Borisoglebsk is a city (since 1779) in the Voronezh region of Russia. Forms the Borisoglebsky urban district. Population - 60,687 people. (2021).
The toponym comes from a local church in honor of the holy princes Boris and Gleb, built in 1704.
The city is located on the left bank of the Vorona River, near its confluence with the Khoper River, 204 km from Voronezh.
During the period of preparation for the Azov campaigns of Peter I,
here, in the Tellerman oak massif, timber was harvested and auxiliary
ships and barges were built for the Azov fleet, which contributed to the
attraction of the population here and the economic development of the
area. Settlements of working people arose around the city.
It
arose in 1698 as the Pavlovsk fortress (some sources point to 1646), as
the chronicler puts it, “to protect” from the raids of the restless
Crimean, Azov and Nogai people, who “walked around as exiles and they
fought all over the place, beat people and were full of servicemen.” and
they had all sorts of people from the district.”
Borisoglebsk received its modern name from the Borisoglebskaya
Church, built in 1704. Until 1704 it was called Pavlovsk (Novopavlovsk).
In 1708, the inhabitants of Borisoglebsk joined the Bulavinsky
uprising, but were defeated by the tsarist troops.
In 1708, after
the provincial reform of Peter I, Borisoglebsk was assigned to the Azov
province.
In 1713, the last raid of Kalmyks and Tatars was
carried out on the city. Gradually, as Russia's borders moved south,
Borisoglebsk lost its military significance and by the middle of the
18th century it turned into a trade and craft city - a significant point
for the purchase and sale of grain, livestock, timber, and agricultural
products. The waterway connected it with the ports of the Azov and Black
Seas, where 60 to 90 barges with bread, rye flour, oats, and timber were
sent annually.
In 1719, when the boundaries of the provinces were
changed a second time, Borisoglebsk became part of the Tambov province,
and in 1732 it was transferred to the Voronezh province.
Since
1779, Borisoglebsk has been a district town in the Tambov province. The
very favorable geographical position of the city, connected by waterway
with the ports of the Azov and Black Seas, largely attracted to it the
works of not only its own district, but also the Kirsanovsky and
Balashovsky, as well as the Saratov and Voronezh provinces.
The grain market revived after the Peasant Reform of 1861. Bread,
flour, and grain were exported abroad by water through Rostov-on-Don and
Taganrog. The main items of overland trade were wool, leather, and
livestock. Wheat, purchased from the county's landowners' savings, was
processed into coarse flour at the mills of Borisoglebsk and sent north
- to Tambov, Yelets, Moscow and other cities. In the middle of the
century, up to 30,000 pounds of wool were washed annually at the washes
of Borisoglebsk, which was then sent to soldiers' cloth factories in the
Tambov province, to Moscow, to fairs in the cities of Lebedyan and
Tambov, to the villages of Uryupinskaya and Mikhailovskaya. In the Don
Lands, Yekaterinoslav, Kharkov, and Saratov, troops purchased large and
small cattle. Some of it was fattened on the fertile lands of the
Borisoglebsk district, and then sold, the other part of the cattle was
slaughtered and processed in the city's fat swamps, and the fat was
exported to Morshansk and Moscow, the skin was sold at the Uryupinsk and
Lebedyansk fairs. Trade fairs were held in Borisoglebsk twice a year -
in July and October.
Trade brought to life a variety of
industries. In 1860, the city had 31 enterprises (6 wool-washing, 2
soap-making, 10 lard-making, 4 wax-making, 8 brick-making, 1
iron-smelting). Changes have also occurred in the socio-cultural
appearance of the city. In 1860, 9,356 people lived in Borisoglebsk (of
which 2,599 were merchants and 5,682 tradespeople). On eight streets and
two squares (after the fire of 1805 the city was built up from the side
of the Vorona River strictly in a line, forming wide straight streets)
there were 737 houses, 79 shops, 4 churches, there were two schools -
the district one (opened in 1836) and parish rural, 1 hospital. Since
1837, city residents began to regularly receive the Tambov Provincial
Gazette newspaper, in the unofficial section of which articles by
Borisoglebsky landowner, corresponding member of the Free Economic
Society Kh. Kozlov, were published.
