Language: Malagasy, French, English
Currency: Malagasy ariary (MGA)
Calling Code: +261
Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar,
is an island country located in the Indian Ocean, off the
southeastern coast of the African continent, east of Mozambique. It
is also the largest island in Africa and the fourth largest in the
world, and is formed by small and numerous islands. It is separated
from the mainland by the Mozambique channel. Formerly the island was
united to the African continent, from which it separated. Its
isolation has favored the conservation in its territory of many
unique species in the world, 80% of them endemic to the island. The
most notable are the lemurs (an infraorder of primates), the
carnivorous pit, five endemic families of birds and six endemic
species of baobabs. Madagascar is in the list of mega-diverse
countries, Madagascar is Madagascan and Malagasy is the national
language, French is its second language. The majority of its
inhabitants have traditional beliefs, are Christians, or an
amalgamation of both.
Madagascar belongs to the group of
least developed countries, according to the United Nations.
Ecotourism and agriculture, together with increased investments in
education, health and private enterprise, are key elements of
Madagascar's development strategy. However, these benefits were not
distributed evenly throughout the population, producing tensions
over the rising cost of living and the decline in the standard of
living among the poor and some segments of the middle class. In
2017, the political and economic crisis 2009-2013 has weakened the
economy and the quality of life remains low for the majority of the
Malagasy population.
Isalo National Park covers an area of 815 km² and contains 88 species of birds, 15 species of frogs, 33 species of reptiles, 14 species of mammals and 3 species of lemurs.
Perinet Rainforest is a large expanse of virgin jungles situated in the central eastern Madagascar. Much of territory of Perinet Rainforest is protected by Andasibe-Mantadia National Park that covers an area of 155 square kilometers.
Ranomafana National Park lies in the Fianarantsoa Province of Madagascar. Ranomafana National Park covers 41,600 hectares (161 square miles).
Tsingy de Bemaraha is situated in the Melaky Region on the Western Coast of Madagascar.
In the Malagasy language, the island of Madagascar is called Madagasikara ([madaɡasˈkʲarə̥]), and its inhabitants are called “Malagasy” (an outdated Francophone version is “Malgasy”, Malag. foko malagasy). At the same time, the toponym "Madagascar" does not have a local origin, but arose in Europe in the Middle Ages. So, the famous Venetian traveler Marco Polo mentions the name Madageiscar in his notes, but it has nothing to do with the island, but is a distorted transliteration of the name of the Somali port of Mogadishu, with which Polo confused the island. It appears that no Malagasy name prior to Madagasicara was used by the local population to refer to the island, although some communities had their own name for the area in which they lived.
Radiocarbon analysis of the bones of flightless
birds of epiornisis (Aepyornis) with traces of cutting showed that
the marks left during the cutting of birds with stone tools have an
age of approx. 10.5 thousand years.
By archaeological
standards, the settlement of Madagascar occurred relatively
recently. Madagascar was inhabited around the 200s-500s. e., the
colonists from the Austronesian peoples, who got there by canoe.
This theory is supported by many parallels between the Austronesian
culture and the culture of the inhabitants of Madagascar, for
example, a special type of canoe or a special method of growing
rice, as well as the close relationship between the Malagasy
language and the language of the population of the southern part of
the island of Kalimantan and genetic research carried out at the
beginning of the 21st century. There is no evidence of Austronesian
colonization of mainland Africa.
Around the same time or
somewhat later, settlers from the Bantu tribes moved to the island
through the Mozambique Channel. At the same time, new arrivals
occupied mainly coastal territories, while the descendants of the
Austronesians lived in the middle of the island. Genetic studies
have shown that the confluence of the Austronesian and African
populations began around the 10th century, as a result of which a
people formed with the self-name of malagasy.
In the VII
century, with the arrival of the Arabs on the island, written
references to Madagascar begin.
The name of the island was
given by the famous Venetian traveler Marco Polo, who casually
mentioned in his notes about the island of countless treasures,
called Madeigascar. Most modern researchers believe that in fact it
was not about the island at all, but about the current capital of
the state of Somalia - the port of Mogadishu. However, after marking
the island on Italian maps as Madagascar, the name stuck and has not
changed since.
Despite the widespread influence of Muslim
culture on the island, Islam in Madagascar did not take root.
However, some signs of Arab influence, such as patriarchy and
calendar names for days, months, and seasons, still exist to this
day.
