Salzburg (pronounced Soizbuag in Bavarian-Austrian dialect)
(Latin Iuvavum or Salisburgum) is the capital of the country of the
same name in the Republic of Austria. With 155,021 inhabitants (as
of January 1, 2020), it is the fourth largest city in Austria after
Vienna, Graz and
Linz. It is located in the Salzburg basin.
Characteristic for the city are the city mountains, the Salzach
flowing through the city and the Hohensalzburg fortress visible from
afar. The north-west of the statutory city of Salzburg borders on
Freilassing in Germany (Free State of Bavaria, Berchtesgadener Land
district), the rest of the city borders on the Salzburg-Umgebung
district, commonly known as "Flachgau".
In 488 the decline of
the Roman city of Iuvavum began in the same place. Salzburg was
re-established in 696 as a bishopric and in 798 as the seat of the
archbishop. The main sources of income for Salzburg were salt mining
and trading, and at times gold mining. The core of the Hohensalzburg
Fortress dates from the 11th century. It is one of the largest
medieval castles in Europe and a symbol of the city. From the 17th
century, Archbishop Wolf Dietrich and his successors lavishly
furnished the city as a royal seat. At this time, Hellbrunn Palace
was built in the south of the city, complete with palace gardens,
water features and avenues. The most famous Salzburg composer is
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, who was born here in 1756, which is why the
city is nicknamed "Mozart City" and the airport is called "Salzburg
Airport W. A. Mozart". The historic center of the city has been on
the UNESCO World Heritage List since 1996.
Today Salzburg is
an important exhibition and congress location with many trade and
service companies as well as an efficient tourism sector. In
addition, the city is internationally significant thanks to the
Salzburg Festival, which earned it the nickname “Festival City”. Due
to its convenient location, the city of Salzburg forms the core of
the cross-border "EuRegio Salzburg - Berchtesgadener Land -
Traunstein". It is also a junction for important road and rail
routes in west-east traffic (Innsbruck-Salzburg-Vienna) as well as
transalpine and north-south (Munich-Salzburg-Villach).
Salzburg is probably most famous as a birthplace of Mozart
Hohensalzburg Fortress (Salzburg)
Salzburg Dom (Salzburg)
Cathedral
Domplatz 7
Tel (0662) 804 77950
Open: May- Oct 10am- 5pm Mon- Sat, 11am- 6pm Sun and holidays, Nov- Jan 10am- 5pm daily
Salzburg Dom or Salzburg Cathedral is the largest church in Salzburg. Like other buildings of its kind Salzburg Dom stands in the historical center of the city. Any walk through old part of town should start here. The baroque building has a length of 101 meters, the transept measures 69 meters. The tower height is 81 meters, the dome height 79 meters and the height of the main nave 32 meters. The cathedral has 900 seats. It is a listed building and belongs to the UNESCO World Heritage Historic Center of Salzburg.
The first Romanesque cathedral was a three-aisled basilica with an upstream paradise and its own baptistery. The Romanesque building was completed in 774. Abbot Bishop Virgil inaugurated the sacred building on September 25, 774. On the night of 4 to 5 April 1167 the cathedral burned down. Allegedly, the Counts of Plain commissioned the emperor Frederick Barbarossa to set the city on fire because Archbishop Conrad II of Babenberg did not recognize the antipope Victor IV appointed by the emperor (see also Schism of 1159 ). It was under Bishop Konrad III the even stately five-aisled (or three-nave with rows of lateral chapels) Konradinische Dom built, then the largest basilica north of the Alps.
St. Peter Bezirk
Tel. (0662) 844 576- 0
Open: 8am- 12pm, 4:30- 6:30pm
Benedictine abbey of Saint Peter was founded by Saint Rupert in 690 AD. Private residence of archbishops of the Abbey was situated here prior to 1110. Abbey of St. Peter is a complex of religious and other buildings that date back to 17th and 18th centuries. It contains three courtyards and the monastery church. The interior of the abbey church of St.. Peter is decorated by the ornaments in the form of shells. Painting of the main altar and the 16 side altars are made by master from Krems, M.I. Schmidt. In the right nave you can see the burial spot of Saint Rupert, patron saint of Salzburg, those remains are kept here since 1444. Another notable feature of the main church in the monastery is a statue of Madonna the Beautiful that dates back to the 15th century. Next to the monastery you can visit the oldest city cemetery with Romanesque and Gothic chapels, monuments and fences of wrought iron. Additionally you can explore catacombs from the early Christian times, when it was used by hermit monks who settled here before anyone even settled here. It is the oldest existing monastery in the German-speaking world.
Nonnberggasse 2
Tel. (0662) 841 6070
Open: Summer 7am- 7pm daily
winter 7am- 5pm
Stift Nonnberg, also Erin Monastery after the first abbess Erentrudis of Salzburg, is a Benedictine abbey in Salzburg. It is today the world's oldest Christian convent with an uninterrupted tradition. The entire Nonnberg Abbey, with its walls and archaeological find areas, is a listed building and belongs to the UNESCO World Heritage Historic Center of Salzburg.
The monastery Nonnberg was founded around 711/712
by St. Rupert on a terrace of the Salzburg fortress hill . The
nunnery occupied a particularly protected place in the city of
Salzburg in the partially preserved Roman fortification castrum
superior of Iuvavum. The niece (or relatives) Ruperts, Erentrudis,
became the first abbess. The foundation of the abbey Nonnberg was
carried out by the Bavarian Duke Theotbert . Once the monastery was
very rich. Among the goods in the early Middle Ages was also the
Nonntal, whose church was formerly a branch church of the monastery,
and the entire area between Salzach and Leopoldskroner Moor in the
south of the city, including the place Morzg and the houses of
Kleingmain and gneiss . Only in the 15th century settled there
peasant families who no longer worked on behalf of the monastery.
Until 1451, the monastery Nonnberg was reserved only for noble
women, with the end of the feudal Middle Ages also bourgeois women
were taken, until the 19th century, however, only serving sisters.