In 1869, “Brewery No. 4 of A.
A. Nasonych” began operating. The plant produced dark and light
varieties of beer, as well as fruit sparkling water. With the advent of
Soviet power, the plant continued to operate in its original form. In
the middle of the 20th century, the enterprise was modernized, new
workshops were built and new lines were launched. Currently, the company
continues to produce beer.
Back in the 1870s, more than 52
thousand m³ of grain and flour were loaded at the local pier. In
Borisoglebsk, on the meadow side of the Khopra and Vorona rivers, up to
2,000 barges were built annually, sending goods to Rostov-on-Don and
Taganrog; Every year up to 10,000 barge haulers visited here. By
constructing the Gryaze-Tsaritsyn road, Borisoglebsk connected with
Tsaritsyn and, consequently, with the Volga region, on the one hand, and
with the ports of the Baltic Sea, on the other, and quickly became one
of the busiest grain trading points of the black earth region, through
which they were sent to St. Petersburg and Moscow bread, timber,
kerosene, fish, caviar, watermelons, as well as salt from the lakes of
the Astrakhan province, which was supplied to the entire railway area.
The development of the city was greatly facilitated by the
construction of the Gryaze-Tsaritsyn railway in 1869-1871, which
connected the city with the industrial centers of the country and with
the ports of the Baltic Sea. The construction of the railway stimulated
the creation of industrial enterprises in the city. In 1869, railway
workshops were opened to repair rolling stock, which later became the
main ones on the Gryaz-Tsaritsyn railway. At the end of the 19th
century, 34 factories and plants operated in Borisoglebsk. Among
industrial production, flour milling took first place - there were 7
mills. In 1892, construction of an elevator began in Borisoglebsk. Oil
production played an important role - there were 6 factories. The city
also had three soap factories, two wool washing plants, two wax
factories, nine brick factories, six lard factories, one brewery founded
in 1886 by Klinsman, and an iron foundry founded by the brothers I. O.
and A. O. Volostny, founded in 1875.
With the growth of
industrial enterprises, the labor movement developed. Mass protests by
railway workers took place in 1882 and 1883. Among workers, office
workers and local teachers in 1888, the first Social Democratic circle
arose under the leadership of V. Ya. Alabyshev, who was expelled from
Kazan University along with V. I. Lenin for participating in student
unrest. Maxim Gorky, who was then living in Borisoglebsk, was a member
of the circle.
In 1890, on the Gryazi - Borisoglebsk section (199
km), the revenue for the transportation of goods, etc. - 3,418,925
rubles, or - 17,181 rubles / km. According to information from 1885,
Borisoglebsk had a population of 13,007 inhabitants (6,325 males and
6,682 females), almost exclusively Orthodox. At the beginning of the
20th century in Borisoglebsk there were women's (4 classes) and men's (6
classes) gymnasiums, a technical railway school, two parish city schools
and others. Among the fairs that stood out at that time was the Kazan
fair (July 6), which lasted 3 days and had important local economic
significance.
There were city, zemstvo and railway hospitals in
Borisoglebsk. Since the 1890s, the Borisoglebsk Medical Society has been
operating.
Borisoglebsk stood out among other provincial cities
for its high level of culture and education. At the end of the 19th
century, its population was 22,309, half of them literate.
At the
end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, the city had steam
flour mills, oil mills, brick factories, lard factories, soap factories,
wool washing plants, wax factories, a brewery and an iron foundry, an
elevator and a granary; women's and men's gymnasiums, technical and
railway schools, 2 parish schools; 3 annual fairs were held. At the same
time, Borisoglebsk entered the system of credit and financial relations.
Representative offices of the largest private commercial banks are
opened: the St. Petersburg Volga-Kama and Russian-Asian banks, as well
as the Voronezh commercial bank. But already earlier, since 1869,
branches of the State Bank and the Borisoglebsk Mutual Credit Society
operated in the city.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the majority of residents of
Borisoglebsk, in addition to employees, were people employed in
industry, trade and transport. In the city there was a very busy
Khopyorskaya pier, where grain and flour were shipped.