The island of Madagascar is washed by the waters of
the Indian Ocean and is located off the east coast of South Africa, from
which it is separated by the Mozambique Channel. The highest point of
the island is the extinct volcano Marumukutru (2876 m), which is located
in the Tsaratanana mountain range, in the northern part of the island.
The total area of the state is 587,040 km². Length - about 1600 km,
width - over 600 km. The central part of the island is occupied by the
high-mountainous Andzafi plateau, gently descending to the west and
abruptly dropping off to the lowlands of the eastern coast. In several
places on the island there is a special type of landscape - scurvy
(malag. tsingy) - limestone rock formations, completely dotted with
vertical grooves that create many sharp corners; the preservation of
these natural objects is served by the reserves of Tsingy de Bemaraha,
Tsingy de Namuruka, and others.
Regions
The island can be
roughly divided into five regions: the east coast, the Tsaratanana
mountain range, the central highlands, the west coast, and the
southwest.
High plateau
The height of the High Plateau
(central highlands) is from 800 to 1800 meters above sea level. Its
relief is different in different places. The highlands originate in the
north from the Tsaratanana mountain range and continue to the very
south, where it ends with the Ivakuani massif. Thus, the central
highlands include the volcanic high-altitude plateau of Anzafi, the
Ankaratra mountain range and the Ivakuani massif. The capital of the
state - Antananarivo - is located in the northern part of the High
Plateau, at an altitude of 1276 meters. Quite frequent seismic activity
has been noted in this region.
West Coast and Southwest
The
west coast is much more prone to soil erosion, and as a result, it is
replete with small harbors and lagoons, especially in the northern part
of the island. It was here, for the most part, that pirates settled at
the turn of the 17th-18th centuries. Two major oil fields have been
discovered on the west coast: Tsimiruru and Bemulanga. The southwestern
region borders the massifs of Ivakuani and Isala Ruinifurme (Malag.
Isala Roiniforme) and consists of two parts - the Mahafali plateau and
the adjacent desert.
Rivers and lakes
The rivers of Madagascar
that flow into the Indian Ocean are usually short and rapids, rich in
hydropower resources, full of water throughout the year. Eastern rivers:
Mananara (river), Manguru, Maninguri, Bemarivu, Ivundru and Mananzari.
Rivers flowing to the west coast and pouring their waters into the
Mozambique Channel are generally longer and slower flowing than their
eastern counterparts, due to the flatter slope of the High Plateau
towards the west. Western rivers: Sambiranu, Mahajamba, Betsibuka,
Mania, North and South Mahavawi, Manguki, Unilahi, Ikupa and Mandrare.
There are several large lakes in Madagascar: Alautra, Kinkuni and
Ihutri. The eastern Maninguri River also originates from Lake Alautra.
The soil
Madagascar is sometimes called the "Great Red Island"
(Mal. Nosy Mena Lehibe) because of its laterite formations. Red soils
dominate the entire High Plateau, but even more mineral-rich soils are
observed in places of former volcanic activity. A thin "belt" of
alluvial soils is observed along the entire length of the eastern coast,
as well as in the mouths of the western rivers. Clay, sand and limestone
are found on the west coast.
Climate
The climate of the island
is formed by the southeast trade wind and the south Indian anticyclone.
The island has three climate zones: a tropical monsoon climate on the
east coast, a temperate maritime climate on the High Plateau, and an
arid desert climate on the southern tip of the island. The west coast is
noticeably drier than the east coast, as the trade winds lose moisture
on the east coast and the High Plateau. Typical annual precipitation
rates are 350 cm for the east coast, 140 cm for the High Plateau (in
this case, for the capital of the country), 32 cm in the south of the
island, on the border with the desert.
Madagascar separated from Africa about 160-165 million
years ago, and from India about 65-70 million years ago. The island is
extremely famous among biologists as a place of great accumulation of
endemic species. Thanks to the unique conditions in Madagascar, species
that became extinct in all other parts of the world lived and developed.
This led to the emergence of very unusual species that occupied a
variety of ecological niches. One striking example is the fossa (lat.
Cryptoprocta ferox), Madagascar's largest predator among mammals.