On July 20, 2017, the Convention of the post chose chaired by
Archbishop Franz Lackner , the former prioress wife Veronika
Kronlachner the new abbess of the Abbey Nonnberg and 93. successor
of St. Erentrudis. The Äbtissinnenweihe gave her the archbishop on
August 13, 2017 the Abbey Nonnberg.
Linzergasse 41
Open: 7am- 4pm daily
Church and cemetery of Saint Sebastian was constructed in 19th century on a site of much older church. The cemetery of Saint Sebastian contains burials that date back to medieval times around 15th century. Among people buried here were parents of Mozart Leopold and his wife Constanze, Paracelsus father of pharmacology who died in Salzburg in 1541. In the centre of the cemetery you can find the chapel of the Archangel Gabriel and a mausoleum of Archbishop Wolf Dietrich. The history of St. Sebastian’s Church goes back to Archbishop Leonhard von Keutschach who ordered construction of the new church between 1505 and 1512. In the 18th century, St. Sebastian’s church – what was abandoned for quiet some time – was demolished and replaced by a hall church reflecting the style of the Late Baroque. Special features of St. Sebastian’s Church include the magnificent Rococo portal and an impressive gate separating the entrance porch from the main nave. The high altar is adorned by a wonderful Madonna with Child from the year 1611.
Mirabellplatz
Tel. (0662) 80720
Open: 8am- 4pm Mon, Wed, Thu
1- 4pm Tue, Fri- Sat
Schloss Mirabell is a beautiful residence of a Baroque style that replaced more modest building from 1606. Archbishop Wolf Dietrich used former Schloss Mirabell residence as a home for his mistress Salome Alt, daughter of a Jewish merchant. Apparently it was a secret that was known to the whole town. She bore him 15 children.
The Mirabell Palace, today located in the new city
of Salzburg, was built around 1606 by Archbishop Wolf Dietrich von
Raitenau outside the then city walls for the beloved or secret wife
of the Archbishop, Salome Alt, and was initially called Altenau
Castle, It was "beautiful, large, well-kept, splendid, like a castle
or vestment, with a wrought-encrusted, opulent, glittering thurn,
and inside, also ornamented and beautiful outside with beautiful
gardens of all kinds of clover, pewter, and fruits." From this
building remains in the southwest corner of today's building in the
basement are preserved. For his 15 children, the prince, who was
always caring for his family, obtained from the emperor the
legitimacy of being a legitimate heir, and for children and
mistresses the elevation to the hereditary nobility. Mother and
children were now called Alt von Altenau . That did not help much
later. After the fall and the solitary confinement Wolf Dietrichs on
the fortress Hohensalzburg in 1612 expelled his successor and nephew
Markus Sittikus von Hohenems soon after, wife and children of
Altenau Castle. To completely erase the memory of his predecessor,
Markus Sittikus called the castle Mirabell . Mirabell is a feminine
given name from the Italian ( mirabile , admirable 'and bella ,
beautiful').
Prince Archbishop Paris of Lodron had 1620-1642
during the Thirty Years' War, the Mirabell Palace and associated
gardens in the new strong fortification belt on the right bank of
the Salzach involve. Unlike Markus Sittikus, he liked living in the
castle and died here as well.
1710 and 1721 to 1727 was
carried out by order of Archbishop Franz Anton von Harrach by the
famous Baroque master builder Johann Lucas von Hildebrandt the
conversion to the magnificent Baroque palace complex, a four-wing
complex with courtyard, which is now used as a parking space. In
1818, a devastating city fire left a lot of damage. The castle was
then in the prevailing classicist style after plans by Peter Nobile
under the direction of Johann Georg von Hagenauerrebuilt. As a
result, the building lost much of its former unique Baroque
appearance. The mighty tower in the middle of the eastern facade was
removed, the slender pediment with the east-facing slightly
projecting corner risalites disappeared, as well as the badges
richly decorated with numerous vases and 28 figures. Fortunately,
the west-facing courtyard façade and the garden facade in the west
remained largely intact. The rhythm of plastic protruding
projections and well-articulated wall surfaces give an idea of the
original appearance of the Baroque masterpiece, although here the
artful roof attachment along with figures missing.
On June 1,
1815, Otto von Bayern , later King Otto I of Greece, was born in
Mirabell Palace . Here, before 1849, the father of the Salzburg
painter Hans Makart worked as a room supervisor. From 1851 to 1863
Archbishop Cardinal Maximilian Joseph of Tarnóczy resided in this
castle . The aged Capuchin Father and Tyrolean freedom hero Joachim
Haspinger († 1858) spent his last four years here in a ground floor
apartment.
In 1866, the castle, together with the
Kapuzinerberg, became the property of the city of Salzburg for
compensation of 50,000 guilders. The Emperor had already donated the
Mirabellgarten to the city two years earlier. Between 1947 and 1950,
the offices of the mayor and his deputies were established here, as
well as the magistrate's office and some municipal departments.
Schwarzstrasse 26
Tel. (0662) 88940
The Mozarteum or Mozarteum University, originally
called "Dommusikverein and Mozarteum", was founded on April 22, 1841
in Salzburg as a music school and for the collection of old Mozart
documents. Today, the term Mozarteum is understood to mean three
independent bodies:
the University Mozarteum Salzburg - an art
academy for music, drama and related subjects
the International
Mozarteum Foundation - Concert Organizer, Music Collection and
Research Institute
the Mozarteum Orchestra Salzburg - the
symphony orchestra of the city and province of Salzburg
Actually, the Mozarteum is the building or the homestead of the Mozarteum Foundation in 5020 Salzburg, Schwarzstraße 26 (Austria) and then the namesake for later institutions and institutions. When it was founded, it was according to the memorial plaque laying the foundation stone in 1910 still "Mozarthaus". The Mozarteum Foundation was created with the construction of the building, which was opened on 29 September 1914 two concert halls, the "great hall" with an organ, as a separate building to the north and the smaller "Wiener Saal" in the main building. The "Great Hall" was then also the most important concert hall after the founding of the Salzburg Festivaland is today about the venue of the "matinees" of the Salzburg Festival. For this purpose, classrooms were created and a conservatory was founded, which also had a respectable music library and musicological literature. Even the "Salzburg Liedertafel" found its home in the Mozarteum until today. In a vacant lot, the Hanibalgasse, between the Landestheater and the Mozarteum, a casino was built. After its expulsion this house could be integrated as Hanibaltrakt into the Mozarteum (about 1970). There, a generous library was set up, in which records were already archived.
