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Salekhard (from Nene. Salya ”hard“ settlement on a cape ”, until 1933 - Obdorsk) is a city in Russia, the administrative center of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District, one of the few Russian administrative centers of the Federation’s industrial potential of other cities in the region, the third (after Novy Urengoy and Noyabrsk) in size the city of the district. City Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of September.
Salekhard is a city located on the right bank of the Poluy River near its confluence with the Ob, the administrative center of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District. It is the only city in the world located on the latitude of the Arctic Circle.
By train
The Salekhard railway station is located
in the satellite city of Labytnangi on the left bank of the Ob, 16 km
from the city. Trains come here only from Moscow and Vorkuta. In summer,
train passengers are transported by ferries, in winter by ice. In the
off-season, railway transport may not be the best option.
The city was founded in 1595 as a fortress on a cape at the confluence of the Poluy River with the Ob and was originally called Obdorsk - “a place near the Ob” (Komi formant dor in toponyms, according to Vasmer, means “side, coast”). In the dictionary of the Russian language Dahl, "dor" is noted in northern Russian dialects as "repair", "new village". In 1933, Obdorsk was renamed Salekhard - “settlement on the cape” (Nen. Sale “cape”, hard “house, settlement”). November 27, 1938 was transformed into a city.
The city is located on the Poluy Upland of the West Siberian Plain at the confluence of the Poluy River with the Ob, 2436 km from Moscow. It is the only city in the world located directly on the Arctic Circle. The nearest railway station - Labytnangi - is located 16 km from Salekhard, on the opposite bank of the Ob.
Salekhard is in the MSK+2 time zone. The offset of the applicable time from UTC is +5:00. In accordance with the applied time and geographic longitude, the average solar noon in Salekhard occurs at 12:33.
The city is located on the border of the subarctic and temperate
climatic zones. The total solar radiation is 74 kcal/cm². January
isotherms - -23.2 °C, July - +14.8 °C. The annual precipitation ranges
from 450 to 500 mm, with 44% of the annual precipitation falling in
July-August. The number of days with snow cover and stable frosts is up
to 200 per year.
Salekhard has one of the northernmost beaches in
the world, which is not officially registered, but simply a place of
rest for the townspeople on hot (by their standards) summer days.
In the title of Vasily III, there was already the title of
"Obdorsky", for example, already in documents with Maximilian I in
1514.
The city was founded during the reign of Fyodor
Ivanovich, in 1595, by the Cossacks under the name of the Obdorsk
fortress or prison. Obdorsky prison became the northernmost in
Siberia.
The name existed before the official founding of the
city: a contemporary Isaac Massa indicates in his essay “A Brief
Information on the Beginning and Origin of Modern Wars and Troubles
in Muscovy” that on September 1, 1584, when Fyodor Ivanovich was
crowned king, his title included “Tsar ... Obdorsky”.
For a
long time, the Obdorsky princes, the nobility, warriors and yasak
people adhered to the pagan faith in the form of shamanism or
animism. The first of the Obdorsky princes, baptized in 1600 in
Moscow during the reign of Boris Godunov, received the name Vasily.
The Tobolsk diocesan civil authorities were ordered to build a
temple in Obdorsk, which was built in 1602 in the name of St. Basil,
St. Caesarea of Cappadocia.
In 1635, the prison was named
Obdorskaya Zastava, and permanent residents appeared in the city.
In 1807 the fortifications were demolished. Obdorsk becomes a
village and until the end of 1923 remains the center of the Obdorsk
volost of the Berezovsky district of the Tobolsk province. In 1845,
the Hungarian traveler ethnographer Reguli Antal visited the
village. From 1898 to 1899, Jozsef Papai, a Hungarian researcher of
the Khanty people, lived and worked in the village.
On
November 3, 1923, the village of Obdorsk becomes the center of the
Obdorsky district of the Ural region.
December 10, 1930 it
becomes the center of the Yamal (Nenets) national district. On June
20, 1933, Obdorsk was transformed from a village into the regional
settlement of Salekhard (from the Nenets Sale-Khard "village on the
cape"). November 27, 1938 was transformed into a city.
From
September 28, 1956 to August 5, 1975, the working settlement of
Labytnangi was under the administrative control of the city council.
In 1990, the city was included in the List of Historical Cities of
Russia.
Both in tsarist and Soviet times, Obdorsk was a
popular place of exile. In 1894-1902, the leader of the Doukhobors,
Pyotr Verigin, was exiled there. After the October Revolution, the
new authorities began to exile Orthodox bishops there, including
Archbishop Procopius (Titov) and Bishop Ambrose (Polyansky).
On August 2, 2018, in Salekhard, during the work on the improvement
of the city garden, an ancient burial place with objects of
religious rites was discovered. The approximate age of the object is
4.5 thousand years.
The city is connected by a ferry crossing (in summer) and an ice
crossing (in winter) across the Ob River with the city of Labytnangi.
In 1949-1953, Salekhard was one of the base points for the
construction of the Transpolar Highway (mainly an inactive railway line
to Novy Urengoy, also passing through Nadym).
The city also has a
river port (passenger communication with Khanty-Mansiysk, Omsk and
villages on the banks of the Gulf of Ob) and an airport.
