The Voronezh Region is located in the Central Black Earth Region. The
region has the oldest site of modern man in Europe - in the area of
the village of Kostenki in the Khokholsky district, Paleolithic sites
dating back to 30-45 thousand years ago were discovered.
In the
west, it borders on the Belgorod region, in the northwest - on Kursk, in
the north - on Lipetsk, in the northeast - on Tambov, in the east - on
Volgograd and Saratov, in the south - on Rostov, and in the southwest -
with Ukraine. Most of the region is a forest-steppe, but in the
southeast there is a steppe zone. The main river is the Don, 530 of its
1870 km flows through the territory of the region.
The Voronezh
Region is located in the temperate climate zone between 52° and 49°
north latitude.
Administratively, the region is divided into 31 municipal districts
and 3 urban districts (Voronezh, Novovoronezh, Borisoglebsky).
From a tourist point of view, it is more interesting to present the
region in terms of geographical and recreational division:
Podvoronezhye
Voronezh, Novovoronezh, New Usman, Semiluki, Ramon
The north-western part of the region, the vicinity of the city of
Voronezh. The historical core of the region. It includes a large
Usmansky forest, in which the Voronezh nature reserve is located.
Don region
Rossosh, Liski, Ostrogozhsk, Pavlovsk, Buturlinovka,
Bobrov, Kalach, Boguchar
The southern part of the region along the
great Russian river Don. For the most part, the steppe zone, with the
Shipov forest and Khrenovsky forest, the chalk mountains of Divnogorye
and Belogorye.
Prikhoperye
Borisoglebsk, Ertil, Anna,
Novokhopyorsk, Povorino
The eastern part of the region along the
Khoper River and its tributaries. Forest-steppe zone with a large
Tellerman forest, in which the Khopersky Reserve is located.
Voronezh
Bobrov
Boguchar
Borisoglebsk
Buturlynovka
Kalach
Liski
Novovoronezh
Novokhorysk
Ostrohozhsk
Pavlovsk
Povorino
Rossosh
Semiluky
Ertil
Divnogorye is a natural and
architectural reserve 30 km from Liski.
Ramon - a village with a
luxurious neo-Gothic manor-castle
Khopersky
Nature Reserve is one of the oldest reserves in the
system of Specially Protected Natural Territories of Russia.
Geographically located in the eastern part of the Voronezh region within
three administrative districts: Novokhopersky, Povorinsky and
Gribanovsky.
Kostenki Museum-Reserve (Kostenkovo-Borshchevsky Historical and
Cultural Archaeological Complex) , Voronezh Region, Kostenki village,
st. Kirova, 6a (by regular bus Voronezh-Aleksandrovka (Kostenki stop)
daily at 9:20.). ☎ +7 (473) 262-80-25. Open from May to November from
Wednesday to Sunday from 10:00 to 18:00, Saturday until 20:30. Days off:
Monday, Tuesday. from 100 to 300 rubles, preferential 50 rubles. The
Upper Paleolithic site has been studied since the 19th century to this
day. The museum exhibits archaeological and paleontological finds,
collected information from the life of mammoth hunters. The structure of
the reserve includes 7 Upper Paleolithic sites - "parking" with a total
area of 26105 sq.m. In the main building of the museum, you can see
tools and weapons of ancient hunters, a taxidermic sculpture of a
mammoth, and the remains of a real dwelling made of mammoth bones aged
20,000 years.
There is a children's archaeological club "Cave Lion"
(pre-registration by phone).
Beaver nursery and museum of nature
in the Voronezh Reserve, pos. Tolshi of the Verkhnekhavsky district (by
train from Voronezh in the direction of Usman, Gryazi or Ramon to
Grafskaya station or by bus No. 310 from the station square of the
Voronezh-1 station to the Zapovednik stop). 09:18, break from 13 to 14
without days off.
Museum of peasant life "Village of the XVII-XIX
centuries", Ertil. ✉ ☎ +7(906)583-30-61.
By car
On the territory of the Voronezh region are:
federal
highway E115 - M4 "Moscow-Novorossiysk";
federal highway E119 - P22
"Moscow-Astrakhan";
motorway E38 - A144 "Kursk-Saratov";
highway
R193 "Voronezh-Tambov";
highway R194 "Voronezh-Lugansk";
highway
P185 "Belgorod-Rossosh".