Outwardly, the fossa is similar to a representative of the cat family,
and it was originally assigned to it, but its closest relatives are
mongooses. Due to convergent evolution, the fossa acquired a cat-like
appearance, and its extinct relatives reached the size of an ocelot. It
has also been established that the entire family of Madagascar viverras
comes from one ancestor, who supposedly crossed the Mozambique Channel
20-30 million years ago. It is believed that since the arrival of man on
the island in the II-V centuries AD. e. many species have been
exterminated, especially the representatives of the megafauna. Among the
prehistoric fauna of Madagascar, the most famous are rachonavis,
rajasaurus and bahariasaurus.
As a result of deforestation in
Madagascar (clearing and burning of forests for agricultural land) - the
consequences of rapid population growth - since the second half of the
20th century, more than 80% of the island's former forest cover has been
destroyed by now, the remaining territories are prone to
desertification.
endemic fauna
Madagascar is believed to have
been colonized by various species of land mammals five times. Among the
"colonists" the following can be distinguished: tenrecs, lemurs,
Madagascar viverras, hare-lipped hamsters and the now extinct subspecies
of the aardvark. Bats were also common on the island and hippos once
lived.
Lemurs are a family of endemic primates with about 75
species, including 17 extinct. With the advent of man, all large lemurs
were exterminated, the largest at the moment is indri, weighing about 10
kg. The extinct giant sloth lemur (lat. Archaeoindris) reached the size
of a gorilla and weighed more than 200 kg. Almost all species of lemurs
are on the verge of extinction and are listed in the Red Book.
Madagascar viverras are an endemic family of mammalian predators,
closely related to mongooses and numbering 8 species. The family is
divided into two subfamilies: mungo (lat. Galidiinae) and Malagasy civet
(lat. Euplerinae). Previously, an extinct species of giant fossa (lat.
Cryptoprocta spelea) existed on the island, hunting giant lemurs,
however, due to the extermination of lemurs by humans, the giant fossa
also died out, having lost its food supply.
Tenrecs are a non-endemic
family of mammals, however, only three species are found outside
Madagascar, while about 30 endemic species live in Madagascar. The
family is widespread and has occupied various ecological niches on the
island. For example, the marsh tenrec (lat. Limnogale mergulus) occupied
the niche of a beaver and outwardly resembles a muskrat, and the small
tenrec (lat. Echinops telfairi) looks extremely similar to a hedgehog.
Rodents are represented by the endemic subfamily Nesomyinae of the
Nesomyidae family. Just like the tenrecs, they occupied many ecological
niches, outwardly evolving into similarities of such rodents as voles,
gerbils, mice, rats, and even into the likeness of a rabbit. The
subfamily includes 10 genera and 14 species. Presumably, the migration
of Nesomyidae ancestors occurred 20-25 million years ago.
Bats -
there are about 30 species of bats on the island, half of which are
endemic. 7 species are listed in the international Red Book, and one
species from the genus of smooth-nosed brownies is on the verge of
extinction - Scotophilus borbonicus (there is no Russian name).
Reptiles - several endemic species of chameleons are found on the
island, it is also believed that Madagascar is the birthplace of day
geckos, which are common, however, not only there. There are also four
rare endemic species of turtles on the island: the rayed turtle, the
Madagascar beak-chested turtle, the spider turtle and the flat-tailed
turtle.
In terms of birds, the following three families of birds are
endemic to Madagascar: two species of shepherd's partridges (lat.
Mesitornithidae), five species of ground raksha (lat. Brachyptericias)
and four species of philepittids (lat. Philepittidae).
Coleoptera -
109 endemic species from the genus Pogonostoma and 65 endemic species
from the genus Physodeutera.
Extinct species - in addition to the
mentioned giant lemurs and the giant fossa, in Madagascar there were
three species of pygmy Malagasy hippos and the epiornis family (lat.
Aepyornithidae) - giant flightless birds, possibly serving as a
prototype of the Roc bird. Both have died out as a result of human
activity. The last epiornisidae were presumably killed at the end of the
19th century.
The list of spiders of Madagascar includes a large
number of endemic species.
Eight plant families are endemic to Madagascar:
Asteropeaceae (lat. Asteropeiaceae), Didymelaceae (lat. Didymelaceae),
Didiereaceae (lat. Didiereaceae), Kaliphoraceae, Melanophyllaceae,
Physenaceae (lat. Physenaceae), Sarcolenaceae (lat. Sarcolaenaceae), and
Spherosepalaceae (lat. Sphaerosepalaceae).