Before the
revolution, there were primary and secondary educational institutions in
the city: the Alexander Men's Gymnasium, the Mariinsk Women's Gymnasium,
3 private gymnasiums, a technical railway school, 7 city men's parish
schools and 5 women's, a two-class railway school, 1 city four-class,
higher primary and women's vocational schools . A great contribution to
the development of education and culture in the city and district was
made by the inspector of public schools N.V. Pavlovsky (father of
Academician E.N. Pavlovsky), who served in this position from 1886 until
his death in 1914.
Secondary educational institutions, including
private ones, were a kind of center of public life in the city. This was
especially evident during the First World War, when the gymnasium hosted
evenings, performances, charity concerts for the benefit of the wounded,
and hospitals were organized.
After the February Revolution, which gave scope to
bourgeois-democratic reforms, the Borisoglebsk Pedagogical Society was
created in March 1917, which united teachers of primary and secondary
educational institutions on the basis of their professional interests in
order to improve public education in the city. Private gymnasiums became
venues for political lectures.
A temporary body of city
government was created - the City Public Committee, which included
representatives of the City Duma and the Government, Zemstvo, military
units, various public and professional organizations. The committee was
dominated by Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks.
A special
place in the cultural life of the city was occupied by the activities of
Prince S. M. Volkonsky, Borisoglebsk landowner, honorary justice of the
peace, prominent theater figure, grandson of the Decembrist S. G.
Volkonsky. In the spring of 1918, Prince Sergei Volkonsky organized the
first exhibition in Russia dedicated to the Decembrists at the People's
House.
On January 30, 1918, under the influence of the October
Revolution in Petrograd, a joint congress of the Soviets of Workers',
Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies was held, which elected a new district
executive committee, which was dominated by the Bolsheviks.
During the Civil War, it was in the combat zone between the Red Army, on
the one hand, and the Volunteer and Don armies, on the other, and
repeatedly changed hands. Borisoglebsky district was engulfed in the
Tambov uprising.
In the 1920-1930s, Borisoglebsk developed as an agro-industrial
center. A meat-packing plant was built, a flour mill, an iron foundry, a
brick factory and a brewery were reconstructed. The railway workshops
were transformed into a car repair plant, and a city power station was
built. Technical schools for agricultural mechanization and road,
pedagogical and medical schools, a teacher's institute were opened, and
a drama theater began operating.
In December 1922, the 2nd
military school for pilots of the Red Air Fleet was created, in which
V.P. Chkalov, V.K. Kokkinaki, N.P. Kamanin, A.B. Yumashev, V.V.
Talalikhin and other.
In 1928, Borisoglebsk became part of the
Central Black Earth Region, then to the Voronezh Region. In subsequent
decades, it developed as a major center of mechanical engineering and
the food industry.
In 1940, on the basis of the pedagogical
school, a teacher's institute was founded, consisting of two departments
- physics and mathematics and philology. He gave graduates an incomplete
higher education. In September 1952, the Teachers' Institute was
reorganized into a Pedagogical Institute, designed to train specialists
with higher education for secondary schools.
During the Great
Patriotic War, Borisoglebsk was a front-line city, a base for the
formation of military units. Military hospitals were located here,
Voronezh regional organizations were evacuated here.
Average annual air temperature - 7.1 °C
Relative air humidity -
65.7%
Average wind speed - 4.6 m/s
In 1914, the first newspaper “Borisoglebsky leaf” was published in
Borisoglebsk.
The city operates the Borisoglebsky Drama Theater,
which is located in the building of the People's House, which is an
architectural monument. In addition to performances on its native stage,
the theater tours the Voronezh and surrounding regions.
The city has
a Historical and Art Museum and an Art Gallery named after. P. I.
Sholokhova.
Borisoglebsk branch of Voronezh State University (formerly
Borisoglebsk State Pedagogical Institute)
Borisoglebsk branch of
Voronezh State Technical University
III Faculty of the Krasnodar
Higher Military Aviation School of Pilots
Borisoglebsk College of
Industrial and Information Technologies (formerly Borisoglebsk College
of Informatics and Computer Engineering, Borisoglebsk Industrial
College, Vocational School No. 34).