By train
In the Voronezh region there
are railways belonging to the South-Eastern Railway. The largest
stations are Liski, Rossosh, Povorino, Otrozhka, Voronezh-Kursky,
Pridacha, Voronezh-1, Talovaya. The main railway junctions are
Liskinsky, Povorinsky and Voronezhsky.
By plane
Arrival to
Voronezh is possible through the international airport "Voronezh". You
can get to the airport by direct flights from many cities in Russia,
Armenia, Georgia, Turkey, Israel, Germany, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Croatia, Belarus, Italy, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan.
By bus
The website of the Voronezh Regiontras contains a schedule
of all officially registered intra-regional bus routes. Interregional
routes not listed on this site may also be useful.
In the Voronezh Territory, the first Cro-Magnon camps were during the
Upper (Late) Paleolithic period on the Don, near the village of Kostenki
(Kostenkovskiye camps), as well as near Voronezh (Markina Gora), near
the villages of Aleksandrovka and Borshchevo.
Near the Mostishche
farm in the Ostrogozhsky district there is a monument of the Bronze Age
- a stone labyrinth. The Mostishchensky labyrinth is the first known
megalithic structure in central Russia.
In the 7th-3rd centuries BC,
Scythian tribes lived in the steppes of the Lower Don. They also
occupied the southern part of the modern Voronezh region.
Bronze Age
sites have been found in the city of Voronezh (Levoberezhny District),
near the Somovo station, in Liski, Kostenki, Maslovka and other places.
In the 4th century, the Huns passed through the Don steppes from east to
west.
In the 7th century, the steppe part of the territory of the
Voronezh Territory became part of the Khazar Khaganate.
In the 8th
century, a Slavic population appeared in Voronezh and the middle Don
(Romny-Borshchiv culture).
In the 8th century, the Pechenegs appeared
here, and in the middle of the 11th century, the Polovtsy arrived.
IX-X centuries. Mayak settlement (Saltovo-Mayak culture)
During the
period of feudal fragmentation, the territory of the region was part of
the Ryazan and Chernigov principalities.
In 1237, “in Voronezh”, the
first battle took place between the squads of the Russian princes Igor
Ryazansky and Oleg of Murom and the warriors of Batu.
The
formation of the borders of the Voronezh Territory is closely connected
with the founding of Voronezh (1585-1586) and the construction of the
Voronezh guards, covering the interfluve of the Don with the lower
reaches of the rivers Voronezh, Bityug, Tikhaya Sosna.
In the 17th
century, Voronezh became the center of the Voronezh district, which,
according to the 1678 census, included four camps: Karachunsky,
Borshchevsky, Usmansky and Chertovitsky.
1711 - Voronezh became a
provincial city.
From 1711 to 1725, Voronezh became the
administrative center of the vast Azov province, the territory of which
stretched from Nizhny Novgorod in the north to Azov in the south, and
from Stary Oskol in the west to Saratov in the east.
From 1725 to
1928 the Voronezh province was called.
Under the influence of the
Peasants' War (1773-1775), a new administrative reform began in Russia
in 1775, during which the post of governor appeared. He was endowed with
emergency powers and obeyed only the empress. The Voronezh governorate
was created in 1779. In 1782-1783, Vasily Alekseevich Chertkov was
appointed governor of Voronezh and Kharkov.
In 1779, the size of
the province was sharply reduced. 15 counties remained in its
composition: Belovodsky, Biryuchensky, Bobrovsky, Bogucharsky, Valuysky,
Voronezhsky, Zadonsky, Zemlyansky, Kalitvyansky, Korotoyaksky,
Kupyansky, Livensky, Nizhnedevitsky, Ostrogozhsky, Pavlovsky.
1802 -
Kupyansky uyezd leaves the province, and Novokhopyorsky uyezd enters.
1824 - Two counties leave the Voronezh province: Belovodsky and
Kalitvyansky.
May 14, 1928 - By the Decree of the All-Russian Central
Executive Committee, the Central Black Earth Region was formed, which
included four provinces: Voronezh, Kursk, Oryol and Tambov, with the
administrative center in Voronezh.