Madagascar has issued
quite a few postage stamps depicting endemic flora and fauna.
Foreign policy
Close Madagascar-French relations became the
cornerstone of Madagascar's foreign policy in the early years of
independence, as evidenced by the signing of fourteen agreements and
conventions with France. An agreement on economic and financial
cooperation, signed in June 1960, clarifies and regulates the status of
Madagascar as a member of the franc area. Other economic agreements
ensured the integrity of France's existing economic interests and
therefore maintained that country's strong influence over the Madagascar
economy. The role of Madagascarians was largely limited to the influence
of decision makers in the highest echelons of government and the
contribution at the grassroots level of small farmers producing food for
their own consumption or for export. Other sectors generally remained
the prerogative of French trading conglomerates, big farmers, or Chinese
and Indian intermediaries.
The economy of Madagascar is generally regarded as
developing, according to the IMF, the country's GDP in 2007 amounted to
18.120 billion dollars, and according to the World Bank 16.821 billion
dollars, thus putting the republic in the world ranking at 116th and
115th places, respectively, according to the IMF , and 124th according
to the CIA fact book. Per capita income in 2007 was, according to the
same financial institutions, $1,068 (157th in the world) and $878
(161st).
The main sectors of the economy of Madagascar are
agriculture, fishing and the cultivation of spices and spices for
export. The main exports are coffee, Bourbon vanilla (Madagascar is the
largest producer in the world), cocoa powder, sugar, rice, tapioca,
legumes, bananas and peanuts.
Structural reforms in the economic
sector began in the 1980s, mainly under pressure from foreign financial
institutions, especially the World Bank. A privatization program was
carried out (1988-1993), a free trade zone (English Export Processing
Zone) was introduced, but a slight rise in the late 1980s was followed
by a period of stagnation in 1991-1996. A secondary wave of
privatization revitalized the economy in 1996-2001, but overall, living
standards did not rise across the country, especially outside the
cities. The political crisis of 2002, connected with the confrontation
between the supporters of Didier Ratsiraka and the new president, Mark
Ravalomanana, hit the country's economy hard, reducing GDP in 2002 by
12.7%. The period of 2002-2005 was marked as a time of fighting
inflation and a gradual increase in GDP, not least due to foreign
injections of foreign states and financial institutions.
The main
sources of economic growth at present are tourism, exports of textile
and light industry goods, exports of agricultural products and exports
of minerals. Due to the unique fauna of the island, bio-tourism attracts
more and more people from different parts of the world. Approximately
80% of the entire flora and fauna of the island are endemic, and 5% of
the total species diversity of the planet live in Madagascar. The Free
Trade Zones, located near Antananarivo and Antsirabe, aim to trade with
the US and Europe. As natural resources, coal, ilmenite and nickel are
mainly mined for export. Two large oil fields have been discovered in
the south of the republic.
Madagascar and Mauritania are the last
countries in the world not to use a decimal currency. Madagascar ariary
is equal to five iraimbilany.
It is a member of the international
organization of ACT countries.
Air communication
There are 65 airports in
Madagascar (including international airports in Madagascar, the largest
airports, large airports, as well as small civilian airports in
Madagascar), the largest of them is Antananarivo Ivato International
Airport.
On June 26, 1960, the independence of the Malagasy
Republic was proclaimed. As a result of democratic elections, the Social
Democratic Party led by Philibert Tsiranana comes to power.
The
neo-colonial regime of the Tsiranana government led to a sharp drop in
living standards, deepening social and ethnic contradictions. The
country was gripped by a deep economic crisis, there were massive
anti-government demonstrations and uprisings.
Under these
conditions, the government of Tsiranana was forced to transfer power to
the military on May 18, 1972. The new government was headed by General
Gabriel Ramanantsua. The Ramanantsua government revised the unequal
Franco-Malagasy agreements of 1960 and in 1973 signed new ones that
affirmed the sovereignty of Madagascar and the withdrawal of French
troops from the country. The activity of foreign capital was limited and
control over export-import operations was introduced.
In 1975,
the reactionary forces, with the support of some army officers and the
police, raised an armed rebellion. In February 1975, the Ramanantsua
government resigned. After another coup organized by a group of
officers, on June 15 of the same year, the Supreme Revolutionary Council
was formed, headed by Foreign Minister Didier Ratsiraka. The new regime
took a course on a socialist orientation. In December 1975, a referendum
approved the Charter of the Malagasy Socialist Revolution, a new
constitution, and the election of Ratsiraka as president of the republic
for a 7-year term.
The Government began to tackle the challenge
of overcoming the legacy of colonialism and the consequences of
neo-colonial rule, with the aim of strengthening political independence
and achieving economic self-sufficiency. Banks and most large commercial
and industrial companies were nationalized.
The poll tax and the
livestock tax were abolished, and the minimum wage was raised.
In
1991-2002, several rulers changed in the country; Ratsiraka periodically
returned to power, but his powers were severely curtailed.
In
2002, a major industrialist, Mark Ravalomanana, became president of the
country, who began to pursue a policy of broad economic and political
reforms and the fight against corruption.
In January 2009, a
conflict broke out between the President of the country, Mark
Ravalomanana, and the mayor of the capital of Madagascar, Andri
Radzuelina, which later escalated into bloody clashes between their
supporters. On February 7, 2009, about 10,000 supporters of the mayor
gathered for a demonstration and moved towards the presidential palace,
where they were blocked by armed soldiers. After some demonstrators
tried to break through the barrier, the soldiers opened fire, killing
about 40 people and wounding about 300. Supporters of the mayor accuse
the president of abuse of office.
On March 17, 2009, the
country's president, Mark Ravalomanana, was actually removed from his
post by his rival, to whose side the army, which had previously occupied
a neutral position, went over. According to conflicting reports,
Ravalomanana was expelled from the presidential palace by military units
led by Rear Admiral Hippolyte Ramarusun. Announced the formation of a
transitional government under the leadership of the former mayor Andri
Rajouelin. Razuelina immediately removed 8 ministers from their posts,
thereby further weakening the position of the former president.
Meanwhile, the African Union, whose summit is to be held in
Antananarivo, condemned this "putsch attempt". On March 20, 2009, the
African Union suspended Madagascar's membership in this organization in
connection with a coup d'état.
According to the Economist
Intelligence Unit, the country was classified as a hybrid regime in 2018
on the Democracy Index.
State structure
The Parliament of
Madagascar is bicameral - the National Assembly of 127 deputies is
elected by the population for a 4-year term, the Senate (100 seats) is
filled by two-thirds of the representatives of the provincial
assemblies, one-third is appointed by the president.
According to
the results of the 2013 elections in the National Assembly, 49 seats are
occupied by the party of ex-President Rajoelina "Together with President
Andri Rajouelina", 20 - "Movement of Ravalomanana", 13 - "Political
Group", 5 - "Unite Together", 5 - "Economic Liberalism". and Democratic
Action for National Reconstruction, 2 for the Green Party of Madagascar,
28 for other parties, and another 25 for independents.
Provinces
Administratively, the country is divided
into 6 autonomous provinces (Malag faritany mizakatena) and 22 regions.
The division into provinces took place in 1946 on a French initiative;
at first there were only five provinces, but only later, in the 50s,
Antsiranana became autonomous. Until 1992, the status of the provinces
was not entirely clear, since the constitution did not say a word about
them. In the new constitution, adopted in 1992, it was stated that the
republic should be divided into independent territorial units of three
levels: regions (malag. faritra), departments (malag. departemanta) and
communes (malag. kaominina). Thus, the provinces again found themselves
outside the constitution, but de facto continued to exist. After Didier
Ratsiraka's re-election as president in 1997, they were asked to
introduce the provinces into the constitution as an "autonomous
province" administrative unit. In 2000, the amendment was adopted. Mark
Ravalumanana, who was elected president in 2001, replaced the provincial
governors with his appointees, designating their status as Presidents by
special delegation (PSD). In 2007, a successful referendum was held for
the abolition of the provinces, so in the near future, after the
administrative reform, the regions will become the highest territorial
entity within the state. However, in the new constitution adopted in
2010, 6 autonomous provinces reappeared.
Demography
The population is 21.3 million (July
2010 estimate).
Fertility - 5.1 births per woman (20th in the world).
Average life expectancy - 63 years (2011); 61 years for men, 65 years
for women.
Urban population - 29%.
Ethnic composition
Malagasy is an ethnic group that forms the main population of
Madagascar. They speak Malagasy (Malgash), which belongs to the
Indo-Melanesian group of the Austronesian language family. The total
number is about 20 million people. The word itself goes back to the
adjective from the word "Madagascar"; thus, Malagasy is "Madagascar" in
the Malagasy language, whose name, in turn, also means "Madagascar".
