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Kislovodsk is a resort town in the Stavropol Territory of the
Russian Federation. It is a balneological and climatic resort.
It is part of the ecological-resort region of the Caucasian
Mineral Waters. Since January 17, 2006, Kislovodsk has been a
federal health resort city.
The city is the second in Russia
(after Sochi) in terms of the number of health resorts and the
largest in the Caucasian Mineral Waters.
1 Narza Gallery (1858). The hours of work are tied to the work of
sanatorium canteens: 07: 00-09: 00, 12: 00-15: 00, 18: 00-19: 00. Three
types of Narzan are free, you can buy a disposable cup for 2 rubles. The
drift over the boiling well - the exit is Narzan to the surface - one of
the oldest buildings of the city. It is extended by 130 meters and built
in an unusual style of English pseudo -generatics for these places (the
author is the English architect S. Utton). On the western side of the
gallery-the oldest fountain of the city "Frogs" (1890s); From the
eastern - the Lermontov platform with a monument to the poet, built on
the foundation of the Kislovodsk restaurant, one of the first buildings
in the city. Under the monument in the grotto (existed back in the
1820s)-the sculpture of the Lermontov demon.
2 building of the
Philharmonic (1895), K. Marx, 1. Initially, the Kislovodsk Kurzal was
located here - the entertainment center for coming to the waters. A
powerful eclectic building with trapezoidal domes successfully
harmonizes with the station located opposite. Here were F. I. Chaliapin,
L.V. Sobinov, A. V. Nezhdanova, Anna Pavlova, Isadora Duncan.
3
colonnades (1912, rebuilt in 1948). The semicircular colonnade is built
directly above the Olkhovka river, decorating the main entrance to the
resort park.
4 cascading staircase (1935). The northeastern entrance
to the park from the side of Dzerzhinsky Ave. is designed in the form of
a cascade of fountains, descending on the limestone slabs to the city.
5 Kislovodskaya synagogue, st. Kuibysheva, 2. The eastern prayer house
with a large dome was built in the 1890s, but never had the status of a
religious establishment: according to one version, it was officially
listed as a dacha of the Pyatigorsky rabbi. Perhaps the unofficial
status and saved it from destruction in Soviet times. A neighboring
house with modern elements, covered with a natural stone, is the rabbi's
house.
6 Cathedral of Nicholas the Wonderworker, Mira Ave., 19.
The five-domed church in the Russian-Byzantine style was built in the
late 1880s, blown up in the 1936s and recreated in 1999. It cannot be
called an architectural masterpiece, but it is a high -rise dominant of
the western part of the city, and the gold domes look great against the
background of park greens.
The ensemble of the resort prospect. The
main promenade of the residential unit of the city almost completely
retained the development of the time of resort paper of the end of the
XIX-early XX centuries, and few Soviet buildings organically fit into
it.
7 October baths (1926–1928), a resort pr. By 1928, other
architectural trends were already in fashion, and the architect issued
the main entrance to the baths by the neoclassical arch, on the sides of
which curious bas -reliefs “Right to rest” were located: exhausted
working people of different nationalities are drawn to the healing
source of Narzan.
8 The main scratched baths (1903-1904), a resort
pr. 4. A long building in an oriental style with Indian motifs and an
elegant semicircular porch. Pay attention to ceramic panels made in
Abramtsev.
9 Kislovodskkurort (1880s), resort pr, 9. The former
building of the officer assembly.
10 resort clinic (1901), resort pr,
15. The former building of the Hotel "Russia".
As in other cities
that have become popular places of rest at the turn of the XIX-XX
centuries, a number of houses and dachas in the Art Nouveau style were
built in Kislovodsk. However, local architects understood Modern in
their own way, combining both English and oriental style: Merzhanov
called this design “romantic eclecticism”. Most of these cottages were
either destroyed by Soviet power, or transformed into the sanatorium
corps and was very rebuilt.
11 Dacha A. I. Tvalchrelidze (1905),
st. Sofia Perovskaya, 41, access from the street. Lenin. The asymmetric
three -story villa on a high basement with many windows of different
shapes is one of the few well -preserved dachas of that period.
12
Dacha Ushakova (Chaliapin Museum, 1904), st. Chaliapina, 1. ☎ +7 (87937)
6-75-30, 6-75-60. Without weekends from 10:00 to 18:00, a break from
13:00 to 14:00. In a remarkable house with green towers, Prokofiev and
Chaliapin stopped on vacation (contrary to popular opinion, Chaliapin
never belonged to Chaliapin). Now there is a small concert hall and a
small exposition dedicated to the stay of Chaliapin on the waters. The
original interiors painted by K. Korovin, and fireplaces made according
to the sketches of N. Roerich deserve attention.