June 13, 1934 - By the Decree of
the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Central Black Earth
Region was divided into the Voronezh and Kursk regions.
September 27,
1937 - The Tambov region was separated from the Voronezh region. 5
districts were transferred to the created Oryol region.
During
the years of the Yezhovshchina in the Voronezh region, the troika
operated from August 1937 to November 1938. It included (at different
times): the secretaries of the regional party committee - Mikhailov,
Yarygin, Nikitin; chiefs of the UNKVD - Korkin, Denisov; regional
prosecutors - Kaminsky, Kushnarev, Nikitochkin, Tereshchenko, Andreev.
January 6, 1954 - Significant western and northern territories were
transferred to the created Belgorod and Lipetsk regions. Significant
changes also affected the eastern and southern outskirts of the Voronezh
region: the territories of the Bogucharsky and Kantemirovskiy districts
went to the Kamensk region, and the territories of the Borisoglebsky,
Gribanovsky, Ternovsky and Novokhopyorsky districts - to the Balashov
region.
November 19, 1957 - The districts that were part of the
liquidated Kamensk and Balashov regions were returned to the Voronezh
region, after which the territory of the Voronezh region remains
unchanged.
On October 9, 2008, near Dubovka, on the site of mass
executions in 1937-1938, the Monument to the Victims of Repressions was
opened.
The Voronezh region was badly damaged during wildfires in
the summer of 2010 caused by abnormal heat.
The Voronezh Region is located in the central strip of the European
part of Russia, in an extremely advantageous strategic location, in a
hub of transport communications going to the industrial regions of the
Russian Federation and the CIS countries. More than 50% of the country's
population lives within a radius (12 hours drive 80 km/h) of 960
kilometers around Voronezh (this is considered a cost-effective
transport "shoulder").
Neighboring regions: Rostov-on-Don, Volgograd,
Belgorod, Lipetsk, Saratov, Tambov, Kursk, Lugansk.
The area of
the region is 52.2 thousand km², which is about a third of the area of
the entire Chernozem region. The length of the region from north to
south is 277.5 km and from west to east is 352 km.
The territory
of the Voronezh region is larger than the territory of such European
countries as Denmark (43,098 km²), the Netherlands (41,526 km²),
Switzerland (41,284 km²), Belgium (32,545 km²), Slovakia (49,034 km²).
The Voronezh Region is located in the time zone designated by the international standard as the Moscow Time Zone (MSK). The difference with UTC is +3:00h.
The climate in the region is temperate continental with an average January temperature of −9 °C, July +20.5 °C and an average annual temperature of +4.5 °C in the northeast of the region to +7.5 °C in the extreme south. Precipitation falls from 600 mm in the northwest to 450 mm in the southeast. The climate of the region is also affected by the climate-separating axis (Voyeikov axis) running from the Baikal region, Altai and Mongolia through Kazakhstan, passing the Voronezh region from the east from the Saratov region and crossing the eastern and central regions north of Borisoglebsk, going beyond the region in the Ostrogozhsky district. In spring, it rises on average to the south of the Tambov, Lipetsk, Kursk regions. At the end of May, the polar front comes out to the southeast of the region, which rises to the northwest of the Voronezh region in early August, or sometimes goes beyond it completely.
Most of the region is a forest-steppe, but in the southeast there is
a vast steppe zone. A feature of the region is the presence of a number
of large tracts of predominantly coniferous forests (pine forests), as
well as oak forests, despite the fact that this type of vegetation is
not typical for the southern regions of Russia.
Chernozems
predominate among the soils.
There are 738 lakes and 2408 ponds
on the territory of the region, 1343 rivers with a length of more than
10 km flow. The main river is the Don, 530 of its 1870 km flows through
the territory of the region, forming a basin with an area of 422,000
km².
The mineral resource base of the Voronezh region is represented by deposits of non-metallic raw materials, mainly building materials (sands, clays, chalk, granites, cement raw materials, ocher, limestone, sandstone), especially in the western and southern regions of the region. On the territory of Semiluksky, Khokholsky and Nizhnedevitsky districts of the region there are reserves of phosphorites. The region has large reserves of chalk. The Voronezh region has significant reserves of nickel, copper and platinum, the deposits of which were developed by UMMC in 2012.