Malagasy are divided into two subgroups - the highlanders and the
inhabitants of the coast. The mountain peoples are the Imerina
(gelding), Sihanaka and Betsileu, and the inhabitants of the coast
include all the rest - for example, Betsimisaraka, Sakalava and
Mahafali. The division into two subgroups may be due to the history of
human migration to the island. In the second to fifth centuries AD,
Madagascar was settled by immigrants from Austronesia, who mainly
settled on the High Plateau. After some time, a second wave of
migration, consisting of representatives of the Bantu tribes, came to
the island from East Africa through the Mozambique Strait. African
settlers occupied a relatively free coastal zone. The Bantu came to the
island as a result of the slave trade. There are other versions of the
settlement of Madagascar, including those suggesting that the first
inhabitants of the island were people of the Negroid race, and the
Austronesians came later.
Thus, the highlanders can be
conditionally called the descendants of immigrants from Malaysia and
Indonesia, but it should be remembered that despite the noticeable
difference in external features depending on the tribe, the population
of the island actively mixed. Recent studies of the mitochondrial DNA of
the inhabitants of the island have confirmed the guesses of some
scientists about the Austronesian origin of the population. Tribal list:
Hill tribes:
Merina
Betsileu
Mixed Tribes:
Bara
Mikea
Sihanaka
Tanala
Coastal Tribes:
Antakarana
Antanusi
Antemuru
Antendruy
Antesaka
Betsimisaraka
Mahafali (people)
Sakalava
Tsimikheti
According to the 2010 constitution of the Republic of
Madagascar, Malagasy is the national language. The official languages
of Madagascar are Malagasy and French. Madagascar is a member of the
International Organization of Francophone Countries.
According to
statistics from the Malagasy Academy of Sciences, 0.57% of the
inhabitants of Madagascar speak only French, 15.87% of Madagascarians
(mostly educated part of the country's population) speak both Malagasy
and French, and 83.61% of the country's population does not know any
language, except Malagasy.
Malagasy is not related to nearby
African languages, as it is the westernmost of the Malayo-Polynesian
languages belonging to the Austronesian language family. This fact was
established in the 18th century. Malagasy is related to the languages
of Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. The closest to it are the
languages spoken on the island of Kalimantan in the region of the
Barito River in the south of Kalimantan. This means that Madagascar was
settled by people from there, while it is not known exactly why this
colonization occurred. Later Indonesian settlers mixed with East
Africans and Arabs.
Malagasy has borrowings from Bantu, Swahili,
and Arabic, as well as from French (formerly the language of the
colonial government of Madagascar) and English (which was spoken in the
18th century by pirates whose bases were on the island). It has written
literature from the 15th century. and a rich tradition of oral poetic
traditions and legends.
According to the US State Department in 2011, 52% of
Madagascarians profess the traditional ancestor cult of Austronesian
settlers, which emphasizes the connection between the dead and the
living (according to the Pew Research Center in 2010, however, only 4.5%
of Madagascarians profess folk religions and 85% are Christians). The
largest number of adherents of this religion lives among the Imerina
people. They believe that each person joins the souls of their ancestors
after death, and that all souls form a kind of hierarchy of "divinity".
Among the gelding and betsileu, a rather strange tradition from the
point of view of Europeans is practiced, known as famadihana, which
means “turning the dead”. During this ritual, the remains of the dead
are taken out of the crypts, wrapped in a new shroud (silk sheet) and
throughout the holiday they have fun and dance next to them, sometimes
even carrying the remains in their arms. At the end of the ceremony, the
bodies are placed back in the crypts.
About 41% of the population
professes Christianity, belonging to the Roman Catholic Church and
various Protestant denominations (Assemblies of God, Lutherans,
Anglicans, Adventists). Most believers are trying to combine the cult of
ancestors with Christian traditions. So, for example, not all Christians
give up the practice of famadihan, especially for Catholics. Catholic
priests may even come to the ceremony and bless the participants. The
Protestant Church, on the other hand, has a very negative attitude
towards the practice of the cult of ancestors and calls on its flock to
abandon "worship of the devil." The Christian Church in Madagascar is a
fairly influential political institution.