13 Dacha Kunduri
(1906) (angle of Herzen and Chaliapin St.). Modern with oriental
elements, the corner of the building is stylized under the tower. Now
here is the corps of a military sanatorium.
14 Dacha Putyaty, st.
Zhelyabova, 17. One of the most original buildings of the city: in 1910,
a retired captain of the long -range voyage bought a land plot here and
built a mansion with a tower resembling a lighthouse, and a focal
-shaped window.
15 House of Agafonov (Theater-Museum "Grace/
Blagodat"), Ave. Dzerzhinsky, 11a. In the former estate of the teacher
of the Kislovodsk gymnasium, there is now something between the amateur
theater and the musical salon.
Resort park
One of the largest parks in Europe begins from the
scratched gallery and reaches the heights of the nearby mountains. Work
on the installation of the park began back in 1823, and by the end of
the twentieth century, its territory exceeded 1000 hectares. The park
can be divided into three parts: the lower one is the oldest part from
the embroidered gallery to the glass stream, the middle park is planting
the early twentieth century to the Pavilion “Temple of Air” and the
mountain park - the post -war, the most extensive part. The park has
many protein, aggressively asking for food from vacationers: it is
curious that initially proteins in this area were not found and were
brought in in the 1970s from Kyrgyzstan.
For the first time in
Russia, Terrencurs appeared in the resort park - six marked routes for
therapeutic walking. Every 100 meters on the Terrenckers are there are
tabletings with the route number, the distance to the gallery and a
height above sea level.
Multi -colored sandstones. A remarkable
feature of the park is the exits to the surface of sandy rocks of
different colors: in the lower park-brown-brick (red stones), in the
middle park-gray, in the area of Krasnoy Sun-blue stones. On one of the
rocks of red stones in 1970, a bas -relief of Lenin is a non -canonical
appearance - with hair. This is probably designed to symbolize the anti
-aging properties of the Kislovodsk resort.
Rose site. A small
glade-stain in the Lower Park, which existed before the revolution and
bore the name of the royal site. In its western part there is an old
vertical drinking fountain (1890s), its upper part is decorated with the
relief of the head of Neptune.
Mirror pond. Initially, there was a
bath, cut down in limestone over a cold source called seven -degree. In
1897, she was rebuilt into the “Glass Stream” pavilion, stylized under
the pseudo -born of the national gallery. Near the pond - the openwork
bridge “Ladies Caprice” (1909).
Rose valley. From the lower cable car
station, a wide valley with hundreds of pink bushes descends to the
river.
Pine hill. The natural boundary of the lower and middle park,
from which an excellent view of the valley of the Olkhovka river and the
western part of the city opens. Terrenkur from the park and a staircase
from a mirror pond leads to the observation deck on the top.
Mountain
Red Sun. In the upper part of the park, one of the routes of Terrencura
ends, and one of the best views of the park and Elbrus on the horizon
opens from the gazebo-inspection platform (1935-an architectural
monument). There is a cafe on the city.
By plane
1 International Airport "Mineral Water" (IATA: MRV). ☎ +7
87922 27-305. serves the entire region of Kavminvod
It is
inconvenient to get from the airport to Kislovodsk by public transport:
you need to drive about 1.5 km from the airport terminal to the minibus
No. 11 to the Ruslan Market stop and, at the bus station, transfer to a
minibus or bus to Kislovodsk (on the way for about an hour). Fans of
railway transport can get to the Minovod station at the same minibus No.
11 and get to Kislovodsk by train (once per hour, on the way 1:45).
If you do not want to drag the suitcases from the minibus into the
minibus, you can take a taxi to Kislovodsk, which will cost 1000-1200
rubles (2015). Bargaining is appropriate. From the airport to Kislovodsk
- about 50 km along the A157 highway.
By train
The railway is
the main way to get into the city. More recently, thanks to the status
of the “All -Union Health Resort”, this was the second most popular
after Adler’s end station of trains in the entire south of Russia, but
their number was greatly reduced after the termination of the railway
message with Ukraine. Now Kislovodsk is taking two daily trains from
Moscow, one of the St. Petersburg and Rostov-on-Don and several trains a
week from Adler, from the Urals and Siberia. In summer, the number of
directions increases slightly due to trailed wagons.
Within the
framework of the region, Kavminvod Kislovodsk is connected by electric
trains with Essentuki, Pyatigorsk and mineral waters (15 electric trains
per day), while about half of them are unfolding in Pyatigorsk, and the
rest go to the Ministry of Council.
2 station, st. Vokzalnaya,
15. The Kislovodsk station was built at the end of the XIX century in
the same ensemble with a Kurzal-philarmonium. The small box office is
combined with the waiting room, from the infrastructure - only a coffee
machine: for food, newspapers and everyone else, go to the forecourt.
