, a historical record
for yield - 34 c/ha. A record rapeseed harvest of 509 thousand tons was
collected, the most in the country for the fourth year in a row. Farms
of all categories harvested 523.5 thousand tons of potatoes (+4.1%) and
137 thousand tons of open and closed ground vegetables (-2%). The yield
of potatoes is 169.6 c/ha (162.4 c/ha in 2021), open-ground vegetables
264.8 c/ha (254.2 c/ha). The bulk of potatoes and vegetables are grown
in households - 79.1% and 80.4%, respectively. In 2020, the yield of
grain and leguminous crops amounted to 2.971 million tons in bunker
weight (2.392 million tons in 2019), with an average yield of 32.1 c/ha
(3 c/ha higher than the average grain yield in Russia) from an area of
873.5 thousand hectares. (This year, the yield in Krasnoyarsk is 20%
higher than in Stavropol, this has never happened before, and it was
difficult to imagine that this was possible!). This is the best result
in the entire eastern part of the country, the highest yield since 1994,
when the crop area was 1.5 million hectares, and the yield was only 15
centners per hectare.
In 2022, Altai breeders created varieties
of spring soft wheat - "Gonets" and "Union". New intensive varieties are
recommended for cultivation in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, are more
productive in comparison with standards and are resistant to diseases
and pests. In 2021, the yield of Union wheat in the Krasnoyarsk
Territory is 98.0 c / ha, the average yield is 53.3 c / ha.
New
varieties of buckwheat are recommended for cultivation in the
Krasnoyarsk Territory. In 2020, the yield of Diana buckwheat in the
Krasnoyarsk Territory is 43.3 c / ha, the average yield is 23.4 c / ha.
In 2021, the yield of buckwheat "Zhdanka" in the Krasnoyarsk Territory
is 40.3 c/ha, the average yield is 20.3 c/ha.
The total sown area
of agricultural crops in the farms of the region in 2007 was 1,493
thousand hectares. The volume of grain production in 2008 was 2.155
million tons in weight after processing. The sown area of grain crops
increased by 2.9%. The average grain yield in the region is 22.4 c/ha.
The maximum yield of grain crops in 2008 was achieved in the farms of
the Uzhursky (36.7 c/ha), Nazarovsky (33.3 c/ha), Sharypovsky (29.9
c/ha) districts.
The cattle population in 2007 was 412.1 thousand heads, the pig
population was 363.4 thousand heads. In 2008, the cattle population
continued to decline. As of January 1, 2009, it decreased in farms of
all categories by 2.9% compared to the same period of the previous year,
including cows - by 2.5%.
Milk production in 2008 amounted to
676.3 thousand tons. Milk yield per cow is 3866 kilograms. In 2007,
683.1 million eggs were produced.
As of July 1, 2021, the cattle
population in farms of all categories was 337.5 thousand heads (4.0%
less), of which cows - 130.8 thousand heads (4.0% less). The number of
pigs is 526.9 thousand heads (up 1.4%), sheep and goats — 73.0 (down
7.4%), poultry — 5449.5 thousand heads (down 6.2%). In the structure of
the livestock population, households accounted for 30.1% of cattle,
28.5% of pigs, 80.1% of sheep and goats (as of July 1, 2020,
respectively — 31.6%, 30.6, 80.0%).
Krasnoyarsk Krai ranks 15th
in Russia in milk production, with 656.0 thousand tons milked in 2020
(+2.3%). Milk yield per cow in 2020: Farms of all categories 5,353 kg
(+310 kg), Agricultural organizations 6,185 kg (+371 kg), Peasant farms
5,466 kg (+868 kg), Household farms 4,189 kg (+36 kg). The average daily
milk yield in 2020 in the region from a dairy cow was 16.4 liters (the
Russian average is 16.9 liters, in the Siberian Federal District 13.8
liters). The number of dairy cows is 69,042 heads.
In 2019, 129.5
thousand tons of cattle and poultry were produced for slaughter (in
slaughter weight), which is 3.7 percent less than the previous year.
Cattle production decreased by 10.9 percent and amounted to 27.9
thousand tons, pork - by 3.7 percent (78.7 thousand tons). Poultry
production increased by 8.5 percent and amounted to 20.5 thousand tons
in 2019.
Milk and egg production in the region increased by 2.5
percent and 6 percent, respectively, in 2019. Milk production was 641.3
thousand tons, and eggs — 854.2 million pieces. There was an increase in
milk yield per cow — from 4,796 kilograms in 2018 to 5,043 kilograms in
2019 (the average for Russia is 6,486 kg).
