Vanino is a working village in the Khabarovsk Territory of
Russia. The administrative center of the Vaninsky district. The city
forms the urban settlement of the Workers' settlement of Vanino as
the only settlement in its composition.
Located on the
mainland coast of the Tatar Strait of the Sea of Japan. Until 1985,
the settlement of Vanino administratively included a housing estate
at a timber mill, then allocated to the village of Toki.
The deep-water bay of Vanin (named after the military
topographer Iakim Klementyevich Vanin) was opened in May 1853. It
first appeared on Russian nautical charts in 1876, thanks to an
expedition to explore the Tatar Strait.
The history of
settling the settlement begins in 1907, with the appearance of the
timber merchant Tishkin, hence the first name of the settlement -
Tishkino.
The development of the bay began in 1939. By that
time, there was only one enterprise in the bay - Lesouchastok. At
this time, Vanino, like the entire coast of the Tatar Strait, was
part of the Soviet (later Soviet-Gavan) region of Primorsky Krai.
On May 21, 1943, the USSR State Defense Committee issued a
decree on the construction of the Komsomolsk-on-Amur - Sovetskaya
Gavan railway line and the seaport in Vanin Bay.
The port was
officially founded on October 18, 1943. On this day, the Far Eastern
Shipping Company approved the staff schedule of the port of Vanino.
In April 1944, the first pier was put into operation ahead of
schedule, on July 20, 1945, the first train arrived from
Komsomolsk-on-Amur to Vanin Bay. Prisoners, soldiers of construction
battalions, as well as about 50 thousand prisoners of war played an
important role in the construction of the road. A railway station
named "Vanino-Vokzal" was opened in the village.
The
importance of the Vanino port increased sharply since the summer of
1946, after the port facilities in Nakhodka were destroyed by the
explosion of the Dalstroy steamer (June 24, 1946).
The port
of Vanino, the Vanino ITL (Vanino transit and transit camp) became a
transfer point for the stages of prisoners on their way to the
Kolyma. At the station and in the port of Vanino, prisoners were
reloaded from echelons onto steamers en route to Magadan, the
administrative center of the Dalstroy and Sevvostlag GU SDS NKVD-MVD
USSR.
With the end of the era of forced labor camps in the
USSR in the mid-50s of the 20th century, the port developed as a
commercial port, the main purpose of which was to export various
goods to the countries of the Asia-Pacific region, mainly raw timber
(round timber, timber). From 1973 to the present time, a ferry
service has been operating from the mainland to Sakhalin - from
Vanino to Kholmsk there are cargo-passenger ferries of project 1809,
which are called “Sakhalin”.
In the 21st century, the port is
redesigned for the export of coal, in connection with which there is
a significant expansion beyond the Vanin Bay and an intensive
construction of transport and production facilities.
The urban-type settlement is located on the
western shore of the Vanin Bay (Tatar Strait), at the eastern end of
the Soviet-Gavansk Highlands of the Sikhote-Alin ridge, 370
kilometers from the city of Khabarovsk to the east (and a little to
the north - 49 degrees 05 minutes north, 140 degrees 15 minutes east
longitude, 608 km - along the road), 10 km from the town of
Sovetskaya Gavan, (32 km along the road). The Baikal-Amur railway is
connected with Komsomolsk-on-Amur (on the territory of the village
there are the Vanino-Vokzal and Vanino-Port stations), the federal
highway (08A-1) connects the village with the regional road network.
Moderate monsoon climate with sharp daily temperature drops. A
short dry and warm autumn gives way to a mild and fairly snowy
winter: stable negative temperatures during the day are kept from
mid-November to mid-February. The first half of winter is
characterized by an insignificant amount of precipitation, but
regular, and very strong winds from the mainland - on New Year's
Eve, it is usually cold, with little snow and windy. Spring comes
seasonally, but lasts a long time - until the first days of May,
warm sunny days regularly alternate with snow charges, sometimes
quite strong. For this reason, summer comes quite late, and in
summer, cloudy weather and prolonged rains are possible for weeks.
Fogs are frequent on the coast of the Tatar Strait and Vanin Bay in
the spring-summer period, mainly at night.
Climatic summer
(average daily temperature above +15) begins in July / August (or
may not come at all).
Also, the climate is diversified by
regular typhoons and sometimes earthquakes.
Vanino and
Vaninsky district, like most of the territory of the Khabarovsk
Territory, is equated to the regions of the Far North.