Suburban cash desks are located in a separate building to the right of
the paths. In anticipation of the train, you can inspect the exhibition
"History of railway transport" (in a separate building at the
underpass). The storage room is located right in the waiting room (140
rubles/day)
By car
The main roads are P217 (branch from M4)
through Kropotkin, Armavir, Nevinnomyssk to the Ministry of Orthodox
Church) and P262 Stavropol -Minvvods. Both of these roads end right at
the entrance to the mineral water airport, and from here the A157
highway passing through Essentuki and Kislovodsk and leaving on the
mountains to Karachayevsk begins. P217 is maintained in good condition
and is relatively loaded in the summer; The road through Stavropol is,
but freer.
Confident travelers can drive along the R221 highway
from Volgograd through Elista, but the state of this road is unknown.
By bus
The bus is most convenient to get from Stavropol: six
times a day, about 4.5 hours on the road. Other directions are mainly
represented by the Caucasus: Makhachkala, Nalchik, Vladikavkaz, Basran,
even Baku. There is one flight per day to Moscow and an unexpected night
bus on the Black Sea coast-to Arkhipo-Osipovka: apparently, the
inhabitants of Kislovodsk also want to swim in the sea.
3 bus
station, st. Industrial, 4. The bus station is located on the
northeastern outskirts of the city. To get to the resort part is quite
far: you can drive to the center by bus number 1.
In the resort part of the city, everything is achievable on foot.
Buses and minibuses serve mainly a residential part. You may need them
to get to the nearest surroundings: Mountains Ring and Mountain Big
Sadol. The taxi are numerous and cheap: from the station to anywhere in
the resort part of the city, the trip will cost 50-100 rubles.
Cable car. 10:00 - 17:30. 200 rubles. Favorite entertainment of tired
spa resorts: the rollers line from the center of the resort park to the
foot of the Mountain Small Square. The length of the line is almost two
kilometers, at the time of construction in 1973, it was the longest
cable -on in the Caucasus. Logs for 25 people go by filling out: in the
summer the interval of movement is 20-30 minutes, and in the winter it
is worth clarifying: perhaps on foot to the mountain will rise faster.
1 History and Local Lore "Fortress", Ave. Mira, 11. 10:00-18:00. The
fortress built in 1803 was poorly preserved: the gate, part of the wall
and the corner tower. She is mentioned by M. Lermontov in the novel
"Princess Mary." Now there is a poorly interesting local history museum.
2 Museum-Estate N.A. Yaroshenko, st. Yaroshenko, 1. 09:00 - 18:00 except
Tue. The museum of the famous anti-redist artist, who moved to
Kislovodsk in the early 1880s, to the resort boom, and built a wooden
house (“White Villa”) on his own project. The paintings inside the house
are also made by Yaroshenko himself.
3 Organ Hall, 37 Victory Ave.,
Musical School of Kislovodsk, somewhat unexpected for a regular
provincial school has a full -fledged organ. About once a week,
commercial organ concerts of the best organists of Russia are held here.
Tickets are at the Cashcet of the Philharmonic.
4 Kislovodsk
dolphinarium, st. Industrial, 5a (near the bus station, travel Aut. 19,
104). Wed - all 15:00. 600 rub. Small (about 80 seats) dolphinarium.
Afalins and cats are protruding.
Concerts "Chaliapin season." Every
year in Kislovodsk in the summer (in July or August), the Chaliapinsky
season festival is held.
Treatment
Most of the sanatoriums of
Kislovodsk specialize in diseases of the heart and digestive organs.
For the public, three shackled Buveta are open:
5 well No. 23
(Zhelyabovskoye Burn), st. Kirova, 3 (angle of Zhelyabov St.).
6
Round Burn, st. Vokzalnaya, 7 (angle of resort.).
Narzed gallery
In all the baves there are medicinal sulfate (weak -breed) and dolomitic
Narzans, and in the scratched gallery there is also a common, dining
room of Narzan. If you drink water 10-15 minutes before meals, it
stimulates gastric secretion, if in one and a half to two hours it slows
down.
There are few grocery stores in the resort part of the city: it is
assumed that vacationers live in a sanatorium on full support.
1
supermarket "Globus", Victory Ave., 6. 09:00 - 22:00. Large shopping
center: not very close to the park, but in walking distance. On the
ground floor there is a supermarket with a good cooking department:
salads, meat, pastries.
2 store "Prospekt", Pervomaisky Ave., 10
(shopping center "Seagull"). Conveniently located store, and most
importantly - round -the -clock.
3 "Magnet", Ave. