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Ufa is located in Bashkiria. Today it is a
large, interesting and rapidly developing city. Ufa is extremely
interesting for travelers, the city combines several styles at once,
develops under the influence of several cultures and religions. The
city is located at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, which
determined its multinationality and multi-confessionalism.
In
Ufa you will see the intersection of major highways and quiet
streets, rich nightlife and rich cultural life. Ufa can be
interesting for its cultural and sports life; the city regularly
hosts major international competitions and events.
Ufa is one
of the shortest toponyms in Russia. As the locals say: "If you were
sent to three letters, come to us." In the Bashkir language, this
principle also applies, and for the special form of the three
letters that make up the name - ӨФӨ - Ufa received the stable
nickname "the city of three screws". It is located to the west of
the Ural Mountains on the Belaya (Agidel) River at the confluence of
the Ufa River, which apparently gave the city its name. The toponym
itself can mean "river" or "water": there are different opinions on
this matter.
In general, Ufa can be one of the oldest cities
in the Urals. Excavations fix the cultural layer of the 4th century
AD, and if the Bashkirs had permanent cities in the Middle Ages,
then one of them was located here. Written sources from the time of
the existence of the Golden Horde report the city of Bashkort on the
Belaya River - perhaps this is the current Ufa - but no visible
traces of it have been preserved. Under its modern three-letter
name, Ufa arose in 1574, when, at the direction of the Russian
authorities, a prison was founded on the Belaya River, and later a
small Kremlin was built. Nothing more ancient than the buildings of
the end of the 18th century, however, remained in Ufa, and at that
time the city was still more like a fortress, which was attacked
from time to time by rebellious Bashkirs. After the Pugachev
uprising (1774), Ufa began to live a peaceful life, the Kremlin
burned down, and stone construction began in the city - however, not
very active, because, with the exception of a short period at the
end of the 18th century, Ufa remained a county town for a long time.
The formation of the Ufa province in 1865 and the construction in
1890 of the Samara-Zlatoust railway (that is, the old, historical
course of the Trans-Siberian Railway) contributed a lot to the
growth of Ufa. The status of the capital of Russian Islam granted by
Catherine II played a big role in the life of the city: there are
fewer old mosques in Ufa than in Kazan, but there is a rare thing
for Russia - old madrasahs.
Being the center of the province
before and the capital of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist
Republic after the revolution, Ufa until the Great Patriotic War
itself remained a relatively modest Ural city with light industry
like woodworking and food. Metallurgy has never been in Ufa, and the
city owes its rapid growth in the post-war years to the oil and
chemical industries. The modern look of Ufa is formed by not the
prettiest buildings of the late Soviet period, behind which (if you,
for example, go to the city for work) you can simply not notice the
historical center - by no means small, but displaced, due to the
features of the relief, to the south, into the bend of the river
White. In general, the river and the relief had a great influence on
the city: its length from north to south is more than 50 km, while
from west to east it is less than five. In this sense, Ufa is
similar to Volgograd, with the only difference that there is no
high-speed tram and the relief is more pronounced.
The old part of the city is bounded from the west by
Aksakov Street, from the north by Chernyshevsky Street, from the east by
Tsyurupa Street, and in the south it reaches (albeit intermittently) to
the very cliff above the Belaya River. The station is located much to
the north, almost on the outskirts. In the west, the old city passes
into very colorful one-story suburbs, stretching along the slope to the
railway itself and beyond it (the Nizhny Novgorod settlement area). In
the east, a similar suburb is gradually giving way to modern buildings.
In the north, along Lenin Street, a smooth change of eras is visible:
from pre-revolutionary houses to provincial steel and panel houses from
the times of stagnation. To the north goes a traffic-free highway -
Salavat Yulaev Avenue - and the Oktyabrya Avenue parallel to it, at the
end of which is the Chernikovka district with the main Ufa mosque. Oil
refineries are further away. Except for Chernikovka, with its mosque and
solid Soviet architecture (once there was a separate city), for most
travelers, only the historical center will be of interest, although hard
luck (and, in particular, the search for a cheap lodging for the night)
can throw you into a variety of corners cities.
There are at
least two centers in Ufa. Old - Upper Trading Square next to Gostiny
Dvor - is located in the southern part of the city. The new center more
or less coincides with the geographic one: this is the middle part of
October Avenue in the area of the Park of Culture named after. Gafuri,
Russian Drama Theater and Circus.
Ufa is one of the air traffic centers in
the Urals. In addition to planes from Moscow (more than 10 times a day),
there are direct flights from St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg and many
cities in Western Siberia (Surgut, Novy Urengoy, etc.) Tiny
propeller-driven planes fly almost every day to Yekaterinburg,
Rostov-on-Don , Kazan, Perm, Orenburg and Samara - in the latter,
however, it is not difficult to leave by train. International traffic:
Vienna, Prague, Istanbul (Turkish Airlines), Dushanbe, Tashkent, many
charter flights.
Ufa International Airport (IATA:UFA). ☎ +7 (347)
229-52-95. Ufa Airport has recently been reconstructed and looks quite
modern: it even has teleports, although the width of the corridors and
the design of the halls sometimes leave much to be desired. The airport
has two terminals - domestic and international. Entering the internal
terminal from the street, you will find a kiosk with honey and Bashkir
souvenirs, as well as the Bashkir Goose kiosk, which performs
approximately the same function. To the right, at the end of the
corridor, there is a 24-hour Moskva cafe, where Bashkir pastries, salads
and warmed-up hot meals are offered at low prices. Also in the terminal
there is a "Chocolate Girl" and a stand with freshly squeezed juice. A
small waiting room is located on the second floor. There is also a shop
and post office (Mon–Fri 8:00–20:00, Sat 9:00–18:00) with a single
computer supposedly providing Internet access. 24-hour luggage storage
on the minus ground floor: 200 rubles for the first day and 50 rubles
for each subsequent day.
After the screening area, there is one
large hall, in the center of which is again a souvenir shop, on the
right is a shop called duty-free (which is absurd on domestic flights,
but nonetheless), on the left is a stand with brewed coffee and tea
(expensive). At the end of the hall there are a couple of cafeterias
indistinguishable from each other, where prices are fundamentally lower,
but tea is also only from bags. There is no real hot food here. There is
good free Wi-Fi throughout the terminal, while there is also a paid one
from Ufanet.
There is a large square in front of the terminal
building. The city bus leaves on the right, intercity transport leaves
from an inconspicuous auto pavilion located to the left and obliquely
from the exit from the domestic terminal. City minibuses collect
passengers here, intercity buses stop. Inside the auto pavilion there is
a round-the-clock bus ticket office and a pleasant aroma of coffee,
since the local cafeteria has a coffee machine, which is rare for
Bashkiria. There is no separate waiting room here - it simply has
nowhere to fit - but you can sit at the cafeteria table.
Food
outlets outside the airport leave a lot to be desired. The 24-hour cafe
"Letnoe" on the square (from the exit from the domestic terminal forward
and slightly to the right) serves as a dining room. The rest of the
time, they serve warm food of rather poor quality. A 24-hour restaurant
should be in the hotel building: perhaps it is better there. The hotel
itself has recently been renovated and, apparently, is not bad, but the
prices there are high: from 2400 rubles for a single room (2015), tel.
+7 (347) 229-55-84
How to get there: city buses 101 (bus +
railway station), 110 (DOK / northern suburb) go to the airport, they
pass through the historical center and the main avenue (2022). Minibuses
stop running at 22-23 hours, Bashavtotrans buses - earlier. The fare on
the municipal bus is 39 rubles. on a transport card (luggage is free),
in a commercial minibus - 40 rubles, drivers sometimes ask for
additional payments for bulky luggage. Taxi is very common in Ufa, the
choice of taxi service is up to you. The fare to the center of Ufa:
350-500 rubles. (2018), remote areas like Chernikovka are more
expensive. If you do not need to go to Ufa itself, keep in mind that
some intercity buses call at the airport, heading south towards Salavat,
Sterlitamak and Orenburg.
Ufa stands on the
Samara-Chelyabinsk main line, but there are not very many trains here.
7-8 times a day you can go to Samara (8 hours) and Chelyabinsk (9
hours), and all these are passing trains, then heading to Moscow,
Siberia, Kazakhstan. Several trains a day to Ulyanovsk (13 hours). In
the direction of Orenburg, after a long absence, diesel trains have been
resumed. It is impossible to leave by train to Kazan or Izhevsk at all.
Suburban communication is concentrated around Ufa - directions: Kandra,
Priyutovo, Asha. It does not reach large Bashkir cities, except for
Sterlitamak.
Railway station, Vokzalnaya st. 1. ☎ +7 (347)
251-40-00. The station is a large new building, the dome of which looks
like a mosque. It seems to be located not far from the center, but it’s
about two kilometers to go from here to the central streets, and you
won’t immediately understand which way. This is due to the complex urban
terrain: the railway passes under the mountain, along the Belaya shore,
and the city is mainly located on the hills. Leaving the station
building (moreover, from the third floor) and climbing another
staircase, you will find yourself at a public transport stop, from which
numerous minibuses (No. 74, No. 3, No. 251, No. 252) will take you to
different parts of the city. Tram routes to the Ufa railway station have
been canceled for some time.
Inside, the station is clean, spacious
and fully equipped with escalators. The first floor was given over to
the ticket office, the second floor to the waiting room, and the third
floor to a wide concourse with access to the platforms. In the basement
there is a left-luggage office (120 rubles per day, 2013). The waiting
room of enhanced comfort is divided into two classes - Comfort (70
rubles per hour) and Suite (100 rubles per hour), at least one of which
is a fenced-off compartment in the common room on the second floor.
