Glazov (Udm. Glaz, Glazkar) is a city in the north of the Udmurt Republic of Russia. The administrative center of the Glazovsky district. The city of Glazov forms the municipality with the status of an urban district as the only settlement in its composition.
By train
Train Station.
It is better to get from
Kirov by
train. There are 4 flights: 2 direct and 2 with a transfer at Yar
station.
By bus
You can get from Izhevsk by bus
Glazov-Izhevsk
Church of the Transfiguration, Svobody Square, 10a. A remake of the
church built in 1887.
Museum of Local Lore, Kirov Street, 13. 8
exposition and exhibition halls. Household items, musical instruments,
ancient coins, etc. are presented.
Historical and cultural
museum-reserve "Idnakar", Sovetskaya street, 27/38. The museum is
dedicated to the culture of the Finno-Ugric peoples.
Municipal
theater "Paraphrase", Sovetskaya street, 19. Despite the obvious
provinciality, it has quite a few awards.
There are several versions of the origin of the
city's name. The geographical version arose due to the fact that the
geographical features of the city's relief resemble the shape of an
eye, when viewed from a bird's eye view or from Soldyrskaya
Mountain. According to a toponymic legend, the name of the city was
given by Catherine II. The drawing plan of the future county town,
presented to the empress, caused her to associate with the
All-Seeing Eye (eye), so the city was named Glazov. Meanwhile, the
future city was called the village of Glazov long before Catherine's
administrative reform in 1780.
According to the version put
forward by the local historian M.I.Bunya, the name of the city is a
Russian translation of the Udmurt toponym Singurt - literally an
eye-village. The word "sin" - the eye of the Udmurts called the
place where a spring gushes from the ground.
The most
plausible version builds the name of the city to the name (or
surname) of its founder. According to A.G. Tatarintsev, the toponym
Singurt was invented by local historians themselves, since they were
not documented anywhere. The name Glazov was never translated by the
Udmurts. It was first mentioned in the Russian census book for 1678,
and scribes usually never translated the Udmurt names of villages,
writing down either their Udmurt name, or the well-known Russian, or
called the village by the name of the founder. So, by the name of
the founder, Glazov was also recorded. The truth is not known who
exactly was the founder of the repair and what name formed the basis
of its name: Russian, Udmurt or Tatar.
In addition to the
official name, the unofficial name "Northern Capital of Udmurtia"
was also fixed for the city. Glazov received this name in memory of
the fact that in 1921 he was the first capital of the Votsk
Autonomous Region.
Background
For the first
time Glazov was mentioned in 1678 on the pages of the house census
of Mikhail Petrovich Voeikov and clerk Fyodor Prokofiev as part of
the Chepetsk share of the Karinsky camp of the Khlynovsky district,
the “village of Glazov across the Chepseya river” was first
mentioned, consisting of 11 Udmurt and 1 Tatar court. The use of the
term “village” rather than “repairs”, as well as a significant
number of the population, indicates that at the time of the census
the settlement had already existed for some time. It is not
mentioned in the 1662 census, so it could appear in any year between
these censuses. Pochinok, judging by the census data, was founded by
people from the neighboring village of Krasnaya Sludka.
After
the construction of the wooden Ascension Church in 1748, the village
became the village of Glazov. In the XVII-XVIII centuries the
population of the village was replenished by the Russians who moved
to the Urals.
County town within the Vyatka province
On
September 11, 1780, by decree of Catherine II, the village of
Glazovo received the status and coat of arms of the city. The
population was less than a thousand people. The newly formed city
became the center of the Glazovsky district as part of the Vyatka
governorship. On May 28, 1781, the city's coat of arms was approved.
In 1793, a stone cathedral named Preobrazhensky was built on the
central square of the city. From 1796 to 1818, the mayor of Glazov
was Pyotr Fedorovich Tchaikovsky, the grandfather of the composer
P.I.Tchaikovsky. Under the mayor Tchaikovsky, Glazov acquired a town
hall and the first hospital. From 1797 to 1920, Glazov was the
center of the Glazovsky district of the Vyatka province.
Since 1804, the construction of the city was carried out according
to the plan of the St. Petersburg architect Ivan Lem, approved in
1784. A rare type of radial-arc layout of the city center has
survived to this day. The shape of the central square in the plan is
an eye, from which seven eyelash streets radiate, which gives the
name of the city a special symbolism. The detailed layout of streets
and squares was made in 1804 by F.M. Roslyakov.