Museumsplatz 5
Tel. (0662) 842653-0
Daily 9:00 am to 5:00 pm (also on Sundays and public
holidays) Closed on December 24th until 4:00 pm on the 25th of
December
Entrance fees
Adults: € 8,50
Children (4 to
15 years): € 6,00
The exhibitions at Haus der Natur (House of Nature) are spread over eight levels in two buildings. The classic natural history exhibitions and the zoo departments can be found in the main building. A glass staircase creates the connection to the neighboring Science Center and the current special exhibition.
Aquarium
Live animal husbandry fulfills many
tasks. Visitors can observe exotic and native creatures up close and
personal in habitats designed in close proximity to nature. They
become acquainted with their behavior and their needs and in doing
so acquire an understanding of the need for their protection. An
essential task is also the preservation and successful further
breeding of species whose survival in the wild is not assured.
The diverse underwater world of the aquarium contains creatures
that can be as graceful as they are bizarre. Each basin forms a
living ecosystem that resembles natural habitats down to the last
detail. Thus, this aquarium scores with authenticity and animal
relationships, as they are found in nature.
The largest
aquarium holds 60,000 liters, accommodate animals from tropical
coral reefs, the Mediterranean, from the waters of Africa, South
America, Southeast Asia and not least from local rivers and lakes.
The aquarium is a place of observation that will enchant you with
incredible diversity, beauty and the extraordinary behavior of its
inhabitants.
Science center
The bottom floor of the Science
Center is all about energy and lifting. Clear experiments make it
easier to understand the rules of the levers, and a large lifting
platform allows you to float effortlessly through the room and, by
the way, get to know the technology of hydraulic power transmission.
Another central topic: the generation of electricity from
hydropower and solar energy. How do turbines work? How can you
generate electricity with generators? Various experiments on solar
power provide insights into the technology of photovoltaics. And the
water-experimentation landscape invites you to wet your hands, to
dam water, to lift and to pump and to discover the power that is in
this water.
Acoustics and music
On the first floor, the
Science Center is dedicated to the phenomena of acoustics. From the
wave nature of sound, to the exploration of sounds and sounds, to
the sound transmission to the human ear, everything is explored here
around the topic of sound.
Getreidegasse 9
Tel. (0662) 844313
Open: 9am- 6pm daily
9am- 7pm Jul- Aug
Mozarts Geburtshaus is a birth place for most famous sons of Salzburg. It was here on 27 January 1756 that famous composer Mozart was born. He was the seventh child of Leopold Mozart, who was a musician of the Salzburg Royal Chamber. Located at building number 9 of the Getreidegasse, Mozart's family lived there from 1747 to 1773. Today the house houses a museum where various objects are exhibited. You can see some of the great composer's musical instruments, including his first child's violin , his concert violin , his clavichord , his harpsichord, as well as portraits and letters of the Mozart family.
The house was built in the 12th century on ground which had been part of the garden belonging to the Benedictine monks of St Peter's, Salzburg. Otto Keutzel, a merchant, is mentioned as the owner in 1408 while Chunrad Fröschmoser, the court apothecary, purchased the property in 1585. On the doorway, the coiled serpent in the lion's mouth, the symbol of Asclepius, still testifies to his ownership. In 1703, the house came into the ownership of the Hagenauer family who had arrived in Salzburg around 1670. Specifically they included Joseph Matin Hagenauer and Johann Laurenz Hagenauer who became Mozart's landlord.
Franziskanergasse 5
Tel. (0662) 843 629
Open: 6am- 8pm daily
The Roman Catholic Franciscan Church or Franziskanerkirche is one of the oldest churches in the Old Town of Salzburg, and belongs to the Franciscan Monastery. It stands in the space between Franziskanergasse in the south and Sigmund-Haffner-Gasse in the west. The Franziskanerkirche consists of two parts: the original Romanesque nave basilica with its ribbed vault and then in the same width as the nave a delicate late Gothic choir with ribbed vault.
The first church "To Our Lady" is probably older than the cathedral of St. Virgil. It was built on an early Christian place of worship. In the first half of the eighth century, under the command of the abbot of Virgil (745-84), the church dedicated to Our Lady, named "Our Lady," was restored for the first time. It initially serves as a baptismal and synodal church. Until 1139 it belongs to the Benedictine monk pin St. Peter, between 1130 and 1583 it was then the parish church of the Benedictine nuns of the Benedictines, after 1189 she was until 1628 at the same time parish church of the city.
A new consecration of the church in 1223 suggests
a newly completed new construction, but the present church is
expected to date back to the 12th century in the nave area. This
Marienkirche was largely destroyed during the city fire of 1267.
After 1408, a large new building was considered, which began a few
years later under Master Hans von Burghausen and ended after his
death in 1432 by Stephan Krumenauer .
In 1592 Wolf Dietrich
von Raitenau handed over the church to the newly formed Franciscans
as a monastery church. In 1635, the cathedral finally became the new
parish church. For a long time then the Romanesque-Gothic style of
the church was considered backward and degenerate. Only the "Roman
style" (renaissance and its further development in baroque and
rococo) was regarded as aesthetic (the "barbaric" Goths had once
defeated the "noble" Romans, only Goethe had called to rediscover
the artistic value of the Gothic). This is what Archbishop Colloredo
wanted lastThe "unsightly" church can be completely demolished and
replaced by a "rotunda in Roman style" as a court chapel and as a
mausoleum of the archbishops. In 1793 Colloredo gave this plan on
the one hand because of inadequacies of construction workers in the
demolition of the nearest Dietrichruh the Salzburg residence and on
the other hand, for general "economic reasons" again.