Somewhere nearby there should be rest rooms. The food situation is
rather bleak: you will not find anything here except cafeterias with
dried-up Bashkir pastries. There is no food in the vicinity of the
station either.
Ufa stands on the M5 highway at a distance of 460 km from Samara and 380 km from Chelyabinsk. The M7 highway from Moscow (1350 km) and Kazan (500 km) also ends here. The road to Orenburg (350 km) goes south. It is 400 km to Izhevsk, about 500 km to Perm and Yekaterinburg.
The most frequent
connection is with Orenburg: about 10 times a day, travel time 7.5
hours. Several times a day, buses run to Yekaterinburg (13-14 hours),
Perm (11 hours), Naberezhnye Chelny (6 hours) and Kazan (10 -11 h). In
all these directions, private express minibuses also go, reaching the
destination 1.5-2 times faster than regular buses. It is more convenient
to travel to Samara and Chelyabinsk by train. Finally, there are direct
buses and minibuses to Izhevsk, but travel times can vary greatly
depending on the operation of the ferry across the Kama. Another option
is to cross the Kama by train from Sarapul and then go to Ufa by bus
from the city of Yanaul or from Neftekamsk, which is easily accessible
from the Amzya station.
South bus station, st. Richard Sorge, 13.
☎ +7 (347) 223-06-01. Contrary to its name, the bus station is not
exactly in the south of the city, but rather in the geographical center
of the city. The railway station is relatively close. The center and
both stations are connected by bus and fixed-route taxi No. 101, No.
251.
The Soviet-era building has been renovated, but is just as
dotted with kiosks and eateries. Inside is a small waiting room.
Theoretically, there is also a northern bus station in Ufa (Kemerovskaya
St., 82: Chernikovka), but since 2013 it has been closed for repairs,
which has every chance of never ending, since the main flow of buses
still comes from the southern bus station. Those of them that follow
north, towards Birsk, make a stop at the former northern bus station.
There is also a cash register.
There has been no
regular communication on Belaya for a long time and never will be again.
From time to time there are cruise ships of the Bashkir River Shipping
Company from Ufa somewhere to the Volga, and a couple of times a year
there are cruises from Moscow or Nizhny Novgorod to Ufa and / or Perm.
Prices for Moscow cruises are excessively high.
Berth at the
Friendship Monument, st. Embankment. The main city pier, from which
pleasure boats depart. Ideally, cruise ships should also moor here, but
often, due to low water levels, they stop at Safronovskaya pier,
downstream.
Safronovskaya pier (near the railway station),
Safronovskiy pr. 4. The pier is near the cargo port.
Ufa's transport is represented by
trams, trolleybuses, buses, as well as small buses. During the day and
in the evenings, all this transport runs very often, so in some places
you will see queues of cars at major stops. However, it is not easy for
a non-local person to figure out the routes, so a special free mobile
application "Ufa Public Transport" with a route tracking function has
been developed. Transport, in general, stops running after 22:00: there
are only a few minibuses that operate until 00:40.
The tram and
trolleybus in Ufa are hardly noticeable. The tram network is divided
into two independent parts - northern and southern. Unlike most Russian
cities, trams and trolleybuses carry out local transportation along the
outskirts, and buses are the main transport. Some buses belong to the
municipal enterprise "Bashavtotrans", but more often they are minibuses.
Trolleybuses do not make sense for tourist trips, because they don’t go
to the center at all, but work normally only on the northern outskirts
(2022).
Fare payment: to the driver or conductor by bank card or
in cash. Fare: for cash - 22 rubles. (tram, trolleybus), 33 rubles.
(bus) (August 2022). In minibuses, the price varies from 20 to 40
rubles, depending on the length of the route and the time of day (the
price rises in the evening).
Taxi
In Ufa, a system of taxi
services with a call by phone is very developed. The cost of the trip is
indicated by the operator depending on the distance (2-900-900
"Motor-Service", taxi "Leader", "2-901-901" and others) or payment is
made by taximeter (Taxi "24"). Recently, Yandex.Taxi, Uber, Gett, Maxim
have started working in the city, ordering which may turn out to be
cheaper than ordering by phone. In all major taxi services, you can get
the appropriate check or receipt, notifying the operator in advance when
ordering a taxi. The average waiting time for a taxi is 4 minutes from
the moment of order. Catching a taxi on the street is problematic, since
all services work mainly with orders by phone or via the Internet. In
addition, this method of transportation may be more expensive than the
"official" taxi order.
By car
Like any major city, Ufa is not
the best place to travel by car, as the roads are congested during peak
hours and parking spaces are scarce. In the center, paid parking is
available at Gostiny Dvor from the side of Communist Street. On most
streets, parking is free, if allowed at all.
The question of Ufa sights can confuse even the
residents of the city. On the one hand, it is easy to spend more than
one day in Ufa, especially if you visit Chernikovka and other areas
outside the center. On the other hand, there are no well-known sights in
the city. The monument to Salavat Yulaev can be considered the main one,
although for a person from the outside it is just a monument in a
beautiful place above the river. It is worth visiting the National
Museum, the Monument of Friendship, the Fountain of the Seven Girls.
There are many Orthodox churches in Ufa, but the oldest and most
interesting of them were destroyed during the Soviet era. With mosques,
the situation is even worse, and almost all of them are replicas. Stone
buildings in the city center suffered less, although it was noticeably
thinned out in the 2000s under the motto “city development”, which is
popular not only here, but from the very beginning it was inferior to
larger cities like Kazan or Yekaterinburg. In particular, on the streets
of Aksakov, Krupskaya or Mustai Karim, historical houses have been
almost completely demolished. Also, an unpleasant phenomenon flourishes
in Ufa, denoted by the speaking term “facadeism”: this is when only the
facade wall is left from the old building, and a multi-storey
glass-concrete monster of an office, hotel or shopping mall is built
around it. The result looks about the same as the mustache painted on
the Gioconda, that is, it is ridiculous and pathetic.
Nevertheless, Ufa is an interesting city, and you will not regret at all
if you walk along each of the central streets, and then look into the
settlements adjacent to them. The value of Ufa is in the details,
whether it is an extraordinary monument to Lenin or a fence that looks
like an old madrasah in an ordinary red-brick house. Carved wooden
houses, found even in the very center, deserve special attention: Gogol
Street is the richest in them. The settlements adjacent to the center
are dominated by private houses, usually of no interest in themselves,
but forming invariably colorful areas: especially good are those that
are located on steep slopes above the river, like the Nizhny Novgorod or
Trunilovskaya settlements. Finally, modern Bashkir architecture is
curious, using elements of the national style. Its best examples are the
building of the national theater, the adjacent Dynamo stadium and the
Lyalya-Tulpan mosque.
There are hundreds of architectural monuments in Ufa.
Almost all of them are concentrated on several streets in the city
center.
1 Monument to Lenin, Lenin Square (corner of Lenin and
Kommunisticheskaya streets, next to Gostiny Dvor). The first monument to
Lenin was erected in Ufa in the autumn of 1924. Like all early monuments
to the leader of the world proletariat, the project was non-standard and
emphasized that the ideas of the revolution were about to become global.
Lenin stood against the backdrop of a marble stele crowned with a globe
entangled in the chains of imperialism (see also Nizhny Tagil, where
Lenin simply stands on the globe). In the late 1930s, the condition of
the monument was recognized as emergency, so the figure of the leader
was replaced with a typical sitting one, which, together with the stele,
began to look funny (Lenin seemed to be crushed by thoughts about the
fate of the revolution) and gave rise to a cruel joke “In 1937, even
Lenin was imprisoned.” By the end of the 1980s, the sitting monument
also required repair, it was removed, and a new one was not erected due
to lack of money and a change in the political regime. For a long time
there was no Lenin at all in Lenin Square, and the stele with the globe
(freed by that time from the chains of imperialism, and without any
revolution) stood by itself. Finally, in 2011, the city was presented
with a new sculpture of the leader. They installed it, which is typical,
exactly on Halloween, and opened it on a grand scale as perhaps the
first monument to Lenin of the 21st century.
2 Gostiny
Dvor, Upper Trading Square. One of the largest shopping centers in
Ufa is also an architectural monument. It was built in the first half of
the 19th century on the site of the market square. The square was
surrounded by merchants' mansions, some of which have survived to this
day, even if they turned into McDonald's: for example, three two-story
buildings with corner turrets from Lenin Street. In the post-Soviet
period, the building was restored almost from the ruins.
3 The
building of the noble assembly, st. Lenina, 14. The three-story mansion
of the middle of the 19th century is interesting because Fyodor
Chaliapin, who lived in Ufa in 1890-1891, began his career here. The
young singer, constrained by means, rented rooms in wooden houses on the
outskirts - first in Trunilovskaya, and then in the Bishop's settlement
(none of these houses, apparently, have survived). Young Chaliapin is
immortalized by a monument opened in 2007: it is claimed that this is
the only monument depicting the singer at such a young age. Across the
road is an interesting building of the early 20th century - the Aksakov
People's House (now the Opera and Ballet Theatre).