In 1811, the
merchant of the 2nd guild Ivan Seliverstovich Volkov was the acting
head of the city.
On October 7, 1823, the city was visited by
Emperor Alexander I. He stayed in the Lyapunovs' house and presented
the mistress with an expensive ring.
In 1826, participants in
the Decembrist uprising were brought to Siberia through Glazov. In
1837, the future emperor Alexander II stopped in Glazov on his way
to the Urals. He was accompanied on this trip by the Russian poet
Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky. In honor of this event, a chapel of
Alexander Nevsky was built in the city (at present, it has been
restored according to original sketches).
By 1856 Glazov became the main trade center of the district.
Bread, flax, leather, hemp, bacon were exported abroad through the
port of Arkhangelsk. In the second half of the 19th century, along
with many other cities of the Russian Empire remote from the
capitals, Glazov was a place of exile for members of various
political and social movements. In 1879 V. G. Korolenko was exiled
here, who later described Glazov in his essay "The Fake City"
(1880). In 1867 there were 44 exiles in Glazov, in 1870 - 78, in
1873 - 93 people.
In 1868, O. L. Knipper-Chekhova was born in
Glazov in the family of a process engineer.
In 1876, a
women's gymnasium was opened in the city, which at the beginning of
the 20th century became a full-fledged secondary educational
institution. Soon a men's gymnasium appeared in the city. Since
1877, the construction of the Transfiguration Cathedral begins on
Cathedral Square. On September 24, 1879, the unfinished cathedral
collapsed. An emergency commission from Vyatka revealed errors in
the builders' calculations. After 8 years, according to corrected
drawings, everything was restored with great care, taking into
account the strength and beauty of the brickwork. On June 15, 1887,
the revived temple was consecrated. Since 1889, the city housed the
Glazov Vicariate of the Vyatka Diocese.
Since 1890,
handicraft enterprises began to appear in Glazov. Brick, sawmill,
shoe production, soap factories began to work. The production of
gingerbread and dryers has developed significantly. In 1901, a glass
factory was built.
In 1898, the Trans-Siberian railway passed
through the territory of the Glazovsky district. Until 1917, a small
provincial town was dominated by one-story and two-story log
buildings and a few brick buildings.
Revolution and Civil War
During the First World War, marching companies and battalions for
the active army were formed in Glazov; there were two hospitals for
the wounded. The city was overflowing with revolutionary-minded
soldiers. On March 4, 1917, the Council of Workers 'and Soldiers'
Deputies was elected in Glazov under the chairmanship of A.I.Shultz.
The Bolshevik Soviet of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies
actually became the political power in the city and district even
before the armed uprising in Petrograd. Having received the message
about the overthrow of the Provisional Government, the executive
committee of the Council officially declared its autocracy.
On January 20-24, 1918, the Glazov District Congress of Workers',
Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies announced the transfer of power to
the Soviets. I. Ya. Shubin was elected chairman of the county
council. In the summer of 1918, large anti-Bolshevik uprisings swept
through Svyatogorsk, Bykovskaya, Afanasyevskaya and some other
volosts of the Glazovsky district. They were brutally suppressed by
the Red Army units stationed in Glazov.
In May-June 1919, the
Eastern Front of the Civil War passed through the city. In
connection with the difficult situation for the Red Army, Stalin and
Dzerzhinsky came to Glazov. On June 3, 1919, the city was occupied
by the Siberian army of Kolchak (the group of General Pepeliaev),
but already on June 15, it was again taken under the control of the
3rd Red Army. In both cases, there were no battles in the city.
Soviet years
Due to the proximity of Glazov to Vyatka and the
Udmurt population that predominated in the city, it became the
administrative center of the formed Votsk Autonomous Region on
November 4, 1920. In February 1921, the Udmurt Regional
Revolutionary Committee headed by I.A.Nagovitsyn was created in
Glazov. In late June - early July 1921, the regional administration
was transferred to Izhevsk. By 1923, the population of the city
reached 4397 inhabitants.
In the mid-1930s, the first master
plan of the Soviet Glazov was developed. The architect of the
project, Emmanuel Mekler, preserved the “rays” of I. Lem, while
simultaneously planning the development of the main building to the
west. In the late 1930s, the construction of a flax mill began.
