Tuapse (Adyg. Tuapsy - "interfluve") is a city in the Krasnodar Territory of the Russian Federation, a large port on the Black Sea coast. The city is the administrative center of the Tuapse municipal district. City of regional subordination. Forms the Tuapse urban settlement. City of Military Glory (2008).
Urban settlement on the eastern coast of the Black
Sea in the interfluve of the Tuapse and Pauk rivers, at the foot of
the southern slope of the Main Caucasian ridge. It is located 103 km
south of the city of Krasnodar and 78 km north-west of the center of
Sochi.
The federal highways A-147 (Adler-Dzhubga) and R-254
(Maykop-Tuapse) pass through the city, which leads through the
Shahumyan pass 512 meters above sea level. There are railway
stations "Tuapse-Passenger" and "Tuapse-Sortirovochnaya" serving the
Armavir-Tuapse branch of the North Caucasian railroad.
It
borders on the lands of the settlements: Agoy and Agui-Shapsug in
the north, Prigorodny and Messazhai in the east, and Kroyanskoye in
the southeast. In the west, the city is washed by the waters of the
Black Sea. The length of the sea coast within the city is 10 km.
Tuapse is located in the foothill zone of the southern slope of
the Greater Caucasus Range. The terrain begins to rise with distance
from the coast. There are rocky cliffs in some places above the sea.
The average height of the city is 44 meters above sea level. The
highest point is Mount Messazay (651 m), located to the north of the
city. On the northwestern outskirts of the city there is a large
forest park Kadosh.
The hydrographic network is represented
by short rivers flowing from the mountains into the Black Sea. The
largest of them are Tuapse and Spider. During floods and heavy
rains, mountain rivers often overflow their banks, ruining
everything in their path.
Tuapse is located in
a humid subtropical climate zone (Cfa according to the Köppen
climate classification). Due to the presence of a low and well-blown
Shaumyan pass (512 m) nearby, invasions of cold northern air masses
are recorded in Tuapse. In January 2006, the city recorded an
absolute minimum of -16.8 ° C. On July 30, 2000, a maximum
temperature of + 39.4 ° C was recorded.
The wide gorge of the
river of the same name also contributes to the formation of through
wind movements. Due to the mountainous terrain, the microclimate
plays a special role: as a result, even much more northern
settlements, densely surrounded by mountains and not having large
gorges and passes, demonstrate more favorable conditions than
Tuapse. Frosts, as a rule, are always weaker also in such more
northern micro-oases in relation to Tuapse as Krinitsa, Betta,
Praskoveevka, Novomikhaylovsky, Agoy, etc. Due to the southern
location and the influence of the sea, there are only two seasons
here: warm and cool. At the same time, April in Tuapse is much
colder than October. The average annual rainfall in the city is
1,424 mm. Unlike the western Mediterranean, the summer period in
Tuapse is not dry: from April to October 704 mm of precipitation
falls (49% of the average annual), and the winter maximum is weak:
from November to March, an average of 720 mm (51%) falls in the form
of rain and sleet.
Tribes who built dolmens
lived in the area of the modern city about 3 thousand years BC.
The earliest mention of the Adyghe word Tuapse (from "tuapse" -
"interfluve", "the area lying below the confluence of two rivers" -
the Tuapse river, formed by the confluence of two mountain rivers -
Chilipsi (Chilepsy) and Pshenakho (Psinef) occurs in the VI-II
centuries BC (in Greek transcription - Topsida) Already then in this
place there was a settlement of the ancestors of the modern
Circassians.
In 1829, the coast goes to Russia under the
Adrianople Peace Treaty.
In 1838, as part of the Black Sea
fortified coastline, the Velyaminovskoye fortification was built,
named after General AA Velyaminov (1785-1838). A year later, the
fortification was destroyed by the Shapsugs, but was gradually
restored.
In 1853, in the conditions of the Crimean War, the
Russians were forced to leave the fortification, having previously
destroyed it. The territory was occupied until the end of the war by
the troops of the Ottoman Empire, who approached the Black Sea coast
from the south.
In 1857, a Turkish base was established here,
supplying the Circassians with weapons. In 1859, an amphibious
assault under the command of Major Levashev destroyed the Turkish
base. In 1864, General Gaiman's detachment reached Tuapse and
captured the ruins of Fort Velyaminovsky.
In 1864, the
Caucasian War ended and the process of forcible resettlement of the
rebellious Circassians (Shapsugs, Natukhais, Ubykhs, etc.) to the
Ottoman Empire began (see Circassian muhadzhirstvo). The Tuapse
region was one of the main points of the sea evacuation of the
Circassians.
In 1864, on the site of the ruins of the
Velyaminovsky fort, the village of Velyaminovskaya was founded, in
1870 it was transformed into a village. The settlement of
Velyaminovka was incorporated into the city of Tuapse in 1925. The
deserted Black Sea coast was first settled by Cossack families,
later Russians and Ukrainians from the central provinces of the
Russian Empire, as well as Armenians, Greeks, Georgians, etc., began
to move to the region.
In 1867, a lighthouse was built at
Cape Kadosh (within the city limits). In 1875, a civil settlement
was established - Velyaminovsky Posad.
In 1895, the Novorossiysk-Sukhum and Maikop-Tuapse highways were
laid to the settlement. In 1896 the construction of the seaport
facilities began.
In 1896, the village of Velyaminovskoye was
renamed into posad Tuapse - the district center of the Tuapse
district of the Black Sea province.