The rest of the
population (about 7%) practices Islam, brought to the island around the
10th century by Arab traders. Islam is especially widespread on the
western coast of the island due to the large number of harbors that were
once Arab outposts. Thanks to Islam, the Malagasy language was first
written in an Arabic script called Surabe, which, however, did not take
root as the main means of writing Malagasy (the Latin alphabet is now
used). Recently, there has been a trend towards an increase in the
population professing Islam.
Madagascar culture was influenced by the two
underlying cultures of the Magalasian people, the Austronesian culture
and the culture of the Bantu tribes. Beginning in the 10th century, it
experienced Arab influence, and after the 16th century, European
influence, especially French in the 20th century.
Kitchen
The
cuisine of Madagascar mainly consists of rice dishes - vari (Malag. vary
[ˈvarʲ]) with a side dish - lauka (Malag. laoka [ˈlokə̥]). In the south,
rice is sometimes replaced with crushed dried corn. The culinary
traditions of France, China and India, and to a lesser extent East
African, coupled with Arabic, had a significant influence on Malagasy
cuisine.
Rice
Several varieties of rice are grown on the
island, and it is difficult to single out one main variety. Cooking
methods and results vary, starting with dry, crumbly rice and ending
with rice that is similar in texture to risotto (malag. vary sosoa, vari
susua). It is not uncommon for those who can afford to prepare several
rice dishes for one meal. As a substitute for ordinary water,
ranun'ampangu is used - the remains of burnt rice (giving a
characteristic aroma), poured with boiling water, and then filtered and
cooled. Vari amin'anana (Malag. vary amin'anana [ˈvarʲ ˌjamʲˈnananə̥]),
consisting of rice, meat and chopped greens, is widespread. For
breakfast, rice can be lightly sprinkled with sugar or overlaid with
fruit, or served with fried egg and sausage lauca. Wealthy people
sometimes substitute French bread and butter for rice, skimping on sugar
or sweetened milk if desired.
side dishes
The side dishes
served in typical Malagasy families are highly dependent on the time of
year and the available produce grown in the region. A list of the most
common side dishes: vuanjuburi (bambara nut stewed with pork), kituza
(cured strips of zebu meat with spices), trundru gasi (Mal. trondro gasy
[ˌtʂundʐʷ ˈɡasʲ] - white fish such as cod, pollock, haddock or stewed
with zucchini and tomatoes), rumazava (beef fried with ginger, tomatoes
and onions, decorated with herbs), tsaramasu (beans boiled in tomato
sauce) and all kinds of seafood. As spices and seasonings, garlic,
onions (of different varieties), ginger, tomatoes, mild curry and salt
are used. Coconut milk, vanilla and cloves are also used on the coast.
Unlike African cuisine, Malagasy is not characterized by very spicy
dishes, but recently there have appeared spicy semi-finished sauces made
on the coast from traditional fruits (mango, lemon, etc.), which are
gaining popularity in the country. Some of these sauces are served with
the popular lasari karauti salad, which consists of beans, cabbage and
carrots.
Drinks and desserts
The already mentioned
ranun'ampangu is the most popular drink among the Malagasy. Coffee and
tea are widely distributed, wine and rum are made on the island. Raw
milk is almost never consumed, using it for the production of yoghurts
and cheeses.
Malagasy dessert traditions take their origins from
the cuisine of indigenous tribes with a splash of French cuisine. Thus,
any fresh fruit sprinkled with granulated sugar can be considered a
dessert, ranging from an ordinary apple to an exotic baobab fruit or an
endemic "pok-pok". In Madagascar, excellent quality cocoa is grown,
which could not but affect the local cuisine and especially desserts,
causing the presence of chocolate in many complex desserts and French
pastries.
Musical legacy
The instruments and style of singing,
as well as the meaning of the music, vary greatly, depending on the
region. It is assumed that the music of the people of the High Plateau
traces its origins to the Austronesian culture, while the music of the
coastal regions has been strongly influenced by African traditions.
The traditional instrument of Madagascar is the valiha (malag.
valiha), a stringed plucked instrument made from a hollow piece of
bamboo. Sodina (Malag. sodina) - a bamboo flute with three to five
holes, the alleged "ancestor" of the sodina is the Malay bamboo flute
suling. Kabosi (Malag. kabosy) - a wooden guitar, common on the island,
has four to six strings and is considered a direct "descendant" of the
Arabic lute. Sometimes kabosi are called mandolini (Malag. mandoliny).