By June 1941, 16,906 people lived in Glazov. At the beginning of
the Great Patriotic War, enterprises and institutions were evacuated
to the city from the western regions of the country. These were
mainly defense factories with equipment and people. The tobacco
factory and the 2nd Leningrad Infantry School evacuated from
Leningrad and the 2nd Leningrad Infantry School, as well as the
cartridge plant No. 544, built on the territory of the linen factory
and equipped with the equipment of the cartridge factories evacuated
from Podolsk and Kuntsevo, worked for the needs of the front.
In the post-war years, construction of a backup plant for plant
No. 12 began in the city. On the basis of cartridge plant No. 544,
the Prikamsk office of Glavgorstroy PGU was created - an enterprise
for the production of uranium (the future Chepetsk Mechanical
Plant). To the west of Glazov, the construction of the factory
workers' settlement began. In the first years of construction, the
village was built up with wooden and filled two-storey houses, as
well as Finnish houses. In 1947, the first brick apartment buildings
were built in the area of Parkova and Shkolnaya streets. Since
1948, the workers' settlement began to be built up according to a
new general plan with standard brick two and three-storey houses. In
addition to residential buildings, in the first years of the
construction of the new factory settlement, kindergartens, a
hospital campus, a school, a canteen, a cinema, a House of Culture,
etc. were built. To build a new production, CMP and the village, all
available construction forces were involved. including the repressed
Russian Germans. New energy services were designed and urgently put
into operation, electrification and heating of the city were carried
out.
By the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of
the Ukrainian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of October 21,
1949 and the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the
RSFSR of January 2, 1950, Glazov was assigned to the category of
cities of republican subordination.
Since the late 1950s, the
construction of the so-called "Khrushchevs" began in the city. The
workers' settlement of the plant began to be actively built in the
eastern direction, towards the old, pre-war buildings of Glazov.
During 1960-1962, the destruction of the Transfiguration
Cathedral on Freedom Square took place, despite the fact that in
1945 the cathedral was recognized as an architectural monument of
the Ukrainian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The formal basis
for the demolition of the temple was the approved project of a new
reinforced concrete bridge across the Cheptsa River, the route to
which is located on the site of the demolished cathedral. In 1962,
the last temple of the city was demolished - the St. George Church.
In 1965, the first nine-story houses in Udmurtia were
commissioned on Lenin Street.
In the late 1960s, a new master
plan for the city was developed. In the coming decades, the
development of the city was planned in the south-west and north-east
direction, on the site of the old wooden buildings. The first stage
of construction involved the development of a large residential area
south of the railway. Twenty thousand people were to settle in the
southwestern residential area; a pond was planned on the Syga River.
The northeastern residential area was planned to be built in the
second stage due to the high cost of construction, the need for soil
reclamation and the demolition of old wooden buildings. In 1970, due
to the discovery of sand pits near the city, it was decided to
transfer the construction of the northeastern residential area to
the first stage of construction. In the 1970s, microdistricts V, I,
K and L. were built.
In the early 1980s, construction began
on a large residential area, Left Bank-1, northeast of the historic
part of the city. Residential and public buildings were designed
especially for the district in various Moscow design institutes. At
the end of the 1980s, construction began on a large
instrument-making plant belonging to the All-Russian Research
Institute of Technical Physics and Automation.
In 1987,
celebrations were held in Glazov on the occasion of the birth of a
hundred thousandth resident.
Since the 1990s, it was planned
to start building three large residential areas in Glazov at once.
In the northeastern direction, the planned area was Left Bank-2. In
the southern direction, it was planned to build up almost the entire
territory of private buildings. To the west, the Khimmash plant
developed a project for a residential area on the site of the
village of Vayebyzh.
Before the reforms in the
1990s, the quality of life of the population in Glazov was
significantly higher than the all-Russian level. In the current
political and economic situation, the highly urbanized Glazov,
closely connected with the military-industrial complex, found
himself in a difficult situation. The decline in production caused
by a drop in demand for products caused an outflow of qualified
personnel. Since the beginning of the 1990s, as a result of the
economic crisis, the volume of industrial products produced by the
city's enterprises has sharply decreased. Some enterprises, unable
to withstand market competition, have ceased or suspended their
activities. The instrument-making plant was never completed. Housing
construction was practically not carried out.
Since 2000, the
economic situation has improved, some enterprises are increasing
their production volumes, and the construction of residential
buildings has resumed.
In 2007, the city lost its 100,000th
status.
In the first decade of the 21st century, large-scale
works were carried out to improve the Freedom Square and reconstruct
the historical ensemble of buildings. A new Transfiguration
Cathedral was built on the site of the Ascension Church.