4 House of
Cooperation (Bashpotrebsoyuz), st. Lenina, 26. A massive corner building
with a seven-story tower was built in 1935-1936, it is one of the best
monuments of Soviet architecture in Ufa. The first elevator in the city
was launched here. Among the people, the House of Cooperation is
associated with the saying “There is money - Ufa we are walking, there
is no money - we are sitting Chishma”, which comes from the Ufa
restaurant that once existed here (now this room is occupied by the
Fork-Spoon bistro) and the eatery located next to it “Chishma” (if you
still don’t understand the humor, visit the village of Chishmy, which is
only an hour away, but is very much inferior to Ufa in neatness and
color, although it also has its own sights).
5 Savior Church, st.
October Revolution, 37. A reduced copy of the Kazan Cathedral in St.
Petersburg in a one-story Ufa suburb looks somewhat unexpected and even
awkward. The temple was built in 1824, in Soviet times it was pretty
much destroyed, now it is slowly being restored.
6 Demidov house, st.
October Revolution, 57/1. A small one-story mansion, once owned by the
Demidov mining workers, impresses with luxurious stucco work and is
considered the oldest building in the city. It was built no later than
the beginning of the 1770s, since in 1774 the commander Suvorov, who was
sent to Ufa to suppress the Pugachev rebellion, had already stopped
here. A lot of tales are connected with Suvorov's visit about how the
future field marshal secretly entered the city in order to avoid a
solemn meeting, and then bribed sentries at night and secretly inspected
the stables.
7 Church of the Nativity of the Virgin
(Kazansko-Bogorodsky), st. Kirova, 102. The largest, brightest and most
visible Orthodox church in Ufa received the status of a cathedral only
in the 1990s. It was built from 1903 to 1909 according to a non-trivial
project, the main role in which is assigned not to the temple itself,
but to the high tiered bell tower that adorns the perspective of Kirov
Street. An interesting view of the church opens up through the ravine
from the side of October Revolution Street.
8 Mayakovsky Square.
Quiet square at the intersection of Tsyurupa and Communist streets. At
the intersection of two large streets, it is especially pleasant to sit
in a quiet green place. The square is rich in flower beds, there is also
a monument to V. Mayakovsky.
9 Real school , st. Communist, 23. The
largest educational institution of pre-revolutionary Ufa was located in
a huge three-story building at the corner of Kommunisticheskaya Street
and Aksakov Street. Opposite is a very nice corner wooden house of
Bukhartovsky (48 Aksakov St.). There are several other interesting
wooden houses with carved architraves on Aksakov Street. House 46,
located at the same crossroads, is especially beautiful, where the
architraves painted in blue stand out sharply against the background of
white walls.
The eastern part of Tukaev Street is the place where
an ordinary provincial town suddenly merges with an area of private
one-story buildings. It is even more curious that here, right on this
border, there is the oldest city mosque. Trunilovskaya Sloboda itself
occupies a quarter bounded by Salavat Yulaev Avenue, Tsyurupa, Tukaev
and Zainulla Rasulev streets. In the 19th century, the poor settled here
and lawlessness was created. They say that one of the muftis was tired
of watching this disgrace from his windows, and he began to buy up the
houses of the Trunilov settlement in order to populate them with a noble
audience. Whether he succeeded or not is not known for certain, and one
can certainly say that no houses worthy of a noble public were built,
but solid wooden houses from the beginning of the last century have been
preserved, which is why this area (in addition to excellent views of the
river) is interesting.
The boulevard on Tukaev Street is known as
Sofyushkina Alley after Sofya Aksakova, the wife of the Ufa governor.
10 The First Cathedral Mosque (Tukaevskaya Mosque), st. Tukaeva,
52. The history of the oldest surviving mosque in Ufa is poorly known.
Meanwhile, for many years this mosque was the main one in Russia, since
the central administration of Muslims created by Catherine II was
located in Ufa. The honorary role of the center of Russian Islam went to
Ufa (and, for example, not Kazan) because of its location on the border
between Europe and Asia, but there was no proper infrastructure in the
city (and the share of Muslims barely reached 30%), so the first years
The Mufti performed the rites almost at home. Finally, in 1830, a simple
classicist mosque was built, expanded and reconstructed at the turn of
the 19th and 20th centuries. The author of the original project is
unknown, and, in general, the oldest mosque in Ufa is more modest than
any Kazan one taken at random, but it is surrounded by the graves of
muftis with inscriptions on tombstones in Arabic script, which is
already unusual for Russia. The neighboring building (50 Tukaev St.)
housed the Muslim Central Administration (1860-1863), and the red-brick
building across the road (39 Tukaev St.) belonged to the Usmaniya
Madrasah (1906).
11 Garden of Salavat Yulaev, st. Salavat. The city
garden was laid out on this site in 1900. During the 20th century, he
managed to change four names, until he finally received the name of
Salavat Yulaev. The gazebos in the garden are exact copies of the
original wooden ones, and the cast-iron gates have been preserved from
the moment the garden was opened. The beautiful suspension bridge, known
as the bridge of lovers, was built in the 1950s.
12 House of the
Republic (Government House), st. Tukaev. 46. The gray concrete building
(1979), known in Ufa as the "White House", is difficult to confuse with
something - this is an example of an administrative building of the
Soviet period, and there is not even a faint national connotation in it.
In addition to the observation deck behind the building, a wall with
high reliefs is of interest, designed to give the House of the Republic
a national flavor, but in fact located noticeably lower along Tukaev
Street. High reliefs in a touchingly naive form depict the daily life of
the Bashkir people. Separate wooden houses down the slope are the
remains of the Bishop's Settlement, named after the Bishop's House,
which once stood above the river on the site of the House of the
Republic.
13 Park Lenin (near the House of the Republic). In a large
square square between Tukaev and Zaki Validi streets, one can easily
guess the former Cathedral Square, where the Resurrection Cathedral,
blown up in 1932, stood. In its place, a park of culture and recreation
was created, named after Alexander Matrosov in 1943. You will still see
the monument to the hero in the park, along with almost a dozen other
monuments (about the awarding of the Republic of Bashkortostan with the
Orders of Lenin, the Order of the October Revolution, and the like).
Also in the park is the grave of the famous writer Mazhit Gafuri. It is
curious, however, that official historiography generally does not
recognize the Bashkir origin of Matrosov. The corner building from
Tukaev Street (23 Tukaev Street) is the former governor's house
(1849-1850), one of the best monuments of classicism in Ufa.
Do
not miss the Aksakov and Tyulkin house museums. The first is a wooden
house of the 18th century, rare for Ufa, and the second is unremarkable
in itself, but comfortably located above the ravine away from
residential development. Adjacent to the park. Lenin Bashkir Drama
Theatre. Gafuri is an excellent example of modern national architecture.
The area to the east of the center of Ufa is not the
most famous, but colorful in its own way. It was here, on Trinity Hill
at the mouth of the Sutoloka River, that the Ufa Kremlin stood, and the
area behind it is known as Staraya Ufa, where the first settlements were
located. However, time did not spare either the Kremlin itself or most
of the buildings surrounding it.
14 Monument
of Friendship, st. Zaki Validi / October Revolution. The granite
obelisk stands on the top of Trinity Hill, where the Kremlin once stood,
and later the oldest Trinity Church in Ufa. The temple was blown up in
1956, the monument was laid a year later, on the 400th anniversary of
the voluntary entry of Bashkiria into Russia (1557-1957), but was opened
only 8 years later, in 1965. This is a good example of Soviet monumental
art. Granite steles are connected by gray staples, demonstrating unity
and friendship. At the foot of the monument, two female figures
symbolize Bashkiria and Russia. The monument offers a beautiful view of
the river and the city center, and right in front of you you will see a
road junction at the beginning of Salavat Yulaev Avenue.
15 St.
Sergius Cathedral, st. Bekhtereva, 2. In the past, the main temple of
the Streltsy settlement, and now - a wooden church built in 1868. It has
the status of a cathedral, since in Soviet times the church remained
active. Down the hillside are private wooden houses, not yet touched by
modern construction.
16 Intercession Church, st. Mingazheva, 4. Built
in 1817-1823. in the spirit of classicism, this is one of the very
stylish and at the same time laconic churches in Ufa. It stands among
private houses, but in a rather unusual environment: multi-storey
residential buildings begin behind the Sutoloka River, and a new Salavat
Yulaev mosque is being built from the center.
17 Ikhlas Mosque,
Sochinskaya st., 43. The mosque was converted from a typical Soviet
cinema and, in general, does not look like a mosque at all. In front of
her stands a huge crescent moon.
The hill on which the city center is located is sometimes called the
Ufa slope. Its highest part is located to the west of the main streets
and is partly occupied by modern buildings, and partly by the old Muslim
cemetery. There is also a monument to Salavat Yulaev - the most famous
landmark of Ufa.
18 Monument to Salavat Yulaev, st. Gafuri (next
to the TV center). A participant in the Pugachev uprising, Salavat
Yulaev, is considered the main national hero of Bashkiria. The monument
to him was opened in 1967 and still does not have a single sarcastic
folklore name, which can be considered a sign of universal respect for
both the monument and its hero. Salavat, with his hand raised up, froze
on a horse at a cliff above the Belaya River. They say that in the first
version of the monument, the hero was made in the image of a young
Bashkir, as in all surviving images, but later, under pressure from the
public, the sculptor added solidity to the character. The monument is
equipped with an observation deck with an excellent view of the river
(the city is practically invisible from here, since it is located
strictly behind the monument). The alley leading to the monument is the
most touristic place in Ufa. Improvised yurts sell Muslim literature and
souvenirs, and there is also a simple cafe with Bashkir pastries and tea
from a thermos.