According to the structure of the economy, the Voronezh region is
industrial-agrarian. The sector of specialization of the region is the
food industry (27%; the industry specializes in the production of
granulated sugar, oil-fat and meat products), the second place is
occupied by mechanical engineering and metalworking (23%), the third
place is the power industry (18%). The industry is dominated by
mechanical engineering, electric power, the chemical industry, and
industries for the processing of agricultural raw materials; they
account for 4/5 of the total industrial output.
In terms of GRP
growth, for the first time in more than 20 years, the Voronezh Region
entered the top five most dynamically developing regions of Russia.
In 2017, the Agency for Strategic Initiatives compiled a national
rating of the state of the investment climate, in which the Voronezh
Region rose to seventh place in the Russian Federation. For the first
time in recent history, the Voronezh Region ranked first among all
regions of the Russian Federation in terms of the industrial production
index, which amounted to ↗129.4% in 2012.
The structure of the
Voronezh urban agglomeration includes the cities of Novovoronezh,
Semiluki, the village of Ramon (tourism), with. New Usman.
Rossosh (60,879 people) is the second largest city in the region. Known
for the production of chemical fertilizers, lime, polymer films,
processing of agricultural products.
Borisoglebsk (60,687 people)
- specializes in the production of chemical equipment and the processing
of agricultural products. There is a large-scale production of hosiery
and knitwear.
Liski (54,147 people) - is known as one of the
largest railway junctions in Russia and the processing of agricultural
products.
As of January 1, 2021, the rural population is 738,562 people, 32% of
the population of the Voronezh region.
In general, the profile of
agriculture is with sunflower and grain crops, dairy and meat cattle
breeding, pig breeding and sheep breeding. The region's very fertile
black soil is close to the Black Sea export terminals, making it
convenient to supply grain to major wheat importers in North Africa and
the Middle East, such as Turkey and Egypt.
The volume of
agricultural production in 2020 amounted to 214.0 billion rubles. Index
99.3%.
As of January 1, 2020, there were 489.8 thousand heads of cattle in
farms of all categories, including 186.2 thousand heads of cows, 1418.4
thousand pigs, 211.9 thousand sheep and goats, 4.3 thousand horses,
11865 thousand birds.
In 2020, farms of all categories produced
552.3 thousand tons (+2.7%) for slaughter of livestock and poultry
(+2.7%), the Voronezh region took 1st place in the Central Federal
District in terms of milk production 1,023.1 thousand tons (+4.3%), egg
production amounted to 760 million eggs (+0.3%).
In 2020, the
average milk yield per cow is 7,837 kg (+345 kg).
In 2013, 372.2
thousand tons of meat were produced. In 2014, 925.6 million eggs were
produced. Milk production in 2013 755.7 thousand tons. In 2014, it
increased by 4.2% to ↗788 thousand tons, according to this indicator,
the Voronezh Region ranks first in the Central Federal District. Milk
yield in 2014 increased by 10.9% and amounted to 5545 kg. The leaders in
terms of keeping livestock per 100 hectares of agricultural land are
Liskinsky district, Ramonsky district, Bobrovsky district and
Verkhnekhavsky district.
The main resource of the region is ordinary, as well as powerful and
fat chernozems, which occupy the main part of the region's territory.
The Voronezh Region is a major supplier of agricultural products: it
produces grain, mainly wheat, sugar beet, sunflower and other industrial
crops, potatoes and vegetables.
The sown area in 2019 is 2638.5
hectares, of which 1508.1 hectares are cereals.
The harvest of
grain and leguminous crops in 2020 was a record for the entire history
of field crops in the region, amounting to 6 million tons. The average
yield in 2015-2020 exceeded the average values of 2000-2010 by 15
centners and amounted to 40 q/ha. 70% of the examined grain is food
grade (of which 41% is the fourth grade, 27% is the third, 2% is the 1st
and 2nd grades), 30% is forage.
The Voronezh region is the leader
in Russia in terms of buckwheat yield, yielding only to the Kursk region
and the Kemerovo region with an indicator of 10.7 centners per hectare.