Breeding farms breed
dairy cattle: Simmental, Red-and-White, Holstein and Black-and-White,
beef cattle: Hereford and Aberdeen Angus, the Nazarovskoye breeding farm
breeds pigs of the following breeds: Yorkshire, Landrace and Duroc.
The region had a huge reindeer population back in the Soviet period —
in 1990, there were 108.1 thousand reindeer in the region. Then the
population decreased to 45.5 thousand heads (2000), but then began to
grow and in 2010, there were 73.1 thousand reindeer in the region. As of
January 1, 2011, reindeer herding was of an exclusively economic nature,
and 93.2% of the reindeer belonged to agricultural enterprises.
The Taimyr Municipal District is the center of domestic reindeer herding
in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The number of domestic reindeer in the
district reaches 130 thousand. Reindeer herding is mainly concentrated
in the west of the territory; in most of the eastern territories of the
peninsula, this type of activity has been lost. Norilsk Nickel intends
to assess the condition of pastures in the north of the Krasnoyarsk
Territory in 2021 to understand the prospects for the development of
domestic reindeer herding.
The main medium-term prospects for the economic development of the
region are associated with the plans for the development of the Lower
Angara region. The Administration of the Krasnoyarsk region has
developed the project "Integrated Development of the Lower Angara
region". The Development Corporation of the Krasnoyarsk region has been
created.
At the first stage, it is planned to build: the
Boguchanskaya hydroelectric power station, the Karabula-Yarki railway, a
bridge across the Angara near the village of Yarki, and reconstruct the
Kansk-Aban, Boguchany-Kodinsk highways. An aluminum plant with a
capacity of 600 thousand tons in the Boguchansky district, a timber
processing complex with a capacity of 900 thousand tons of cellulose in
the Kezhemsky district.
At the second stage: the Tagarsky
metallurgical association, the Gorevsky metallurgical association, a gas
processing plant in the Kezhemsky district,
construction of the
Karabula-Tagara-Kodinsk-Nedokura-Ust-Ilimsk railway, a cement plant
based on the Chadobetsky alumina refinery.
Total cost of the
project: 354.072 billion rubles.
It is possible to include the
northern regions of the region in the project for the development of the
Arctic regions of China.
Since April 1, 2010, Krasnoyarsk Krai has been participating in an experiment to teach the course "Fundamentals of Religious Cultures and Secular Ethics" (including "Fundamentals of Orthodox Culture", "Fundamentals of Islamic Culture", "Fundamentals of Buddhist Culture", "Fundamentals of Jewish Culture", "Fundamentals of World Religious Cultures", and "Fundamentals of Secular Ethics").
In Krasnoyarsk Krai, there are:
12 professional theaters and the
Krasnoyarsk Regional Philharmonic;
124 children's music, art,
choreography schools and art schools;
49 museums;
148 cinemas and
film installations;
Krasnoyarsk State Circus.
Krasnoyarsk Krai
ranks fourth (along with Moscow) in the number of winners at the annual
Youth Delphic Games of Russia.
There are 1,146 public libraries in Krasnoyarsk Krai, including 4 state and 1,142 municipal libraries. The total library stock of the libraries of the region in 2019 amounted to more than 19.5 million items. In 2019, public libraries of the region served over 1 million 354 thousand users, or 47.2% of the region's residents, which exceeds the average for Russia (31.3%) and the Siberian Federal District (28.2%). About 31.5 million documents were issued to users. 94.9% of libraries are connected to the Internet (in Russia - 81.4%, Siberian Federal District - 81.9%). Since 2015, the Krasnoyarsk Territory has been implementing the regional project to modernize libraries "Libraries of the Future". During this time, 27 libraries have been modernized within the framework of the project at the expense of the regional budget, including 26 municipal libraries (Borodino, Divnogorsk, Kansk, Krasnoyarsk, Minusinsk, Sharypovo, Dudinka, Sosnovoborsk, Zheleznogorsk, Lesosibirsk, Nazarovo), as well as the Krasnoyarsk Regional Youth Library (2 structural divisions) (data as of October 2020).
The following theaters are located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory:
Krasnoyarsk Drama Theater named after A. S. Pushkin
Krasnoyarsk State
Opera and Ballet Theater
Krasnoyarsk Musical Theater
Krasnoyarsk
State Theater for Young Spectators
Krasnoyarsk Regional Puppet
Theater
Norilsk Polar Drama Theater named after Vl. Mayakovsky
Lesosibirsk City Theater "Poisk"
Minusinsk City Drama Theater
Achinsk City Drama Theater
Kansk City Drama Theater
Zheleznogorsk
Operetta Theater
Sharypovsky Drama Theater
Motyginsky District
Drama Theater
Krasnoyarsk Territory, along with Irkutsk and Omsk Regions, is among
the leaders in the number of museums in Siberia.