Residenz
Residenzplatz 1
Tel. (0662) 8042 2690
Open: 10am- 5pm daily
Closed: 2 weeks before and 1 week after Easter
Residenzgaleries
Tel. (0662) 840451
Open: 9am- 5pm Tue- Sun
The Residenzplatz is a prestigious and splendid square in the center of the old town of Salzburg. The square is bordered to the west by the Old Residence, to the east by the New Residence with the ornate carillon and to the south by the cathedral. In the north, in a north-facing facade, the townhouses border the square, which in its core is based on medieval buildings. At this the to close St. Peter belongs Michael Church at. Then the square goes to Mozartplatzover. In the center of the Residenzplatz stands the 17th-century artistically designed Residenzbrunnen. The place is on the site of a former cemetery.
The place in its present size has arisen under the demolition of town houses and the removal of the old cathedral cemetery by Archbishop Wolf Dietrich and is related to the then transformation of Salzburg from a medieval city to a princely baroque residence city. In 1587, Wolf Dietrich began to demolish the old cathedral monastery and 55 town houses on the western end of the Pfeifergasse and to abandon the cathedral cemetery (called Aschhof). Once there were also parts of the old residence, the predecessor of the cathedral and the St. John's Court Chapel.
Neue Residenz Mozartplatz
Tel. (0662) 6208080
Open: 9am- 5pm Mon- Sun
9am- 8pm Thu
The Salzburg Museum in the New Residence ,
formerly Carolino Augusteum (SMCA), is a museum of art and cultural
history of the city and province of Salzburg. Today, the Museum as
an organization also includes the Panorama, Fortress, Folklore,
Domingue, Toy Museum, and the Celtic Museum Hallein. The museum is
part of the UNESCO World Heritage Historic Center of Salzburg.
The Beginnings of the Museum - The Provincial Museum
Today's
Salzburg Museum was founded in 1834 as the Municipal Arsenal in
Salzburg by Vinzenz Maria Süß . In 1835, with the visit of the
county governor Albert Graf Montecuccoli, the exhibition of weapons,
books, documents, coins and minerals became accessible to the
general public. Thanks to the support of the mayor of Salzburg,
Alois Lergetporer , additional rooms were added to the former
municipal cereal magazine at Unteren Gries (today Franz-Josef-Kai
17) in the following years. The exhibited objects and also the
financial income of the 1836 already as an urban museum designated
institute existed until 1844 exclusively from donations citizens of
Salzburg.
Hofstallgasse 1
Tel. (0662) 849097
Open: Jan- March, Oct- 20 Dec 2pm
June, Sept 2pm and 3:30pm
Jul- Aug 9:30am, 2pm, 3:30pm
The Great Festival Hall in Salzburg (from 1960 to
1962 New Festival Hall, since 1963 the Great Festival Hall) is one
of the venues of the Salzburg Festival and is located in the Old
Town, it is partly built into the Mönchsberg.
Former
prince-archbishop court stables
The Große Festspielhaus,
together with the Haus für Mozart , (formerly the Kleinen
Festspielhaus ), the Felsenreitschule and the Stadtsaal, belonged to
the former prince-archbishop's court stables ( Hofmarstall ) . They
were built under the Archbishop Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau 1606 and
1607, the facility also included the Marstallschwemme on today's
Herbert von Karajan Square. In 1662 this building was extended and
the winter riding school was established, in the place of which
today is the house for Mozart . A further expansion took place under
archbishopJohann Ernst von Thun . The summer riding school , the
today's Felsenreitschule, and the facade of the northern narrow side
to the Herbert von Karajan place and to the Marstallschwemme out
after plans of Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach 1693/94 was
designed.
Hofstallkaserne and Haus der Natur
After the
end of the archbishopric 1803 the house was a cavalry barracks , the
Hofstallkaserne . The riding school was adapted in 1841 as kk
cavalry riding hall, extended and covered. 1859 was an increase of
the main house. The cavalry divisions were housed until the second
third of the 19th century , from then mixed also artillery. After
the First World War , the First Armed Forces were also stationed
here.
From the foundation in 1924, the house of nature also
found its place, which moved in 1959 in the abandoned Ursuline
convent.
Makartplatz 8
Tel. (0662) 874 227
Open: Sept- Jun 9am- 6pm daily
Jul- Aug 9am- 7pm daily
Makartplatz or Square of Makart is named after
famous Salzburg born painter Hans Makart. The decision to change the
name was taken on May 5, 1879. In earlier times it was called
Hannibalplatz, after Jakob Hannibal von Raitenau, the second oldest
brother of Archbishop Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau, who owned a palace
here. In 1829, Johann Michael Sattler exhibited his completed
Salzburg panorama in a transportable pavilion. Between 1934 and 1938
the Makartplatz said Dr. Dollfuss Square after the 1934 Nazi
murdered -Putschisten austrofaschistischen Chancellor Dr. Engelbert
Dollfuss. After joining the German Reich in 1938 , he was called for
a few weeks Adolf Hitler Square and since then again Makartplatz.
Until 1907 stood directly opposite the Holy Trinity Church in
today's green area of the square, the municipal pawnshop. Thus,
Fischer von Erlach, the architect of the Trinity Church, had already
consciously adapted the facade of the church to a street situation
and not to a place situation. This fact is never mentioned in
discussions in the 21st century around a redesign.
On
February 20, 1953, the Salzburg City Association presented the
design of the architects Otto Prossinger and Felix Cevela, who
envisaged a total abandonment of the park. According to proposals of
the municipality should create a parking lot in the middle of the
Makartplatzes instead of the green space. Finally, the plan was
implemented by Stadtgartendirektor Otto Kreiner with a green area in
the middle of the square.