19 Telecentre, st. Gafuri, 9/1. The ultimate urban
transport and a key landmark in the southern part of the city. The
television center stands at the beginning of Zaki Validi Street and is a
three-story building (1959), behind which there is an openwork tower 192
m high. From the outside, it seems as if the tower is growing directly
from the building. In fact, this is not so, but such a combination makes
the Ufa television center very recognizable.
20 Old Water Tower,
Malaya Vodoprovodnaya Street. The semicircular dome on the
pre-revolutionary water tower (1899-1900) denotes not a mosque, but an
observatory built here in 1957. Now the tower is abandoned and
collapsing, there are plans to create a museum of plumbing in it.
21
Muslim cemetery and mosque "Ghufran" Wikidata element, st. Altai. One of
the oldest city cemeteries is located behind the television center, at
the highest point of the Ufa slope. It appeared presumably in the second
half of the 19th century. Burials of different periods have been
preserved, including very historical pre-revolutionary ones. It is also
curious that the cemetery is a natural monument with vegetation
characteristic of the Bashkir forest-steppe, since it was not customary
to clear graves, plant flowers and generally change the landscape here.
Cemetery mosque "Gufran" - modern (1994). It stands on the site of the
wooden Fifth Cathedral Mosque, destroyed by fire in 1960.
Located to the west of the center, Nizhegorodskaya Sloboda does not
contain any single sights, but at the same time it is perhaps the most
colorful district of Ufa. Not in every Russian millionaire, private
wooden houses come close to the center, and very rarely they are located
on a hillside, which offers wonderful views of the Belaya bend and the
dense forests beyond the river. It is especially beautiful here in
chilly weather, when the fog merges with the smoke from the chimneys,
and time seems to shift a hundred years ago, as if there were no
asphalt, no high-rise buildings, or other achievements of the 20th
century. The main street of the district - Traktovaya-Uritsky - is paved
with cobblestones just like 100 years ago. If you turn into the side
streets, then soon you will inevitably find yourself on paths that
stretch along the hillside or, conversely, climb steeply uphill. The
settlement was named after people from Nizhny Novgorod, and besides, it
is really lower in relation to the center of Ufa.
22 Holy Cross
Church, st. Sawmill, 2. The wooden five-domed temple (1892-93) is
comfortably located under the mountain near the railway itself. Next to
it are several old brick buildings - a school for the deaf and mute and
the rector's house.
23 Galia Madrasah, st. Chernyshevsky, 5. One of
the numerous Ufa madrasahs practically hangs over the Nizhny Novgorod
settlement. This is quite a typical brick-style building, but the
religious character of the institution is immediately guessed in the
patterns of the fence. Nearby is an observation deck, which offers the
best view of the chaotic private buildings.
24 Sculpture "The House of the Marten" (in front of the entrance to
Yakutov Park from Lenin Street). The marten is depicted on the coat of
arms of Ufa, since in the 17th century they collected taxes from the
Siberian provinces with skins and paid with the same skins at the
bazaar, from where even a special monetary unit, the kuna, came from.
The sculptural composition consists of two martens near their house. One
looks inquiringly at the other from the house, hence the popular name of
the monument “Where is the salary?”. The plot is based on a legend
according to which some mythical characters who played an important role
in the founding of the city turned into martens. The sculpture was
opened in the summer of 2010 near Gostiny Dvor, and in 2014 it was moved
to its current location.
25 Park of Culture and Leisure named after
Yakutov, between st. Lenin and Karl Marx. The city garden to the north
of the city was laid out in 1904 and was called the "sobriety society
garden" before the revolution. The park owes its current name to the
local revolutionary Yakutov. In a small area there is everything you
need for entertainment and recreation - attractions, Soldier's Lake with
a boat station and even a children's railway 1.8 km long. Before
entering the park from Lenin Street, you will surely notice an old
red-brick tower left from the 2nd fire station (67 Lenina Street;
1904-07).
26 Lutheran Church, Belyakova Street, 2 (entrance to the
territory from Belyakova Street). ✉ Opened at the beginning of 1910 for
the Germans living in Ufa - immigrants from the Baltic States, from the
1930s until 2000 it was used as a warehouse. In 2016, an organ was
installed in the church.
27 Monument to the heroes of the October
Revolution and the Civil War, st. 50th anniversary of October / st.
March 8. A blacksmith, a Red Army soldier and a horseman rushing forward
serve as a convenient guide: in this place you need to turn towards the
railway station, otherwise the tram will take you to the southern bus
station and further to the sleeping areas of the city. The monument is
popularly known as “Five to seven” because of the store located directly
opposite the monument, which closed at seven in the evening.
28
Country house P.I. Kosterina, st. Richard Sorge, 15 (next to the South
Bus Station). The most beautiful wooden mansion in Ufa is worth a stroll
to the bus station. The corner two-story building with a large octagonal
tower was built around 1890. It was the best fit for the first Ufa
airport, located in this area until the mid-1960s.
29 Monument to
the janitor.
A large area of stalinok and Khrushchev built for petrochemical
workers. Today's Chernikovka has all the hallmarks of a separate city -
for example, a historical center and its own tram network, not connected
to the tram lines in the southern part of the city - but is considered
(not without reason) a dysfunctional working outskirts. The name
Chernikovka, which comes from the name of the first settler of the Ufa
fortress, Ivan Chernikov, and not at all from the lack of blueberries in
this area, is the same age as Ufa, but the city appeared here only in
the 1930s. in connection with the construction of motor and
boiler-turbine plants. It is curious that these territories were
initially included in Ufa, in 1944 they were separated into a separate
city of Chernikovsk and, finally, since 1956 they were again united with
Ufa, and at that time the two cities were comparable in population (215
and 265 thousand people, respectively). ).
How to get there: the
easiest way is by buses following Lenina Street - look for the words
“VAZ” or “Chernikovka” itself on them. You need to get off in the area
of the Lyalya-Tulpan mosque and Victory Park or on Ordzhonikidze
Square. The journey from the center will take at least 40 minutes. You
can go by train, which is faster (20 minutes), but trains rarely run,
and you still have to walk from the station (it’s better to get off at
Parkovaya, since Chernikovka station is quite far from all the
interesting points of the area).
30 Mosque Lyalya-Tyulpan, st.
Komarova, 5. The main Ufa mosque was built in 1989-98. Two 53 m high
minarets really resemble opening tulip buds, while the building itself
has a rather cunning shape and sharp triangular roofs. Unfortunately,
from the side of the city, the view of the mosque is blocked by trees,
but both the idea of the building and its solution are wonderful. When
there is no service in the mosque, everyone is allowed to go there - it
is enough to ask permission from the caretaker at the entrance. However,
the decoration is quite standard and is hardly of interest.
31
Monument "Grieving Mother" (Monument to Soldiers' Mothers) Wikidata
element, st. Komarova / beginning of st. Cosmonauts. Monument to
soldiers who died in local conflicts. Opened in 2003, it is part of the
Victory Park located to the north.
32 Park Pobedy Wikidata element,
st. Komarova / beginning of st. Pervomaiskaya. The city of Chernikovsk
needed its own park of culture and recreation, and it was laid out on
the high bank of the Belaya in 1947, calling it the park of oilmen.
Later, the park was given an ideological function, placing in it a
museum of military glory, a collection of military equipment and a
rather expressive monument to the Heroes of the Soviet Union A. Matrosov
and M. Gubaidullin (both rushed to the embrasures during the war). The
sculpture at the foot of the stele depicts the moment of the throw. From
the monument there is a great view of the river.
33 DK im.
Ordzhonikidze, st. Pervomaiskaya, 14. The luxurious monument of the
Stalinist style has three porticoes - one in the center and two on the
sides. On the square in front of the recreation center there is a
monument to Ordzhonikidze (1955). Pervomaiskaya Street continues further
towards the river, but only to the east of the Palace of Culture
building begins its front part with majestic post-war buildings.
34 Eight-story buildings, st. Pervomayskaya, 26 and 27. The composition
of the “gate”, standard for post-war architecture, is located at the
intersection with Ulyanov Street, one block from the DK im.
Ordzhonikidze. For Ufa, these buildings are special, because at the time
of construction (1955) they were the tallest in the city: even the
pre-war building of the House of Cooperation is one floor lower. From
the eight-story buildings, the front building stretches for another
couple of blocks, and then a quite visible struggle with excesses in
architecture begins. Approximately on this border of the "historical
center" of Chernikovsk is the Pobeda cinema (1948) - another good
example of Stalinist architecture.
35 Botanical Garden, st. Mendeleeva, 195. 🕑 10:00–18:00. Entrance to
the territory, including the greenhouse: 200 rubles. Good flower beds,
trees and shrubs, as well as tropical plants in greenhouses.
36 Ufa
Lemonary, st. Mendeleev, 152/2. ☎ +7 (347) 256-64-04. 🕑 Tours: 10:20,
11:00, 12:00, 14:00, 15:00 and 16:00 except Mon. 80 rub. A nursery where
not only lemons are grown, but also many other tropical plants: bananas,
kiwis, avocados, not to mention grapefruits and tangerines. The total
area of greenhouses is 1 hectare, this is the first place in Russia
where lemons are grown indoors (and, presumably, the first place in
Russia where they are grown effectively in general). The tour takes
20-30 minutes, after which you can buy seedlings. They say that it is
especially good here in February, when the lemon trees are in bloom, but
it should be good at other times as well.