In 2014, the Voronezh region took first place in Russia in terms of
the gross potato harvest in farms of all categories, 1.757 million tons
of potatoes were harvested. The beet sugar complex of the Voronezh
region for the production of beet sugar is the largest in the Chernozem
region. For the first time in the history of agriculture in the region
in 2011, record-breaking harvests of sugar beet (factory) were obtained
- 6 million 992 thousand tons (3.9 times more than in 2010).
In the southern quarter of the region, a special agricultural region with southern-type chernozems stands out: the frost-free period here increases to 240 or more days, the HTC with an isotherm of +10 ° C rises to 3000 or more ° C, and snow cover does not form at all in some winters. In this region, it is possible to grow cultivars of grapes, walnuts, peaches, persimmons, winter-hardy forms of figs, the shrub forms of which tolerate frosts down to -16 ° C.
The industry is dominated by mechanical engineering, the chemical
industry and the processing of agricultural raw materials; they account
for 4/5 of the total industrial output. The industry of the region
specializes in the production of machine tools, metal bridge structures,
forging and pressing and mining and processing equipment, electronic
equipment, passenger airbus aircraft (see the Russian aviation
industry), synthetic rubber and tires, and refractory products. Missile
technology: KBKhA, Gribanovsky Machine-Building Plant (p.g.t.
Gribanovsky)
A number of enterprises operate on the basis of
explored mineral raw materials in the Voronezh region, the largest of
which are Pavlovsk Nerud OJSC, Voronezh Mining Administration OJSC,
Semiluk and Voronezh building materials plants, the Eurocement group
holding, Kopanishchensky Building Materials Plant CJSC, Zhuravsky ocher
factory” and many others. Mineral underground waters are being developed
in the region.
Power industry
As of December 2020, three power
plants with a total capacity of 4,262.9 MW were operating in the
Voronezh Region, including one nuclear power plant and two thermal power
plants. In 2019, they produced 22,807 million kWh of electricity. A
feature of the region's energy sector is the sharp dominance of one
power plant, the Novovoronezh NPP, which accounts for more than 90% of
all electricity generation.
Automotive
On the territory of the Voronezh region are:
federal
highway E 115-M4 "Moscow-Novorossiysk";
federal highway E 119-R22
"Moscow-Astrakhan";
motorway E 38-R298 "Kursk-Saratov";
highway
R193 "Voronezh-Tambov";
Highway P194 "Voronezh-Lugansk".
highway
P185 "Belgorod-Rossosh".
highway P196 "P194 - Podgornoye - M4".
Railway
In the Voronezh region there are railways owned by
Russian Railways and related to the South-Eastern Railway.
The
main highways run in the meridional direction from the Grafskaya station
to the Gartmashevka station (center - south) and in the latitudinal
direction from the Zasimovka station to the Kardail station (Kharkov -
Penza) and intersect at the Liski station. These are double-track
electrified on alternating current with a voltage of 25 kV, to which
single-track dead-end branches Grafskaya - Anna, Kolodeznaya -
Novovoronezhskaya, Rossosh - Olkhovatka adjoin; Talovaya - Buturlinovka
- Kalach / Pavlovsk-Voronezhsky and electrified Grafskaya-Ramon.
Also, main single-track diesel-powered lines pass through the territory
of the region: these are the Voronezh-Kursk directions from the Otrozhka
station to the Nizhnedevitsk station (with the Veduga-Khokholskaya
branch) and Gryazi-Volgograd from the Ternovka station to the Duplyatka
station, as well as a small part of the Oborona-Ertil branch.
The
total length of railway lines in the region is more than 1100 km.
The largest stations are Liski, Rossosh, Povorino, Otrozhka,
Voronezh-Kursky, Pridacha, Voronezh-1, Talovaya, Podkletnoye. The main
railway junctions are Liskinsky, Povorinsky and Voronezhsky. Locomotive
depots - Otrozhka (electric trains ED9M, ED9T and diesel trains RA2,
motorcars ACh2), Liski (freight electric locomotives VL80 of various
indexes), Rossosh (passenger electric locomotives ChS4T and EP1M).
Water
The main transport water arteries of the region are the
rivers Don (navigable below Lisok) and Khoper (navigable below
Novokhopyorsk). The length of navigable inland waterways for 2019 is 580
km. The only river port in the region is located on the Don River in
Liski; the port in Voronezh on the river of the same name (navigable in
the lower reaches) does not function due to the shallowing of the Don
River.