Universitatsplatz
Tel. (0662) 841 327
Open: 9am- 7pm Mon- Sat, Sun
Dec- Jan 10am- dusk
The Kollegienkirche in Salzburg is the church of
the University of Salzburg and comes from the Baroque period . It is
located at the University Square. The patronal feast is the
Immaculate Conception of Mary , the patronal feast , in Austria a
solemnity and public holiday , is celebrated on 8 December. The
church is a listed building and is part of the UNESCO World Heritage
historical center of the city of Salzburg .
Prince-Archbishop
Paris of Lodron planned the construction of this own Roman Catholic
University Church of Salzburg on the grounds of the former women's
garden. It would take more than 70 years before the new church was
completed by the architect Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach , and
inaugurated in 1707 in honor of the Immaculate Virgin Mary. Until
the construction of the Collegiate Church , the Great Hall of the
University (next to the small house chapel Saecellum ) not only
served as a theater hall, but together with the small Sacellum also
served as a sacred space for the worship services of the university.
Also Guidobald von Thun and Max Gandolf von Kuenburgcould not
fulfill the promise of the church construction. Prince-Archbishop
Johann Ernst von Thun first set up church construction against
resistance. Above all Josef von Kuenburg defended himself because in
his opinion his Kuenburgscher Langenhof on Kirchgasse (now
Sigmund-Haffner-Gasse) would be affected.
In the time of the
occupation by Napoleon and the French troops, the Kollegienkirche
demonstratively served as a military haylage. After the dissolution
of the university, it became a garrison church in the time of the
monarchy. In 1922 the Church as part of the Salzburg Festival for
the first time Great Salzburg World Theater by Hugo von Hofmannsthal
instead. The Kollegienkirche is still the venue of the Salzburg
Festival.
Since 1964 the Kollegienkirche is again a
university church. May 18, 2008, she received the rank of parish
church of the University Parish Prison (Hochschulgemeinde Salzburg),
as a personal parish . University pastor is since 2013 Dr. Johann
Wilhelm Klaushofer (as of August 2014). A general restoration of
this ancient church was urgently needed last, as well as supporting
elements of the wooden roof truss were heavily infested with fungus.
First, the chapel of St. Ivo was restored. In 2010, the apse was
restored. At the end of 2013, the general refurbishment was largely
completed.
Early history and the Bavarian period
The area
of the city has been continuously populated since the Neolithic
period until today. In the La Tène period it was an administrative
center of the Celtic alums in the Kingdom of Noricum. The population
on the city mountains was reduced after the Roman invasion in 15 BC.
Moved to the old town according to Roman town planning. Since
Emperor Claudius, the new city was one of the most important cities
of the now Roman province of Noricum as Municipium Claudium Iuvavum.
After the province of Noricum was abandoned in 488 at the beginning
of the Great Migration, part of the Romanoceltic population remained
in the country. In the 6th century the Bavarians took over the land.
Bishop Rupert received the remains of the Roman city from Duke
Theodo II of Bavaria around 696 AD in order to evangelize the
country in the east and south-east. He renewed the St. Peter
monastery and founded the Benedictine women's monastery in Nonnberg.
The state of Salzburg and its counties soon gained more and more
influence and power within Bavaria as a result of the flourishing
salt mining and extensive missionary activities.
In 996
Salzburg was made by Emperor Otto III. Market, coin and toll rights
were granted, and a city judge was mentioned in a document in
1120/30. The oldest known town charter dates from 1287.
Prince-Archbishop's residence city
Since the battle of Mühldorf
in 1322, the archbishopric was hostile to the motherland of Bavaria.
As a result, Salzburg became an independent prince-archbishopric in
the Roman-German Empire. The economic boom of the city in the 15th
century led to a self-confident middle class with increasing rights
and duties. Archbishop Leonhard von Keutschach, who was economically
very successful, ended this autonomy by force. A few years after
Martin Luther's theses were posted, the majority of the city's
population was close to Protestantism, and the indomitable
Protestants were all expelled from the country until 1590. The
criticism of the archbishop's authoritarian power increased under
Keutschach. In 1525 rebellious miners and farmers besieged the
Hohensalzburg fortress, in which Archbishop Matthäus Lang von
Wellenburg had entrenched himself. Only with the help of bought
troops from the Swabian Federation could the rebels be forced to
retreat. Around 1600 the prince-archbishopric was one of the richest
principalities in the Roman-German Empire due to salt and gold
mining. At that time, Archbishop Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau
redesigned the old town center. The large late Romanesque cathedral
was demolished and rebuilt in the early baroque style by Markus
Sittikus.
Paris von Lodron managed to keep Salzburg out of
the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) through a clever policy of
neutrality. The city grew into one of the best fortified cities in
Europe. (See also article fortifications of the city of Salzburg).
Salzburg soon became a center of the Counter Reformation, in
which monasteries, a seminary and numerous baroque churches were
built, and a large number of the residents were grouped together in
lay brotherhoods. In the years between 1675 and 1690 the magic boy
trials took place in Salzburg, as a result of which over 150 people
were executed for alleged witchcraft. Most of them were boys and
young people.
In 1732, under Archbishop Leopold Anton von
Firmian, most of the Protestants remaining in the country were
forced to emigrate (Salzburg exiles).
Under Archbishop
Hieronymus Franz Josef Colloredo von Wallsee and Mels, Salzburg
became a center of the Late Enlightenment from 1772 to 1800, when
science and the arts flourished.
Part of Austria
In 1803
Salzburg became a secularized electorate by order of Napoleon
Bonaparte, in 1805 it was added to the new Austrian Empire together
with Berchtesgaden and in 1810 it was re-incorporated into the
Kingdom of Bavaria. In 1800, 1805 and again in 1809, Salzburg was
occupied and looted by Napoleonic troops.