In 1877, Nikolai
Mikhailovich Martyanov created one of the first local history museums in
Siberia in Minusinsk - the Minusinsk Museum of Local History. In 1883,
the Yeniseisk Museum of Local History was opened. The museum was created
by L. I. Kytmanov and N. V. Skornyakov. One of the largest local history
museums in Russia, the Krasnoyarsk Museum of Local History, was opened
on February 12 (24), 1889.
The Shushenskoye Museum-Reserve, the
only open-air museum in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, is located on the
territory of the region. By the Law of the Krasnoyarsk Territory dated
October 11, 2012, N-3-580, the Shushenskoye Museum-Reserve is classified
as one of the most valuable cultural heritage sites of the region.
There are 5,299 sports facilities in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. In 2007, Krasnoyarsk athletes won 116 medals at all-Russian and international competitions. In 2007, 360 regional sports and mass events and more than 20 all-Russian and international competitions were held in the region.
Since 2015, the largest network of marked hiking trails in Russia,
"Krasnoyarsk Hiking", has been developed in Krasnoyarsk. The trails are
more than 400 km long. Many of them start within the city limits and are
now accessible to all residents and visitors of the city. The largest in
terms of the number of excursion offers, tourist clubs, children's and
teenage tourist camps in the Krasnoyarsk region is the Municipal Youth
Autonomous Institution of the City of Krasnoyarsk "Travelers' Center",
founded in 1994.
In 1978, the four-deck cruise ship "Anton
Chekhov" was built in Austria. Tourist cruises began to be carried out
along the Yenisei from Krasnoyarsk to Igarka, but due to, among other
things, the high risk of passing through the Kazachinsky rapids, in the
21st century it was transferred to the Northern Sea Route for use on the
Volga.
A large number of tourists visit Shushenskoye and the
international ethnic music festival "Sayan Ring". The "Absolute Drag
Battle in the Middle of Russia" also gained fame - a famous drag racing
competition, where most of the country's records in this discipline were
set.
Yeniseisk, one of the best district towns in Russia in the
19th century, has great tourist potential.
Before the October Revolution of 1917
According to the 1897 census
(%):
Orthodoxy — 93.8
Old Believers — 2.1
Jews — 1.1
Catholics — 1.1
Muslims — 0.9
Lutherans — 0.3
During the
Soviet period
At the beginning of 1924, 379 communities were
registered in the Yenisei province:
Orthodoxy — 314
Old Believers
— 15
Evangelical Christians — 12
Judaism — 11
Islam — 11
Baptism — 9
Lutheranism — 4
Catholicism — 3
After the
collapse of the USSR
As of January 1, 2008, 273 religious
organizations (including 5 centralized ones) of more than three dozen
religious denominations were registered:
Russian Orthodox Church —
109
Evangelical Christians and Christians of the Evangelical Faith
(Pentecostals) — 55
Evangelical Christians-Baptists — 29
Jehovah's
Witnesses — 17
Islam — 15
Roman Catholic Church — 14
Seventh-day Adventists — 9
Judaism — 6
Lutherans — 6
Buddhism —
3
True Orthodox Church — 3
Armenian Apostolic Church — 1
Old
Believers — 1
Others — 4
Newspapers and magazines
Newspaper "Krasnoyarsky Rabochy"
(published since 1905)
Newspaper "Gardens of Siberia"
Newspaper
"Nash Krasnoyarsky Krai" - the official publication body of regulatory
legal acts of state bodies of the region
Magazine "Renome-review"
Newspaper "Krasnoyarsk region" (unites 58 territories of Krasnoyarsk
Krai)
GTRK "Krasnoyarsk" (broadcasts jointly with TV channels Russia-1 and
Russia-24)
Yenisei (broadcasts jointly with OTR in digital air)
Channel Eight - Krasnoyarsk Krai (Channel Eight-Krasnoyarsk) (broadcasts
jointly with Channel Eight)
The Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets and Evenki districts located on the territory of Krasnoyarsk Krai have an area of 879,929 km² and 763 197 km² respectively, and are the largest municipal and administrative districts in Russia in terms of territory. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, they are administrative-territorial units with a special status, since they were originally independent subjects of the federation. Both occupy more than half of the total territory of the region, and also exceed in territory all European states (except for Denmark and Kazakhstan, which are partially located in Europe) and subjects of the European part of Russia. But their population is not very large: 31,697 and 15,733 residents respectively, which is due to their geographical location.