1 National Museum of the Republic of Bashkortostan, st. Soviet, 14
(center). ☎ +7 (347) 273-03-63. 🕑 Tue–Fri 11:00–18:00, Sat 13:00–21:00,
Sun 11:00–18:00. 150 rub. The main museum of the republic is located in
the former building of the Peasant Land Bank (1905), which is
interesting in itself as the best modern monument in Ufa. A full
inspection of the museum will take at least two hours, since each of the
obligatory departments of the local history museum (history, archeology,
nature, ethnography) is represented here by several halls: for example,
in the ethnographic one they will tell about the Bashkirs and other
peoples inhabiting the republic - Tatars, Chuvashs, Mari. One of the
interesting exhibits is a model of the Kapova cave with rock paintings.
2 Nesterov Art Museum, st. Gogol, 27 (center). ☎ +7 (347) 273-42-36.
Tue–Sun 10:00–18:00. An art museum typical of a Russian regional center,
the collection of which for the most part includes Russian and Soviet
art and is stored in storerooms, since the exhibition space is
completely insufficient. It differs from others in that there is a
fairly large collection of works by Mikhail Nesterov, who lived in Ufa
and donated his collection to the state. In addition to Nesterov, a
small collection of paintings from the beginning of the 20th century is
exhibited, everything else can be viewed only in the form of temporary
exhibitions. The museum building is an architectural monument, the
mansion of the merchant Laptev, built in 1913 according to the project
of the architect Shcherbachev. A new building is under construction, but
due to the crisis, it is not known when it will be ready.
3 Museum of
Archeology and Ethnography, st. Karl Marx, 6 (center). ☎ +7 (347)
272-29-79. Only on weekdays by appointment. Entrance from 100 rubles,
separate fee for the exhibition "Gold of the Sarmatians". The museum is
organized at the academic Institute of Ethnological Research, which
imposes serious restrictions on visits, especially individual ones.
Nevertheless, it is worth getting here, because the collection is
incomparably richer than in the national museum, and the tours are
conducted by professionals - the institute's researchers. They show
archeology, separately Sarmatian gold (here is the richest collection of
Sarmatian objects in Russia) and a large exposition dedicated to
ethnography. Excursions are held for groups of 10 people, you can order
on the website, you can also see already scheduled excursions for the
next week (you can try to join). The museum building is an architectural
monument, the Ponosova-Mollo mansion built in 1910.
4 Museum of
Geology and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Bashkortostan, st.
Lenina, 47 (center). Mon–Fri 10:00–17:00, break 12:30–13:30. For free.
Three halls contain a good collection of Ural minerals and samples of
minerals. If you like it, then be sure to look here - there is no such a
large exposition in the national museum.
5 House Museum of S.T.
Aksakov, st. Rasuleva, 4 (Trunilovskaya Sloboda). ☎ +7 (347) 276-83-52.
10:00–18:00 except Mon, Sat 13:00–21:00. A native of Ufa, the writer
Sergei Aksakov (1791-1859) is known for his story "The Childhood Years
of Bagrov the Grandson", which for a long time was part of the
compulsory school curriculum and contains the famous fairy tale "The
Scarlet Flower" as an appendix. The museum tells about the biography of
Aksakov, whose grandfather was the deputy governor-general of the Ufa
viceroy, and his son was the governor of Ufa and Samara. Most of the
exposition is devoted to the life of the nobility and Ufa in general at
the beginning of the 19th century. The wooden house of the end of the
18th century is also interesting - one of the oldest in Ufa.
6
House-Museum of V.I. Lenina, st. Dostoevsky, 78 (north of the center).
Tue–Sat 10:00–18:00. In Ufa in 1900-01. Krupskaya was in exile, and
Lenin only came to visit her. They lived in another house (also wooden),
but in the late 1930s, this one was chosen for the memorial museum as it
was more spacious. Then a corner of old Ufa was even reconstructed
around it, but in the early 2000s the area was given over to residential
development, all the buildings were destroyed, but for some reason the
Lenin Museum itself was not touched. Now the gray wooden house stands
alone among the high-rise buildings, still delighting visitors with a
naive and sometimes touching exposition with paintings like “Lenin on a
steamboat going to Ufa” and numerous sculptures of the leader with and
without Krupskaya.
7 A.E. Tyulkina, st. Volnovaya, 21 (Trunilovskaya
Sloboda). 10:00–18:00 except Mon. In his youth, the artist A.E. Tyulkin
(1888-1980) talked a lot with Burliuk, who lived near Ufa during the
First World War. After the revolution, Tyulkin, however, gave up on
Futurism and began to paint Bashkir nature, arguing that the view of the
Belaya River from the windows of his own house was enough for him to
inspire. The view is really good, it is worth enjoying while walking
along Trunilovskaya Sloboda. At the same time, pay attention to the
authentic wooden gates, which are almost gone in Ufa. Inside the
house-museum there is a simple atmosphere and several paintings by the
artist.
8 Museum of Mazhit Gafuri , st. Gogol, 28 (center).
10:00–18:00 except Sun, Mon. Mazhit Gafuri (1880-1934), who wrote in
Tatar, is nevertheless considered the first major Bashkir poet. The
wooden house on Gogol Street was donated to Gafuri in 1923. Inside, the
living environment has been completely reconstructed, as well as a good
exposition telling about the life and work of the poet. The house
itself, with modest but very stylish carvings, is one of the best
examples of pre-revolutionary Ufa's wooden buildings.
9 Museum of the
History of USPTU, st. Ring, 3/1 (Chernikovka). ☎ +7 (347) 243-12-50.
Mon–Fri 9:00–17:00. An interesting industrial museum that tells about
the history of Bashkir oil production. In one of the halls, the
furnishings of a student dormitory of the 1960s were reconstructed.
10 Museum of Military Glory of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Victory
Park (Chernikovka). The main part of the exposition is devoted to the
participation of Bashkiria and the Bashkirs in the Great Patriotic War,
both at the front and in the rear. Many interesting, large-scale
exhibits, military equipment, weapons, uniforms. Nearby is an open-air
museum - an exhibition of military weapons from the time of the War.
Entrance 35-65 rubles.
11 Planetarium, Oktyabrya Ave., 79/2 (Gafuri Park, on the way to
Chernikovka). ☎ +7 (347) 235-70-23, +7 (347) 244-72-06. 150-250 rub. The
third largest planetarium in Russia. Very interesting programs designed
for children of different ages, and for adults too. Every day, several
programs - from simple educational to full-dome films. On weekends,
shows start every 1.5-2 hours.
12 Museum of entertaining sciences
"Intellectus", st. Mendeleeva, 205a (TC "Bashkortostan"). ☎ +7 (347)
246-34-34. Mon–Fri 10:00–19:00, Sat–Sun 11:00–20:00. 250-300 rub. A
selection of simple experiments on mechanics, electricity and optics:
you can play with pendulums, go inside a soap bubble or study the
operation of levers and blocks. The spherical cinema (where the 3D
effect is said to be achieved without any glasses) shows educational
films on astronomy. The ticket price includes an excursion, and besides
them several times a day they arrange a Tesla show with a lightning
generator or demonstrate chemical experiments.
13 Postal Museum, st.
Lenina, 28. ☎ +7 (347) 272-79-15. Mon–Fri 9:00–17:00. For free. The
exposition dedicated to the postal service is located inside the main
Ufa post office - one of the pre-war buildings (1935-38) in the central
part of Lenin Street. Among other things, they show a model of an old
post station and cute models of vehicles that transported soil. At the
corner of Lenina and Kommunisticheskaya streets, a symbolic sign
“kilometer zero” is embedded in the asphalt, from which distances are
counted in Bashkiria.
14 Museum of Communications, st. Lenina, 32.
Mon–Fri 8:30–17:30. For free. Thematically close to the previous Museum
of Communications, it contains an order of magnitude more interactive:
here you can not only see telegraph devices, but also transmit something
with their help, switch switches on old automatic telephone exchanges or
trace the evolution of radio receivers. The museum is departmental, to
visit it you need to go through security, but everyone is allowed in.
Ufa has a very rich theatrical life: it is unlikely that you will be
able to visit all the city theaters in one trip, especially when you
consider that in most theaters, in addition to the main stage, there is
also a chamber one. The most popular are Russian Drama, Youth, Opera and
Ballet Theatre. Prices are quite democratic (from 200 rubles). Tickets,
especially for premieres, must be booked in advance.
15 Russian
Drama Theatre, 79 Oktyabrya Ave. (next to Gafuri Culture Park). ☎ +7
(347) 233-00-73. Ticket offices: 10:00–20:00. The most popular theater
in the city, several performances a day (there is also a chamber stage).
The inside has recently been refurbished and is impressive. There is a
buffet, prices are affordable. Perhaps the most popular production is
The Blue Cameo. Tickets for this production are much more expensive, you
need to buy them at least a few days in advance.
16 Opera and Ballet
Theatre, st. Lenina, 5/1 (center). ☎ +7 (347) 272-77-12. The main opera
and ballet theater of the republic occupies the former Aksakov people's
house, built in 1909-14. to the 50th anniversary of the death of the
writer S.T. Aksakov. The eclectic building is left unpainted and flaunts
the texture of red brick, which, combined with many decorative elements,
looks unusual. From the side of the Gostiny Dvor, a square with a
monument to the Bashkir composer Zagir Ismagilov and the Seven Girls
Fountain adjoin the theater. If you go along Pushkin Street, you will
find yourself on the cozy Pushkin Alley, where there is a bust of
Aksakov.