In 1816, with the
Treaty of Munich, most of the state of Salzburg fell back to the
Austrian Empire and thus under the Habsburg government. Salzburg was
at first a minor district town in the Crown Land of Upper Austria,
to which only a few painters and writers, in addition to a few spa
guests, got lost. But they were enchanted by the beauty of the city
and their reports made Salzburg more and more a destination for
tourists. On April 30, 1818, a fire broke out in the city for four
days. Around a hundred houses were destroyed. The demolition of the
city fortifications began in 1860; they were mainly used as building
material for the new slaughtering of the Salzach. In the same year,
the people of Salzburg cheered the opening of the Vienna - Salzburg
and Salzburg - Munich rail lines. This ensured a strong growth of
the city and made trade and commerce flourish.
In the period between 1935 and 1939, various neighboring towns were incorporated. From 1938 onwards, political opponents as well as Jews and other minorities were arrested and deported during the Nazi regime. Prisoners of war kept the economy going. American aerial bombs damaged large parts of the city in 1944/45. Colonel Hans Lepperdinger saved the city in 1945 by refusing to give orders by handing it over to the Americans without a fight. After the end of the war, Salzburg was the seat of the US High Command. In the first post-war years, the city was marked by the misery of the refugees. The barracks could only gradually be replaced by the construction of new parts of the city. In 1962 the university, which was dissolved in 1810, was re-established. In the period that followed, Salzburg became an economically successful city of trade, trade fairs and tourism.
Geography
Location
The city of Salzburg lies
on the northern edge of the Alps, in the middle of the Salzburg
basin. The historic old town is located on the Salzach and is
bordered by the fortress and Mönchsberg and its western foothills,
the Rainberg.
East of the old town center rise on the right
bank of the Salzach the Kapuzinerberg and the small Bürglstein, in
the south of the city the Hellbrunner Berg and the Morzger Hügel,
west of the district Alt Liefering the small Grafenhügel. In the
southwest, the 1973 m high Untersberg, accessible by a cable car,
borders the city. The landscape dominates in the west of the Hohe
Stauffen and in the south the Salzburg Kalkhochalpen with Göll,
Hagengebirge and Tennengebirge. In the east, the 1288 m high
Stadtberg Gaisberg and the Osterhorn group form the border of the
Salzburg basin. North of the city, the foot of the Plainberg reaches
the city area with the pilgrimage basilica Maria Plain. To the
northeast, the hilly landscape of the Flachgau joins the foothills
of the Alps, with the Haunsberg as the last Alpine foothill. A
closed alluvial forest belt along the Salzach and Saalach extends in
the north into the urban area.
The alluvial forest west of
the Saalach and the hilly country behind it, the Högl, already
belong to the Berchtesgadener Land district in Bavaria. In the
northwest, the Bavarian Freilassing, only separated by the Saalach,
borders on the Salzburg district of Liefering-Rott.
The old
town in the Salzburg basin is 420 to 426 m high. The highest point
in the urban area is the Gaisbergspitze at 1288 m, the mouth of the
Saalach at the foot of the embankment is the lowest at 404 m. The
municipal area covers 65.65 km², 2238 hectares of which are building
land (34.0%), 503 hectares of traffic area (7.7%), 1080 hectares of
forest (16.5%) and 342 hectares of water (5.2%).
Districts
Independently of the historical cadastral communities, the city is
divided into 24 districts and three adjacent landscape areas. The
historic core of the city is formed by the old town to the left and
right of the Salzach (district of Salzburg's old town), to which the
old suburbs “Mülln” and “Nonntal” connect, dating back to the Middle
Ages.
Around 1900, the “Riedenburg” district was built west
of the old town. The Andräviertel (Neustadt) was formed in the area
of the demolished bastions and barracks on the right bank. The
“Elisabeth-Vorstadt” district was built to the west of the main
train station. The “Lehen” district developed in the northern part
of Mülln.
The districts of Aigen, Parsch, Itzling and Gneis
were essentially built after 1900. The once independent villages,
later suburbs Maxglan in the west, Liefering in the northwest, Gnigl
in the east and Morzg in the south became districts in the
interwar period. During this time, the continuously built-up strip
of settlement along Moosstrasse in Leopoldskron-Moos gradually
formed.
After 1950, the youngest settlement center was
Salzburg-Süd with the parts Josefiau, Herrnau and Alpensiedlung. The
districts of Langwied, Kasern, Taxham and Schallmoos also date from
the middle of the 20th century as an extension of old Umstadtdörfer,
as well as the Itzling Nord district in the north as a young
settlement splinter, which seamlessly connects to the settlement
area of the Bergheim community. The small settlements of
Eichethofsiedlung and Birkensiedlung are also just south of Gneiss.
They are summarized under the name Gneiss Süd. South of the airport
is the Maxglan West district, which includes the Kendler settlement
and the small former hamlets of Pointing and Loig. The
Kendlersiedlung continues in the houses of the Glansiedlung, which
already belong to the municipality of Wals-Siezenheim. The groups of
houses Pointing and Loig connect to the Walser Himmelreich. Outside
the settlement areas, in the urban area of Salzburg are the closed
landscape areas Hellbrunn, as well as Gaisberg and Heuberg at the
foot of the city mountain Gaisberg.
Cadastral communities
Salzburg is divided into 14 cadastral communities (area as of
December 31, 2019):
Salzburg (878.46 ha)
Aigen I (834.65 ha)
Gnigl (282.85 ha)
Itzling (276.86 ha)
Leopoldskron (869.35
ha)
Liefering I (664.67 ha)
Maxglan (621.59 ha)
Morzg
(983.22 ha)
On the outskirts are:
Bergheim II (149.65 ha)
Gaisberg I (427.86 ha)
Hallwang II (294.08 ha)
Heuberg I
(28.75 ha)
Siezenheim II (203.05 ha)
Wals II (50.16 ha)
The names of the districts as functional units largely
correspond to the cadastral communities of the same name, the
boundaries of which were largely determined in the early 19th
century (before 1830). The name Aigen I means that the former
municipality of Aigen was largely incorporated into the city of
Salzburg in 1939. The remaining very small part was assigned to the
neighboring municipality of Elsbethen as a very small separate
cadastral community under the name Aigen II.