Region budget
Budget revenues for 2023 will amount to
156.7 billion rubles; expenses of 170.6 billion rubles.
Tax
payments to the federal budget of the region in 2013 amounted to 102
billion rubles.
Gross regional product of the Voronezh region,
billion rubles.
The region has significant recreational and tourism potential, which has not been fully realized. In addition to the pine forests and oak forests in the valley of the Voronezh River, known for their beneficial effects on humans, the most famous historical and cultural monument in the region, popular so far mainly among local tourists, is Divnogorye, which is an Orthodox church hollowed out by Russian monks in the thickness of a huge chalk mountain on banks of the Tikhaya Pine River in the Liskinsky district. There are many summer and winter tourist bases, sanatoriums, reserves and reserves in the region. In the area of the village of Kostenki, Khokholsky district, there is a Paleolithic monument Markina Gora (37 thousand years old), which is part of the Kostenkovsky complex of sites.
The average monthly salary in 2017 is 28 thousand rubles, the average
pension is 12.4 thousand rubles.
In 2019, regional budget
expenditures are planned at the level of 117 billion rubles, revenues -
108.6 billion rubles. According to the results of 2018, the revenue part
of the budget was executed in the amount of 113.1 billion rubles, of
which 30.9 billion rubles were gratuitous receipts.
On the territory of the Voronezh region, sports and recreational fishing is actively developing, large fishing grounds contribute to this - the four largest rivers of the region: Don, Voronezh, Khoper and Bityug, and a large number of artificial ponds are rich in a wide variety of fish: pike, pike perch, carp (carp), catfish , crucian carp, perch, tench, rudd, roach, bleak, biryuk, bream, silver bream, asp, blue bream, ide, chub, dace, ruff, podust, shemaya, grass carp, burbot (currently quite rare and included in the regional Red Book ), trout and sturgeon, which are rare for these places, are sometimes found in the ponds.
Once every five years, postage stamps with symbols of several Russian
regions are issued in the Russian Federation.
In 2009, the
Voronezh region also became one. To choose what will be depicted on the
stamps, a competition was held, to which employees of the Voronezh main
post office sent about 50 sketches. Among them were images of the
monument to Peter I, the Assumption Church, Admiralteyskaya Square, etc.
As a result, the Oldenburgsky Palace, the chalk mountains near the
village of Storozhevoye and the flying Il-96 aircraft, symbolizing the
Voronezh Aviation Plant, were chosen[62].
A postage stamp of the
USSR was also issued, dedicated to the 400th anniversary of the capital
of the region - the city of Voronezh.
Order of Lenin (March 15, 1935) - for outstanding success over a
number of years in the field of agriculture, as well as in the field of
industry.
Order of Lenin (December 17, 1956) - for the initiative
taken to implement ahead of schedule the decisions of the XX Congress of
the CPSU on increasing the production and delivery of livestock products
to the state, and the successful fulfillment of the obligations assumed.
Voronezh region in numismatics
In 2008, the Central Bank of the
Russian Federation issued a coin (3 rubles, 925 silver, proof) from the
Architectural Monuments of Russia series with the image on the reverse
of the Assumption Admiralty Church (XVII century) in Voronezh.
In
2009, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation issued a coin (3
rubles, 925 silver - 999 gold, proof) from the Russian Architectural
Monuments series with the image of the Pokrovsky Cathedral in Voronezh
on the reverse.
In 2011, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation
issued a coin (10 rubles, brass / cupronickel, uncirculated) from the
Russian Federation series with the emblem of the Voronezh region on the
reverse.
In 2011, the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus issued
a coin (20 rubles, silver Ag 925, proof) from the series "The World of
Sculpture" ("Paleolithic Venus. Kostenki") with the image on the reverse
of the oldest figurine of the Paleolithic Venus (found in the village of
Kostenki, Voronezh region) , which symbolizes the goddess of fertility.
In 2012, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation issued a coin (10
rubles, steel with brass plating, uncirculated) from the City of
Military Glory series with the image of the coat of arms of Voronezh on
the reverse