In
December 2020, the Salekhard-Nadym all-season road was opened, built to
replace the seasonal one. As a result, travel time has been reduced from
14 to 4.5 hours.
As part of the Industrial Urals - Polar Urals
project, it is planned to build the Salekhard - Nadym and Polunochnoye -
Obskaya - Salekhard railways. The first of them, Salekhard-Nadym, was
planned to begin construction in December 2010, but there is no progress
for 2019.
The Salekhard bus system has 6 municipal routes served
by the local ATP. There are buses Mercedez-benz Sprinter, MAZ-203,
MAZ-206, GAZelle Next.
State Autonomous Institution of Culture of the Yamalo-Nenets
Autonomous Okrug "National Library of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous
Okrug". On January 1, 2006, the National Library of the Yamalo-Nenets
Autonomous Okrug began its work. It is the center of popularization of
book heritage and attraction to reading. Currently, the National Library
is housed in a beautiful two-story building and stands on the banks of
the river in the city center. The institution employs young,
ready-to-create specialists of various professions: librarians,
teachers, lawyers, economists, programmers, managers. But all of them
are one team of like-minded people who understand that they are
entrusted with a serious task - the development of the regional library
of the new time - the National Library of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous
Okrug.
Yamalo-Nenets District Museum and Exhibition Complex named
after I. S. Shemanovsky. The history of the museum goes back to the
"Repository of collections on the ethnography of foreigners of the
Tobolsk North", created in 1906 on the initiative of the Orthodox
missionary Ivan Semyonovich Shemanovsky (abbot Irinarkh). The museum and
exhibition complex houses a local history museum, an exhibition center
and a scientific library, as well as storage facilities for exhibits.
The complex has a branch - the museum-apartment of L. V. Laptsui, a
famous Nenets writer.
District House of Crafts. Created in 1999, in
2007 the Art Center was opened, where workshops for various types of
arts are equipped: ceramics, woodworking, graphics, bone carving art. In
the gallery of the Art Center there is an exhibition of bone-carving art
"The Soul of the North", an exhibition of modern fine art "Art-Yamal",
an exhibition "The World of Trees", a festival of park sculpture
"Legends of the North", an ethno-festival "The Soul of the Tundra", the
Yamal Plein Air. In 2005 and 2013, the District House of Crafts became
the winner of a special professional award in the field of culture
"Event of the Year", in 2006 a grant was received from the Governor of
the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug for the implementation of the
"Lessons of Mastery" project. The House of Crafts has branches: "City
Manor Complex" on the street. Lambins and "Natural-ethnographic complex
in the village of Gornoknyazevsk".
"City Manor Complex" on the
street. Lambins is a monument of wooden architecture in the North of
Russia. In the cache of the manor house, which previously belonged to
the merchant Terentyev, in 2014, during the repair and restoration work,
five ancient icons were found, which were then restored in the workshop
of Tobolsk. Three of them meet the parishioners in the church of Peter
and Paul, and two large-scale images were transferred to the District
House of Crafts.
State Cultural Institution of the Yamalo-Nenets
Autonomous Okrug "Cultural and Business Center". Created September 13,
2008. The building of GAU YaNAO "Cultural and Business Center" is a
complex of two adjacent buildings (a concert hall and a congress
center), united by through passages. The total area of the complex is
8420.34 m². The cultural and business center is a meeting place for
those who like to be in the center of the cultural events of the city
and the region, which offers a fairly wide range of services. On the
stage of the concert hall are held: festivals, competitions, concerts,
performances, show programs, master classes. Various economically and
socially significant events are held on the basis of the Congress
Center: forums, meetings, press conferences, meetings, official visits
of international delegations, photo exhibitions and others.
Church of
Peter and Paul. It was built in 1893 under the guidance of the architect
Bogdan (Gotlieb) Bogdanovich Zinke, who was born in Prussia, educated at
the Imperial Academy of Arts and achieved professional success in
Western Siberia. Information about this master began to appear in print
only at the beginning of the 21st century, although he made a
significant contribution to the construction business of Western
Siberia. Many facts became known from the personal correspondence of the
architect, which became known after the appeal of his nephew in 1984 to
the Museum of Salekhard. A special place in these letters is occupied by
the story about the construction of the stone church of Peter and Paul
in Obdorsk (Salekhard). The church turned out to be quite difficult to
build. Even just starting construction, B. Zinke wrote:
Fifteen years
ago, seven Russian architects were building this church and finally
announced the impossibility of building a stone church. Now I have to
demolish the stone foundation and finish the construction in three
years. And so that in this heated church, even with a frost of -50
degrees, the temperature would reach plus 16. That's what the governor
of Tobolsk told me during a revision trip...
In 1894, the
consecration of the newly built temple took place, at which the governor
N. M. Bogdanovich and all honorary residents of Obdorsk and Tobolsk were
present.
Beauty, comfort and functionality - such tasks were set in the first
place when designing the embankment of the Shaitanka River.
At
the discussions, which took place with the participation of the head of
Salekhard, deputies of the City Duma and the Legislative Assembly of the
YNAO, heads of relevant departments, public figures and active
residents, architect Eduard Polyansky presented a project for the
improvement of the right and left banks of the Shaitanka River. The
project froze in one place and for many years in the area of the river.
Shaitanki wasteland.