By plane
Salzburg Airport W. A. Mozart,
Salzburg's international airport, is located in the west of the
city, directly on the A1 (exit 297). From Germany you can get to the
airport by bypassing the freeway from Freilassing via the B155 and
B1. The train stations Salzburg Hauptbahnhof and w: Bahnhof
Freilassing are geographically about the same distance (5 km), but
there is no direct connection to the one in Freilassing by public
transport. The airport is connected to Salzburg city center by bus
line 2, which runs every 10 minutes during the day, and bus line 10,
which runs every 15 minutes.
There are flight connections
from many cities in the German-speaking area and other
intra-European connections, also with various low-cost airlines. In
addition, flights are offered to holiday regions.
Munich
Airport is a suitable alternative airport (150 km away, approx. 2 ½
hours by train from Salzburg or Freilassing).
By train
From Munich you can reach Salzburg in two hours with the
Bayern-Ticket for 26-58 €, the Bayern-Ticket-Nacht for 24-44 € or
the Quer-durch-Land-Ticket for 44-76 €, the price for the above
Tickets are graded according to the number of travelers (1-2-3-4-5
people). With the IC / EC you can travel for 32 € in 1 hour 41
minutes, with the Railjet for 36 € in 1 hour 28 minutes and with the
Meridian for 30.10 € in 1 hour 46 minutes (as of 05-2015). When
arriving by trains that may end in Freilassing (from Landshut,
Mühldorf am Inn as well as Berchtesgaden, Bad Reichenhall) there is
a half-hourly connection in Freilassing to Salzburg with lines S 2
(Freilassing - Salzburg - Straßwalchen), S 3 (Bad Reichenhall -
Freilassing - Salzburg - Hallein - Golling-Abtenau -
Schwarzach-St.Veit) and individual trains of the S 4 (Berchtesgaden
- Bad Reichenhall - Freilassing (- Salzburg)) of the Salzburg S-Bahn
as well as the Meridian and regional trains of the DB Regio.
From / to Vienna the trains of the Westbahn are significantly
cheaper than those of the ÖBB. Since December 2017 every half hour
during the day. Tickets are available in tobacconists or on the
train (not at the ÖBB counters).
Salzburg's main train
station is located on Südtiroler Platz in the northeast of the city
center. From the station forecourt there, the city center can be
reached by numerous buses in 5 to 10 minutes. The final stop of the
“Salzburger Lokalbahn” for the S-Bahn line 1 northbound (Bergheim
(Flachgau), Oberndorf bei Salzburg, Lamprechtshausen) is also at the
same location. In addition, there is a connection in the main
station to the S2 to the east (Seekirchen am Wallersee,
Straßwalchen) and to the S3 to the south (Hallein, Golling an der
Salzach). Along the Freilassing - Salzburg Hbf railway line, on
which the S-Bahn line 3 (Golling-Abtenau - Bad Reichenhall) runs,
there are four stations in the Salzburg city area, Salzburg
Liefering near the Saalachufer, Salzburg Taxham Europark train
station (near the Europark shopping center) , Salzburg Aiglhof, near
the Salzburg State Hospital and Salzburg Mülln-Altsadt train station
(walking distance to the city center and old town) The next stop on
the German route network is Freilassing.
From Salzburg Hbf
there are direct connections to Munich with the Railjet, to
Frankfurt am Main, Zurich and Budapest with IC, to Landshut in
regional traffic, in inner-Austrian long-distance traffic to Bregenz
via Innsbruck, to Vienna via Linz, to Klagenfurt and Graz. Salzburg
is also served by three Nightjet lines, the NJ 294
(Munich-Salzburg-Florence-Rome), the NJ 40295
(Munich-Salzburg-Verona-Milan) and the EN40463
(Munich-Salzburg-Treviso-Venice). The Wels train station, which is
about 25 minutes' drive from Salzburg, offers the opportunity to
change to the ICE connection Dortmund - Düsseldorf - Cologne -
Koblenz - Frankfurt (Main) - Mainz - Würzburg - Nuremberg -
Regensburg - Passau - Wels - Linz - St.Pölten - Vienna.
Other
stops in Salzburg are served by S-Bahn trains. Salzburg Süd is also
served by IC in the direction of Klagenfurt.
By bus
Long-distance buses from and to Munich and other European cities
stop at the long-distance bus stop Salzburg-Ladenstraße at the
northern entrance and exit to the main train station (with access to
the trains and the possibility of passing through to the stops of
the city and regional buses on the station forecourt (entrance and
exit south side) A city bus line also runs from the north side of
the station to the city center.
By street
By car, Salzburg can be reached via
the A1 West Autobahn, the A10 Tauern Autobahn and, from Germany, the
A8. There is a charge to use the motorways throughout Austria. The
vignettes required for this are available in variants for one year,
two months or 10 days at many petrol stations near the border, at
tobacco shops (tobacco shops) and from the ÖAMTC and ARBÖ traffic
clubs. The vignette is mandatory from the border. Vignette-free can
be reached from the A8 via the Symbol exit: AS 115 Bad Reichenhall
then via the B20 to Freilassing and via the Saalach bridge to
Salzburg. The vignette requirement generally applies not only to
cars, but to all vehicles, including motorcycles, scooters, quads
and trikes, etc. on motorways and expressways.
To visit the
city, it is advisable to park your car at one of the Park & Ride
car parks on the outskirts and switch to public transport there, as
parking within the city is chargeable. In addition, large parts of
the old town consist of pedestrian zones or meeting zones anyway.
All parking areas in the city center are short-term parking zones
with 3 hours of parking time, which are chargeable Mon - Fri from 9
a.m. to 6 p.m. From 11 a.m. all bollards will be raised. If you
don't get out on time, you have to collect an exit code from the
police for a fee. Hotel guests with a reservation can drive in and
out once via certain entrances.