Another common instrument is the maruvani (Malag. marovany) - a wooden
box with strings stretched inside, sounding almost like a harmonica.
In the south, instruments such as the jejy voatova (Malag. jejy
voatova), a stringed instrument with a resonator, like the African kob,
and the lukanga (Malag. lokanga), a three-stringed bowed instrument, are
common.
Hiragashi
On the High Plateau, music plays not only a spiritual
and entertaining role, but also a political one, coupled with an
educational one, what is known as hiragashi (Malang. Hira - song, Malag.
Gasy - Madagascar). Hiragashi lasts all day, during which one or two
troupes perform (compete) in musical performance, dance and oratory. The
tradition dates back to the 18th century, when the first king of
Madagascar, Andrianampoinimerina, used troupes of musicians to draw
attention to his political speeches while still a prince. After that,
these troupes, already performing without a king, began to include
elements of political satire or simply criticism in their musical
numbers. During hiragashi, there is a high level of audience
involvement, which violently expresses satisfaction or dissatisfaction
with the skill of musicians or speakers, through applause, cheering or
hooting. Hiragashi were also used by the French colonists to bring the
most important political news to the population who did not know French
or could not read, mostly from the hinterland.
After the
independence of the Republic of Madagascar, the Hiragashi began to be
considered the personification of the Malagasy culture as a whole, and
not just the hill tribes. Despite the fact that hiragashi is mainly
distributed in central Madagascar, it is also gaining popularity among
the coastal population. Most aspiring politicians resort to the help of
hiragashi troupes to attract public interest in their performances. In
general, hiragashi troupes do not support any particular political
party, but there are exceptions. One of the most popular troupes at the
moment is Ramilisun Fenuarivo (a fragment of the performance).
The performance of hiragashi is strictly regulated, all troupes
performing in this genre are required to follow this sequence. Men's and
women's costumes, musicians' instruments (among which there are
practically no traditional Malagasy instruments) and even the name of
the troupe are also regulated.
Sport
In international football
competitions, Madagascar is represented by the national team. The team
receives opponents at the Mahamasina Stadium (22,000 seats). The
Football Federation of Madagascar holds the Championship, Cup and Super
Cup of the country in football.
In 2007, Madagascar hosted the
Indian Ocean Games.
Also, AS Adema and SO l'Emyrne teams are
included in the Guinness Book of Records: on October 31, 2002, the match
between these teams ended with a score of 149: 0 in favor of AS Adema,
SO l'Emyrne players scored all the goals themselves in protest against
refereeing.
In 1990, the National Assembly of Madagascar passed a
law guaranteeing freedom of speech. In addition, freedom of the media in
Madagascar is guaranteed by the constitution.
There are about 15
private and national publishing houses in the country. Among them:
Association of Malagasy Journalists;
National Information Agency
"Taratra";
Midi Madagasikara - founded in 1983, published in French
and Malagasy;
Madagascar Tribune;
Express de Madagasca;
Imungu
Wauwau - AKFM party newspaper;
Lacroa'ni Madagasikara is a Catholic
weekly in Malagasy and French founded in 1927. The largest clerical
publication in Madagascar;
The journal oficielle de la Republique de
Madagascar - The official newspaper of the Republic of Madagascar - is a
weekly government gazette in French and Malagasy. Publishes official
announcements, laws and government orders.
On the territory of
the country there is a state television and radio company RTNM (Fr.
Radiodiffusion Television Nationale de Madagascar - National Radio
Broadcasting and Television of Madagascar), which includes the radio
station Radio Nationale Malagasy (launched on April 29, 1931 as Radio
Tanarive) and the TV channel TVM (Fr. Télévision Malagasy).
The island has a fairly active natural focus of the
plague, and human diseases occur annually. Until 1995, there was a
decline in the incidence from several thousand cases of plague in 1924
to a dozen cases in 1995. Since 1995, an increase in the incidence has
begun again, both among the rural population and among the urban
population. A serious problem for health services is that Madagascar is
characterized by a severe course of bubonic and bubonic septicemic
plague, with frequent complications of secondary pulmonary. It was also
in Madagascar that a strain of the plague pathogen resistant to
streptomycin was first isolated.
In December 2013, plague broke
out again in Madagascar, according to the Ministry of Health. It spread
in five districts out of 112. As of December 13, 89 people fell ill. Of
these, 39 have died.