In 1916, the posad
received the status of the city of Tuapse, the "Armavir-Tuapse"
railway was built.
During the civil war (1917-1920) the city
passed from hand to hand several times, as a result of which it was
severely destroyed.
On November 16, 1917, Soviet power was
proclaimed in Tuapse, the first among the cities of the modern
Krasnodar Territory.
1921 The first public library is opened.
N. V. Lubkovsky was appointed as the head.
1921 - a children's
music school was opened.
1923 - the city was elected the regional
center of the Tuapse region of the Black Sea district of the
Kuban-Black Sea region.
1928 - the construction of the
Grozny-Tuapse oil pipeline was completed, according to the project
of Academician V.G. Shukhov, an oil refinery and an oil pier were
built in the seaport.
1929 - foundation of the first Tuapse
transport enterprise - Tuapse ATP.
1933 - the port of Tuapse
acquires All-Union significance.
1935 - the city of Tuapse
received the status of a city of regional subordination.
October
1941 - construction of the Agoy airfield began (8 km from the city
center); Tuapse naval base was created under the command of Rear
Admiral G.V. Zhukov.
In December 1941, the first enemy raid was
carried out on the city, and massive bombing began on March 23,
1942. A particularly difficult situation for the city developed in
the summer of 1942, when Sevastopol fell and the Tuapse port became
the main port, the main naval base that fed the entire Black Sea
group of forces. On August 23, 1942, the Tuapse Defense Region was
created under the command of Rear Admiral Gavriil Vasilyevich
Zhukov. On September 25, 1942, the Germans launched a new offensive
in the area of the Shahumyan village and quickly broke into the
depths. On October 17, the Germans captured Shaumyan, on October 21,
the village of Goytkh. On October 23, the enemy's Semashkh grouping
was defeated, its remnants were thrown across the Pshish River.
During the Great Patriotic War, the city was badly damaged.
Subsequently, the city was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War, I
degree (May 1985). Already in 1943, the city began to recover. The
damage caused to Tuapse in 1943 prices amounted to more than 22
million. 309 houses were completely destroyed, 719 were in need of
major repairs.
At the end of 1943, 2840 m² of housing were
commissioned, a depot, a power station, a bakery, a meat-packing
plant, a fruit-processing and a fish factory were restored.
1947
- the restored machine-building plant began to work. Under the
leadership of the famous architect A.V. Shchusev, a master plan for
the reconstruction of Tuapse was developed.
1949 - the oil
refinery returned from evacuation and produced its first products.
1956 - the first stage of the Seamen's Palace of Culture was put
into operation, the Vodnik stadium was restored, the first trial
electric locomotive came from Tuapse to Sochi.
1962 - the first
city polyclinic was commissioned.
1963 - the first Tuapse hotel
with 200 beds was put into operation.
1964 - on the square formed
by the intersection of K. Marx, Pobeda and S. Perovskaya streets, a
monument to V. I. Lenin was unveiled. The square was named after
V.I. Lenin.
1965 - the ceremony of reburial of the remains of the
unknown defenders of the city during the Great Patriotic War was
held on Pionerskaya Gorka.
By 1970, a bakery, a brewery, a
winery, a meat processing plant, and a shoe factory were
commissioned. The shipyard and the seaport are being reconstructed.
Oil loading berths, a ballast water treatment plant are being built
on the southern pier, a new passenger berth has been built, an oil
pier and a wide pier are being reconstructed.
1976 - a delegation
from the French city of Agen arrived in Tuapse. An act on the
twinning of the two cities was signed.
1979 - traffic on the
Tuapse-Krasnodar railway line was opened.
1981 - By the decree of
the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the city of Tuapse
was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree.
1985 - the new seamen's hospital received the first patients,
renamed in 2008 into the Clinic named after Pirogov.
1988 - the
memorial house-museum of the artist-ascetic A. A. Kiselev, a branch
of the Museum of History and Local Lore named after A. N. G.
Poletaeva
1991 - Tuapse municipal theater for young spectators
began to work.
1995 - Tuapse joined the Association of Small
Towns in the South of Russia.
1996 - at a meeting of the Tuapse
City Duma, a new Charter of the city was adopted
2005 - by the
decision of the Council of the municipal formation, the coat of arms
and the flag of the city was adopted (the author of the idea is
V.N.Sapelkin, artist A.V. Stebletsky). The State Heraldic Commission
of the Russian Federation approved the coat of arms (state heraldic
register number 1806) and the flag (state heraldic number 1807).
2006 - the Anthem of the city of Tuapse was adopted by the decision
of the Council of the municipal formation.
On December 4, 2007, the preliminary results of the referendum of
residents of the city and district on the unification of
municipalities, which took place on December 2, were summed up.
According to the regional election commission, to the question: "Do
you agree to the transformation of the municipal formation of the
city of Tuapse by changing the status of the urban district to the
status of an urban settlement and its inclusion in the municipal
formation of Tuapse district?" 50.7% of the referendum participants,
according to official data, answered in the affirmative. However,
according to members of the local election commission, there were
discrepancies between the official data and the voting protocols.
The need to change the status of a city to an urban settlement was
due to the legal possibility of building a terminal for
transshipment of chemicals within the settlement, but not the city.
By the decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated May
5, 2008, the city was awarded the honorary title of the Russian
Federation "City of Military Glory".
Significant dates of the
city
Tuapse City Day - 1st Sunday in July.
Liberation Day
(1942) of the Tuapse region (completion of the Tuapse defensive
operation) - December 21.