If you still want to drive
into the city by car, it is best to park in the old town garages -
Mönchsberggaragen. The parking fee is up to € 3 per hour, the daily
maximum is € 18. There are 1296 parking spaces available, vehicles
with LPG and motorcycles are not allowed. The height is only 2.05 m.
Park and Ride (P + R)
Park-and-ride facilities in the
Salzburg city area:
Salzburg Süd train station, line S 3 R,
REX and trolleybus lines 3, 7 and 8
Salzburg Airport, trolleybus
routes 2 and 10 and regional bus route 27
Exhibition center
Salzburg, trolleybus lines 1 and 8
Designer Outlet Salzburg,
trolleybus lines 2 and 10
Further park-and-ride facilities are
located in the Salzburg area, which are served by the Salzburg
S-Bahn, regional trains and regional buses.
Congestion
management in July and August
On bad weather days in July and
August, visitor traffic is diverted to the P&R Messe in Munich's
main road and to the P&R airport in Innsbruck's main road. Excluded
are vehicles from people with hotel reservations, disabled people
and vehicles from the Berchtesgadener Land and Traunstein districts.
A day network ticket for max. 5 people included in the bus service.
By boat
Salzburg lies on the Salzach, which is only partially
navigable. In the warm season, the river is only used with the
excursion boat “Amadeus”, which runs from the center to the pier in
Hellbrunn in the south of the city and back. It is not possible to
arrive with your own boat.
By bicycle
From the north and
south, Salzburg can be reached via the Tauern bike path along the
Salzach. There are also other long-distance or themed cycle paths
that pass Salzburg. The Mozart cycle path, designed as a circular
route, has its fictitious starting and ending point in Salzburg.
If you come from Freilassing by bike from the German side, you
have a longer, but car-free journey to the center on bike paths if
you first follow it downstream after crossing the border river
Saalach and then upstream at its confluence with the Salzach
(length: 9 km from the border to the central state bridge).
On foot
Salzburg is located on two long-distance hiking trails:
Way of St. James Austria
European long-distance hiking trail E10
The Arnoweg, a long-distance hiking trail leading in various routes
through the state of Salzburg, also runs through Salzburg.
Local public transport is
operated by the transport division of the infrastructure company
Salzburg AG. Within the city, trolleybuses that are mostly powered
by electricity are used on lines 1 - 14. There is also a private bus
company, and the S 2 and S 3 S-Bahn lines are operated by the
Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB). They are all part of the Salzburg
Transport Association (SVV). The Qando Salzburg app also offers
real-time timetable information.
1 Salzburg Exhibition Center
- Central Station - Mirabellplatz - Hanuschplatz - Maxglan -
Europark Salzburg-Taxham - Red Bull Arena
2 Obergnigl - Central
Station - Lehen - Salzburg Airport - Walserfeld
3 Salzburg-Süd
train station - Police headquarters - Justice building - Mozartsteg
- Mirabellplatz - Central station - Itzling
4 Mayerwies -
Langwied - Mirabellplatz - Hanuschplatz - Lehen - Liefering
5
Birch settlement - municipal cemetery - justice building -
Mozartsteg - Mirabellplatz - main station
6 Parsch - Volksgarten
- Mirabellplatz - Central Station - Itzling West
7 Salzburg-Süd
train station - Aigen - Volksgarten - Accident Hospital -
Hanuschplatz - State Hospital - Salzachsee
8 Salzburg-Süd train
station - Josefiau - Mozartsteg - Hanuschplatz - State Hospital -
Lehen - Messe
10 Sam - Volksgarten - Hanuschplatz - Maxglan -
Salzburg Airport - Himmelreich - Walserfeld
12 Josefiau -
Volksgarten - Schallmoos - Kiesel - Fiefdom - Europark
Salzburg-Taxham
14 Police Headquarters - Justice Building -
Mirabellplatz - Kiesel - Lehen - Liefering
The tickets are valid
within the city for all buses and for the S-Bahn, and you can also
reach the sights a little further away. Tickets are available from
the bus driver for € 2.60, and for € 1.80 in a block of five in
advance sales in almost all tobacconists (tobacco shops and
newsagents) and at ticket machines. ÖBB ticket vending machines are
located at all train stations, and some popular trolleybus stops in
the city center also have ticket vending machines. In the main
station there are also ticket machines from Meridian and Deutsche
Bahn, where train tickets to Germany can also be purchased. Between
9 a.m. and 5 p.m., single journeys are also available for € 1.50 in
advance sales and at machines (but not from the bus driver). The
24-hour ticket for € 3.70 is recommended as a time pass (for the bus
driver: € 5.70, valid for 24 hours from the time of validation, as
of 2017). Holders of foreign severely handicapped ID cards with a
GdB of at least 70 will be promoted at the “minimum” price.
In addition, the Salzburg Card is available for 24, 48 or 72 hours
at € 28 / € 37 / € 43 (cheaper for children and in the low season;
as of October 2017). In addition to the city buses, you can also use
the funicular to the Hohensalzburg Fortress, the Mönchsberg lift,
outside the urban area the cable car to the Untersberg and, in the
summer months, an excursion boat on the Salzach. There is also free
entry to more or less all of the city's museums and the zoo.
There are also the Hop On-Hop Off city tours for € 16 for 1 day or €
19 for 2 days (separate children's and family tariffs).
Since
Salzburg has a very well-developed network of cycle paths, you can
get anywhere by bike in a short time. In the summer months it is
possible to rent bicycles.
Citybike bike rental system - the
only city bike station in Salzburg to date is located on the central
Ferdinand-Hanusch-Platz, directly at the Makartsteg. The
registration fee is € 1. The 1st hour is free, the 2nd hour costs €
1, the 3rd hour € 2 and from the 4th hour € 4 per hour is charged.