17 Youth Theater Mustai Karim, st. Lenina, 62 (north of the
center, not far from the park named after Yakutov). ☎ +7 (347)
272-13-52. Ticket offices: 10:30–19:30. Performances for children and
adults in Russian and Bashkir languages (of course, not at the same
time). A comfortable auditorium, a very unusual winter garden, an
Italian patio, aquariums with exotic fish.
18 Bashkir Academic Drama
Theatre. Majita Gafuri, st. Zaki Validi, 34. The oldest Bashkir theater
was founded in Sterlitamak in 1919. In the late 1950s a new building was
built for him on the site of the Resurrection Cathedral destroyed before
the war. After the reconstruction of the late 1990s, the theater became
one of the most prominent buildings in the center of Ufa and an
excellent example of modern national architecture. The performances are
in Bashkir, but the texts are translated into Russian.
19 Tatar
theater "Nur" , st. 50 years of the USSR, 36 (along Salavat Yulaev Ave.
to the north, among the sleeping areas). ☎ +7 (347) 248-95-33. The Tatar
theater appeared in Ufa in 1912, i.e. even earlier than the Bashkir, but
did not survive the civil war. The current theater dates back to 1989.
The building, not devoid of national style, was built in the mid-1990s.
Performances in Tatar with simultaneous translation into Russian.
Athletic facilities
Hockey is the number one sport in the
country. The main sports pride of the republic is HC Salavat Yulaev. KHL
matches are held several times a week in the Ufa Arena. Tickets for
hockey must be bought in advance, the cost is from 100 rubles. In
addition, other hockey competitions are held in Ufa, for example, the
Cup of the Republic of Bashkortostan. MHC "Tolpar" pleases Ufa residents
and guests of the capital in the MHL. The club performs at the Sports
Palace, admission is free. ZhHK "Agidel" is one of the leaders of the
women's hockey championship. You can also admire the Ufa hockey players
several times a week. At the Russian and international level, volleyball
is represented by the Ufa "Ural" and the women's volleyball team -
"Ufimochka-UGNTU". "Ural" performs on the volleyball court of the
stadium "Dynamo". If we talk about football, then FC Ufa plays in the
Premier League, matches are held at the Neftyanik stadium about once a
week. Tickets from 50 rubles, you can buy right before the match. A more
exotic, but no less popular sport is motorcycle racing on ice, the
stages of the championships of Russia, Europe and the world are
regularly held in winter in Ufa at the Stroitel stadium.
20 Ufa-Arena, Lenina, 114.
21 Dynamo Stadium.
22 Palace of
Sports.
23 GLC "Ak-Yort", st. Mendeleeva, 160 (trolleybuses No.
12,14,16,20; buses: No. 69, 110s to the Tramplin stop). ✉ ☎ (3472)
28-38-30. Tue-Sun 11:00-23:00. A sports complex on the eastern outskirts
of the city (on the banks of the Ufimka River) with 2 ski slopes of
medium difficulty (450 m each), one training route and a springboard.
Ufa has a very rich theatrical life: it is unlikely that you will be
able to visit all the city theaters in one trip, especially when you
consider that in most theaters, in addition to the main stage, there is
also a chamber one. The most popular are Russian Drama, Youth, Opera and
Ballet Theatre. Prices are quite democratic (from 200 rubles). Tickets,
especially for premieres, must be booked in advance.
15 Russian
Drama Theatre, 79 Oktyabrya Ave. (next to Gafuri Culture Park). ☎ +7
(347) 233-00-73. Ticket offices: 10:00–20:00. The most popular theater
in the city, several performances a day (there is also a chamber stage).
The inside has recently been refurbished and is impressive. There is a
buffet, prices are affordable. Perhaps the most popular production is
The Blue Cameo. Tickets for this production are much more expensive, you
need to buy them at least a few days in advance.
16 Opera and Ballet
Theatre, st. Lenina, 5/1 (center). ☎ +7 (347) 272-77-12. The main opera
and ballet theater of the republic occupies the former Aksakov people's
house, built in 1909-14. to the 50th anniversary of the death of the
writer S.T. Aksakov. The eclectic building is left unpainted and flaunts
the texture of red brick, which, combined with many decorative elements,
looks unusual. From the side of the Gostiny Dvor, a square with a
monument to the Bashkir composer Zagir Ismagilov and the Seven Girls
Fountain adjoin the theater. If you go along Pushkin Street, you will
find yourself on the cozy Pushkin Alley, where there is a bust of
Aksakov.
17 Youth Theater Mustai Karim, st. Lenina, 62 (north of the
center, not far from the park named after Yakutov). ☎ +7 (347)
272-13-52. Ticket offices: 10:30–19:30. Performances for children and
adults in Russian and Bashkir languages (of course, not at the same
time). A comfortable auditorium, a very unusual winter garden, an
Italian patio, aquariums with exotic fish.
18 Bashkir Academic Drama
Theatre. Majita Gafuri, st. Zaki Validi, 34. The oldest Bashkir theater
was founded in Sterlitamak in 1919. In the late 1950s a new building was
built for him on the site of the Resurrection Cathedral destroyed before
the war. After the reconstruction of the late 1990s, the theater became
one of the most prominent buildings in the center of Ufa and an
excellent example of modern national architecture. The performances are
in Bashkir, but the texts are translated into Russian.
19 Tatar
theater "Nur" , st. 50 years of the USSR, 36 (along Salavat Yulaev Ave.
to the north, among the sleeping areas). ☎ +7 (347) 248-95-33. The Tatar
theater appeared in Ufa in 1912, i.e. even earlier than the Bashkir, but
did not survive the civil war. The current theater dates back to 1989.
The building, not devoid of national style, was built in the mid-1990s.
Performances in Tatar with simultaneous translation into Russian.
Athletic facilities
Hockey is the number one sport in the
country. The main sports pride of the republic is HC Salavat Yulaev. KHL
matches are held several times a week in the Ufa Arena. Tickets for
hockey must be bought in advance, the cost is from 100 rubles. In
addition, other hockey competitions are held in Ufa, for example, the
Cup of the Republic of Bashkortostan. MHC "Tolpar" pleases Ufa residents
and guests of the capital in the MHL. The club performs at the Sports
Palace, admission is free. ZhHK "Agidel" is one of the leaders of the
women's hockey championship. You can also admire the Ufa hockey players
several times a week. At the Russian and international level, volleyball
is represented by the Ufa "Ural" and the women's volleyball team -
"Ufimochka-UGNTU". "Ural" performs on the volleyball court of the
stadium "Dynamo". If we talk about football, then FC Ufa plays in the
Premier League, matches are held at the Neftyanik stadium about once a
week. Tickets from 50 rubles, you can buy right before the match. A more
exotic, but no less popular sport is motorcycle racing on ice, the
stages of the championships of Russia, Europe and the world are
regularly held in winter in Ufa at the Stroitel stadium.
20 Ufa-Arena, Lenina, 114.
21 Dynamo Stadium.
22 Palace of
Sports.
23 GLC "Ak-Yort", st. Mendeleeva, 160 (trolleybuses No.
12,14,16,20; buses: No. 69, 110s to the Tramplin stop). ✉ ☎ (3472)
28-38-30. Tue-Sun 11:00-23:00. A sports complex on the eastern outskirts
of the city (on the banks of the Ufimka River) with 2 ski slopes of
medium difficulty (450 m each), one training route and a springboard.
There are hundreds of cafes, canteens and restaurants of all kinds
and price categories in Ufa. In the center of catering points, most of
all are in the Gostiny Dvor area, Lenin, Chernyshevsky and Communist
streets. There are many establishments with their own style, there are
several round-the-clock cafes, and there are halal cafes. The price
level is slightly higher than in the Russian provinces, but noticeably
lower than in the capitals.
There are few restaurants of national
cuisine in the city. On the other hand, the fast and cheap food market
is represented by cafeterias with a distinct national flavor: the leader
here is the Pyshka chain, but even without it there are quite similar
establishments that call themselves bakeries or “patties”. All these are
hybrids of cafeteria and culinary. They offer a wide range of national
pastries, ready-made salads, cakes, instant coffee and tea from a bag
(at the same time, you need to take hot water from the samovar
yourself). Sometimes hot food is reheated or even pizza is fried.
Unfortunately, all this is arranged extremely sloppy: sometimes tea is
served in plastic glasses, and pastries are heated in the microwave, and
they will be served on the table without removing them from the plastic
bag. However, in terms of speed and cheapness, such establishments have
no equal.
Bashkir pastries are, in essence, Tatar pies, made a
little rougher and devoid of some seasonings. Uch-pochmak (Tatar
echpochmak), gubadia, peremyach and other pies fried in oil are a common
assortment of Ufa cafeterias.
Cheap
Fast foods like McDonalds,
KFC, Subway are in every major shopping center. Throughout the city
there are cafeterias like the already mentioned "Pyshka": they usually
open at 9 am and work until 8-9 pm.
1 House of Bashkir Cuisine,
st. Revolutionary, 32 (north of the center). Mon–Fri 9:00–21:00, Sat–Sun
9:00–20:00. The largest of the Pyshka restaurants is a large canteen
with a moderate influence of Bashkir cuisine and an abundance of such
"traditional" dishes as sausage in dough or okroshka. The perfect place
to eat cheap and fast.
2 Cafe "Evren", st. Lenina, 16 (opposite
Gostiny Dvor). 9:00–23:00. Hot dishes: 100–150 rubles A simple
Turkish-style cafe where, in addition to shawarma, they serve a variety
of kebabs and oriental sweets along with quite traditional Russian
salads and soups. Food must be selected in the window and ordered at the
checkout, then it will be cooked / heated and brought.