Borisoglebsk Road College
Borisoglebsk Agricultural College
Borisoglebsk Medical College
Borisoglebsk Music School
Borisoglebsk Technological and Economic
College
Borisoglebsk Machine-Building Plant LLC (BMZ LLC)
JSC
"Borisoglebsk knitwear"
JSC "BKMZ" (Borisoglebsk Boiler and
Mechanical Plant)
JSC "Borkhimmash" (Borisoglebsk Chemical
Engineering Plant of the Order of the Red Banner of Labor)
LLC
"ZNIGO" (Oil and gas equipment plant)
JSC Irbis (Irbis Boiler
Equipment Plant)
OJSC "BKMZlit" (Iron foundry BKMZ)
JSC "BPSZ"
(Instrument-Making Plant)
JSC "Teplokhim"
CJSC "Borisoglebsk
Communication Systems"
JSC "Patrony"
OJSC "711 ARZ" (Borisoglebsk
Aircraft Repair Plant)
BorKotloMash LLC
Brickworks
Brewery
Bakery plant
LLC "Borisoglebsk meat-packing plant"
Group of
companies "TsNO-Khimmash"
JSC "Mechanika"
LLC "Plant of Foam
Concrete Products"
Borisoglebsky Oil Extraction Plant LLC
Khimmash-Spets-Komplekt LLC
LLC "BDRSU No. 2" (Borisoglebsk road
repair construction department No. 2)
Profile sports club "Sambo-Judo"
Boxing club "Ratibor"
Borisoglebsk football club "Crystal"
Greco-Roman wrestling school
Children's and youth sports school (according to documents)
Equestrian school
Sports club "Okinawa Goju-ryu Karate-do Bujutsu"
Sports complex "Borisoglebsky" with a 25 m swimming pool
Internet providers
Internet provider Rostelecom is a telecom
operator in Borisoglebsk. Providing Internet access and interactive
television services to individuals and legal entities.
"Inforum" - an
Internet provider provides the population with high-speed Internet
access, both in apartment buildings and in private ones, using GPON
technology.
Vipline is an interregional telecommunications operator
that provides a full package of telecommunications services based on
advanced technologies for wireless broadband Internet access.
"House
of MTS" - the home provider of "MTS", provides the population with
high-speed Internet access, as well as cable television services.
Connection
Fixed telephone and mobile Internet services in
Borisoglebsk are provided by the following operators:
"MTS"
"Beeline"
"Megaphone"
"Tele2"
Rostelecom
"Yota"
All of
the listed operators operate in the modern 4G-LTE standard, as well as
3G-UMTS/HSDPA+, 2G-GSM/EDGE standards.
TV broadcasting
Residents of the Borisoglebsk urban district have access to 20 digital
television channels broadcast by the Voronezh ORTPTS branch of RTRS.
Transmission is carried out in packages (multiplexes) of 10 channels
each.
35 TVCs – 1 multiplex
51 TVK – 2 multiplex
On the
territory of the urban district, the Sony Sci-Fi channel broadcasts in
analogue format on 38 TVCs; SET; Sony Turbo".
Broadcasting
In
total, there are 16 radio stations in the city, broadcasting in the FM
range and 2 VHF bands.
68.24 VHF - (Silent) Radio Mayak
70.82
VHF - (Silent) Radio Russia / State Television and Radio Broadcasting
Company Voronezh
88.1 MHz – Radio ENERGY
91.4 MHz – Radio Record
91.9 MHz – Radio Chanson
96.9 MHz - (PLAN) Marusya FM
99.0 MHz -
DFM
99.9 MHz – Elite FM
100.4 MHz - Our radio
100.8 MHz - Retro
FM
101.7 MHz – Autoradio
103.0 MHz – Road Radio
103.6 MHz – Hit
FM
104.1 MHz - Radio Russia / State Television and Radio Broadcasting
Company Voronezh
104.7 MHz – Radio Dacha
105.8 MHz - Radio Melody
106.2 MHz – Russian Radio
106.7 MHz – Radio Vanya
107.5 MHz -
Europe Plus