3 Fork-Spoon,
Lenin street, 26 (entrance from at the intersection of Lenin and
Communist streets). 09:00–22:00. Dining room with designer interior.
Every day from 11 am to 5 pm a three-course business lunch and salad is
offered for 119 rubles. Jun 2016 edit
4 Restaurant complex "Kukhni
Mira", Oktyabrya Ave., 4/1 (SEC "Mir", 4th floor, to the north of the
center). 10:00–23:00. Self-service restaurant expanded to the scale of a
hypermarket. There are about two thousand dishes from around the world
to choose from. WiFi.
Average cost
5 Teahouse "Rakhat", st.
Mustai Karima, 3. ☎ +7 (347) 294-44-93. 12:00–23:00. Hot dishes: 250–400
rubles A rare halal cafe in Ufa. Oriental cuisine (pilaf, kebabs,
kebabs, pasties), as well as Bashkir dishes and pastries. Good selection
of herbal teas, oriental sweets.
6 LIDO on Pushkin, st. Pushkina,
94. 8:00–23:00. On the first floor there is a self-service dining room,
on the second floor there is an inexpensive restaurant. The local
pancakes are especially praised.
7 Gastrobar Nesterov, st. Communist
46. ☎ +7 (347) 266-13-46. 12:00 - 02:00. It looks like a hipster cafe,
but the food is tasty and imaginative.
8 Mac Highlander St. Karl
Marx, 24/1. ☎ +7 347 272-83-83. The atmosphere of antiquity begins with
the first glance at this one-story house, and inside (if you can open
the heavy front door) a real gloomy Middle Ages reigns. Dishes with an
English and Scottish accent, and most importantly - beer from a local
brewery.
9 "Shchepka" restaurant, st. Richard Sorge, 64. Positions
itself as a "restaurant of Russian cuisine", but the chef's view of
Russian cuisine, let's say, is strongly authorial.
Expensive
10 Del Mare, st. Kirova, 5. 11:00–24:00. The first and only fish
restaurant in the city.
11 La Ruche Cafe, st. Karl Marx, 20. ☎ +7
(347) 292-65-35. 12:00–3:00. Hot: from 1000 rubles. The most expensive
restaurant in Ufa specializes in French cuisine: there is foie gras,
snails, oysters and other culinary delights. At the same time, it is
surprising that karaoke is based in the next hall, where all the same
can be used to the accompaniment of the discordant singing of the local
elite.
12 Ben Cotta, st. Karl Marx, 40. ☎ +7 (347) 251-85-55.
12:00–23:00. Pasta: from 300 rubles, hot: from 450 rubles. The menu
includes traditional Italian dishes from an Italian chef. WiFi.
13
Teahouse "Duslyk", st. Krupskaya, 9. ☎ +7 (347) 216-34-80. 12:00–2:00,
Fri and Sat until 4:00. Hot: from 400 rubles. Restaurant of oriental and
Bashkir cuisine. You can try elesh soup, beshbarmak, Bashkir pilaf and,
of course, national pastries. A lot of Turkish-Azerbaijani dishes.
14
Wine and Cheese, st. Chernyshevsky, 88. ☎ +7 347 293-06-93. Cozy gourmet
restaurant. For those who are not yet quite a gourmet, there are tasting
sets.
Coffee houses
15 Coffee Time, st. October Revolution, 3.
☎ +7 (347) 272-04-35. around the clock. There is something European in
the small round tables and chairs with striped upholstery. The menu and
presentation of dishes are impeccable, but the prices are slightly above
average, the simplest dessert costs at least 150 rubles, a cup of coffee
- almost the same. For those who are hungry, there are soups, hot dishes
and even sushi. WiFi.
16 KofeIN , st. Sovetskaya, 11. Around the
clock. The upholstery of the sofas is a bit like carriage shelves in a
reserved seat, but otherwise this coffee shop is unrivaled in terms of
prices and assortment and is well-deservedly popular with students of
the Pedagogical University located across the road. WiFi.
✦ Kumpan
cafe. Espresso: 80 rub. A network of small cafes that rely on
high-quality coffee of their own roasting - in the past they even used
the name “espresso bar”, which is unusual for Russia, but then they
changed their name. They also offer desserts, pastries, pizzas and
pasta.
17 st. Mustaya Karima, 2 / st. Communist, 49 (opposite
Gostiny Dvor). ☎ +7 (347) 272-72-07. Mon–Fri 8:00–23:00, Sat 8:00–24:00,
Sun 10:00–23:00.
18 st. Lenina, 84 (near the park named after
Yakutov). ☎ +7 (347) 276-74-76. Mon–Fri 8:00–23:00, Sat–Sun 10:00–23:00.
19 Gelateria, st. Lenina, 65/4 (Shopping Center Equator, 3rd floor; next
to the park named after Yakutov). ☎ +7 (347) 292-21-74. 10:00–21:00.
Desserts: from 150 rubles. The name suggests that this cafe serves ice
cream, and not just balls, but in the form of delicious desserts.
Another highlight of the institution is almost a dozen varieties of hot
chocolate. Of course, with the choice of tea, coffee, pancakes, waffles,
everything is also in order here, and there are also savory dishes.
WiFi.
Nightlife in Ufa is very provincial. The most popular nightclubs are
Skazka, Paradox (gay-friendly), Pravda (located in the transport center
of the city) and Teatro (in Zelenaya Roshcha).
1 The Bar, st.
Chernyshevsky, 88. Dancing and alcohol until 4 am
2 Jagger bar, st.
Communist, 47.
Hotels in Ufa are designed mainly for business travelers and are
evenly distributed throughout the city. There are only a few large
hotels in the center, but very respectable establishments can be found
in the area of the Southern Bus Station and further north towards
Chernikovka. For a traveler, this is not very convenient, since almost
everything of interest is located in the center, city transport stops
running quite early, and a taxi, taking into account the considerable
Ufa distances, will result in additional costs.
The Ufa hotel
market is well represented on the Internet and, in particular, on online
booking sites, where you can compare more than a hundred options from
different price categories. In addition to the usual hotels and hostels,
there are rented apartments (often this option is more profitable than a
hotel) and a variety of “apartment-type hotels”, where amenities are
likely to be shared in the corridor.
Cheap
1 Afrika Hostel ,
st. Zapototsky, 10 (next to the park named after Yakutov, not far from
the railway station). ☎ +7 (347) 266-20-99, +7 (347) 299-15-51. 600
rub/person, double room: 1250 rub. European-style hostel with a
comfortable kitchen. The numbers are named after African animals, no
other signs of the southern continent were noticed. Guests praise. WiFi.
2 Hostel "Britaniya" , st. Komsomolskaya, 28/1. ☎ +7 (917)
046-59-84, +7 (937) 476-20-05. 500 rub/person, double room: 1450 rub.
Conflicting reviews.
3 Like Hostel , st. Lenina, 99 and 150 (next to
the park named after Yakutov). ☎ +7 (917) 369-29-59, +7 (937) 316-29-69.
From 450 rubles/person, double room: 1800 rubles. Mostly good reviews.
Average cost
4 Agidel Hotel, st. Lenina, 16. ☎ +7 (347)
272-56-80. From 2000 rub. A Soviet-era hotel that has not completely got
rid of its past. Cheap unrenovated rooms have already disappeared from
it, but breakfasts without coffee, but with a wide range of meat dishes,
apparently still remain. Guests do not recommend. Wi-Fi is available,
but the signal quality leaves much to be desired. The only indisputable
advantage is the location in the very center of the city.
5 Hotel
"Eurasia", st. Zlatoustovskaya, 20 (at the end of Lenina street, north
of the railway station). ☎ +7 (347) 292-09-02. Double room: from 2000
rubles. Everyone who comes to Ufa visits the beginning of Lenin Street,
but few people know where its end is. Having settled in Eurasia, you
will be able to see the area of the city where this central street ends.
The cheapest rooms are deprived, apparently, of any comfort. For a
little more money they offer something quite decent. You can,
theoretically, walk to the center, although it is not a fact that you
will enjoy the walk.
6 Tan Hotel, st. Richard Sorge, 63 (near the
park of culture named after Gafuri). ☎ +7 (347) 246-38-93. Double room:
3900 rub. A sanatorium-preventorium converted into a hotel. Good
reviews, but guests complain about poor food in the restaurant. WiFi.
The hotel is located near the final tram, from where you can get to the
center in 20-25 minutes.
7 Atola Hotel, st. Gogol, 72. A modern
hotel with a sufficient level of comfort, but no frills. Located closer
to the historical center, on a quiet street.
8 Amax-tourist-hotel,
st. Richard Sorge, 17 (next to the South Bus Station). 3500 rub. Noisy
hotel in the business center of the city.
9 Azimuth, 81 Oktyabrya
Ave. A four-star hotel without any frills. Located in the business part
of the city, ie. far from the historical center, halfway to Chernikovka.
10 Hotel "Posadskaya" , st. Posadskaya, 28. ☎ +7(347) 256-75-41.
around the clock. Hotel in the southern part of Ufa, 20-25 minutes from
the airport, about 15 minutes from the railway station. 22 rooms,
categories "Standard", "Studio" and "Lux". Prices from 2295 rubles. The
hotel provides breakfast, Wi-Fi and free parking.
Expensive
11
Hotel "Ufa-Astoria", st. Karl Marx, 25 (center). ☎ +7 (347) 273-35-51.
Single rooms: from 3200 rubles, double rooms: from 6100 rubles. Claiming
to be a high class and even elite hotel, the hotel steadily collects
negative reviews due to the small size of the rooms, poor soundproofing
and poor breakfasts. For the dirt in the rooms was "not recommended" by
the program "Revizorro" of one of the Moscow TV channels.
12
Mini-hotel "Amulet", st. Chernyshevsky, 71/1 (center). ☎ +7 (347)
248-80-03. Double room: 5700 rub. 5 rooms on the 10th floor of a
residential building. Everything is new and tidy, very good reviews.
13 President Hotel , st. Avrora, 2 (in the south-eastern part of the
city (5 km from the center)). ☎ +7 (347) 2798008. Double room: 3710 with
breakfast for two. A large four-star hotel on the outskirts of the city
in a pine grove, but with a view of the gray high-rise buildings.
Conferences are often held here, but the value of the hotel for the
average traveler is minimal. Judging by the reviews, the price hardly
matches the quality.
14 Holiday Inn Ufa, Upper Trading Square, 2
(center). ☎ +7 (347) 216-47-56. 193 modern rooms, 5 conference venues
and as many as 8 banquet halls. The rooms have air conditioning,
satellite TV, free Wi-Fi.
15 Sheraton-Ufa, st. Tsyurupy, 7. from 5600
RUB The only five-star hotel in Ufa is located close to historical
sights and museums. The hotel has a spa. Pets are allowed.
16 Hilton
Garden Inn Ufa Riverside, st. Aksakova, 4. Honest four stars. You can
rent a room with a view of the monument to Salavat Yulaev, or you can
look at the buildings of the Bashkir University. In any case, it's
pricey.
17 Hampton by Hilton Ufa, st. 50 years of October, 17.
Three-star hotel for business travelers who love comfort. There is
parking. By Ufa standards in the city center.
All major Russian mobile operators operate in Ufa. Wi-Fi is available in almost every cafe, but many of them are connected through the local Ufanet provider, which is paid in places.
Ufa is a fairly quiet city, with its pronounced working-class
neighborhoods and other "unfortunate" areas far from the center.
Nevertheless, at night you need to be careful walking outside the
center, if only because small streets are poorly lit - this is
especially true for areas of one-story private buildings.
In Ufa,
the ban on drinking beer and alcoholic products in public places is
taken seriously. Fines are issued for drinking beer on the street.
There are several versions of the origin of the city's name:
In
the “Topography of the Orenburg Province” (1755), Rychkov P. I. wrote
that “One can guess about the title of the city of Ufa that it was not
given to it again, but rather the former was renewed, and the being that
which ... the khans, from time immemorial, has been living in in these
places, they named their city, for there is no reason for a city built
over the Belaya River itself, which is twice as large as Ufa, to be
named after the Ufa River, which flows into the Belaya River from the
right side along its course, about three versts above the city, where
there is no city building. In addition, over the Ufa River itself, about
five versts from the city, in a very high and beautiful place, one can
still see ... the settlement, where, as they say, ... the khans lived.
And so it could be that this ancient settlement along the river Ufa,
which flows near it, before the present city of Ufa, was named Ufa, and
after that the city of Ufa was named after the Russian construction. The
Bashkirs call the Ufa river Ufa-Idel, which means Ufa-river, and the
Belaya - Ak-Idel, that is, the white river.
Mikhail Somov in Orenburg
Gubernskiye Vedomosti (1864) wrote: “... it is most likely to accept the
opinion of one of our Orientalists, who suggests that it came from ... -
upe - elevation, which changed over time into the word Ufa. This is very
plausible, if we take into account that the camp of the khan, as
mentioned above, was on the elevated bank of the Ufa River, which itself
could later receive the same name; before, this river was probably
called (as it is still sometimes called by the Bashkirs) Kara-Idel - the
Dark River, in contrast to the color of the Belaya River. The name of
Ufa, perhaps, was previously given to one khan's dwelling, while the
city itself could be called Turatav ... ".
In the "Memorial book of
the Orenburg province for 1865" the following version is given: "On the
right elevated banks of the Belaya - the city of Ufa (the word is
Bashkir, it means "dark water"), so named by the Bashkirs for a long
time."
Kuzeev R. G., referring to Kamalov A. A., indicates that the
name comes from the word “upe” - a river found in the Baltic languages.
According to A. K. Matveev, the name of the river is of Iranian origin,
from "ap" - water.
According to the linguist-Turkologist N.K.
Dmitriev and local historian A.N. Sergeev, the name of the city comes
from the word "Uba", which in the Bashkir language means "hill",
"barrow".
D. G. Kiekbaev raised the name Ufa through the intermediate
form Ova or Uva to the word va "river" in the Komi language.
There is
also a version of the origin of the name from the ethnonym of the
Bashkir tribe Upey (Bashk. өpәy), which are settled along the Ufa River.
T. M. Garipov explains the name Ufa as a combination of the Hungarian o
"ancient, ancient" (or, alternatively, uy "new") and foyo "river".
The history of Ufa begins in 1574 (according to other sources -
from 1586) with the construction of the Ufa Kremlin. The founder of
the fortress is governor Ivan Nagoi, the first city governor is
Mikhail Nagoi. Since the end of the 16th century, Ufa has been used
as a place of political exile. Ufa withstood many raids and sieges
in the 17th-18th centuries, but was never taken; including, she
withstood a four-month blockade and assaults during the Peasants'
War of 1773-1775. During the evacuation during the Great Patriotic
War, industrial enterprises, scientific and educational
institutions, and people were evacuated to Ufa.
A number of
settlements, such as Ufa II, with an area of about 2 hectares and
finds of the 4th/5th-14th centuries, and elite burials of the
5th-7th centuries of the Turbasly culture, are correlated with the
settlements preceding Ufa. A number of researchers associate the
medieval city with the settlement of Ufa II, designated as Pascherti
(Pascherti) on the map of 1337 by the Pizzigani brothers, in the
Catalan atlas of 1375, and later also on the map of 1554 by G.
Mercator. Also, the city of Bashgird (Bashkort), mentioned by the
Arab author of the XIV century Ibn Khaldun, and others, is
identified with the settlement, among the largest cities of the
Golden Horde. The French orientalist A. Cordier connects the
position of this city on the map with the location of modern Ufa,
and Western European cartographers of the 14th-16th centuries placed
it near the mouth of the Ufa River.
In the 16th century, on
the site of modern Ufa, there was the headquarters of the governor
of the biys of the Nogai Horde, Imen-kala (“Oak City”). P. I.
Rychkov, who had at his disposal handwritten documents on the
history of the Ufa province of the 15th - early 16th centuries and
the historical traditions of the Bashkir people that have come down
to us, wrote that on the territory of the city of Ufa before the
arrival of the Russians there was a large city that stretched along
the high bank of the Belaya River from the mouth of the Ufa River
"about ten miles", in which the headquarters of Tura-Khan was
located. M. Somov wrote: “The place occupied by Ufa, as mentioned
above, had long been inhabited by the Bashkirs ..., whose khan had
his camp here ... The buildings of the Bashkirs and even the camp of
the khan were wooden, which is why there were no traces of their
existence, except for mounds ... The Khan's camp was located on the
elevated and picturesque bank of the Ufa River, which is currently
called the Devil's Settlement ... The Bashkirs lived in Ufa only in
winter; in the summer, they went to roam in places convenient for
the pastures of their cattle ... The city itself was founded on the
same place where the Bashkir one was before, only closer to the
Sutoloka and Belaya rivers.
After the entry of Bashkortostan
into the Moscow kingdom in 1557, the Bashkirs turned to Ivan IV with
a petition about building a city on their land. P. I. Rychkov wrote
about this event: “According to reliable corrections, it was found
that the Bashkirs about the construction of this city had their
petition in 7081 (1573) not only for the sole purpose of giving them
the yasak laid on them here, as inside their dwellings, it was more
preferential to pay, but they would also have shelter and protection
from enemies here. The shezher of the Bashkirs of the Yurmaty tribe
says: “It was difficult to carry yasak to the city of Kazan, which
was far away: they asked the great king to build the city of Ufa on
their land.” The shezher of the southeastern Bashkirs tells that
"the Bashkirs began to ask the king to repel raids ... and for the
convenience of paying yasak, it was allowed to build a city on their
land."
In 1560, the Duma nobleman I. A. Artemiev, on the
orders of Ivan IV, came to the Bashkir region to “delineate” a place
for the construction of a fortress on the Belaya Volozhka River and
draw a district boundary.
On Trinity Day, May 30, 1574, a
detachment of Moscow archers landed at the mouth of the Sutoloka and
Nogayka rivers. Here, on the shore, the first city building of Ufa
was erected - a small ordinary church, named after the feast of the
Trinity. In 1574, the Ufa Kremlin was erected on Trinity Hill by a
detachment of archers led by the governor Ivan Nagy.
In 1586,
Ufa received the status of a city and became the administrative
center of the Ufa district. With the advent of the Ufa district, a
voivodeship form of government was established in the region.
According to historians, Mikhail Nagoi, sent by Moscow, became the
first governor. The governor headed the main administrative
institution of the city - the Ufa order hut. A garrison army of
150-200 archers was subordinate to him. With the construction of the
city walls and the advent of the settlement (commercial and
industrial part adjacent to the fortress), the prison located in the
center began to be called the Kremlin. The Kremlin was surrounded by
a palisade of logs with a total length of 440 meters, oak towers
towered over its southern and northern parts.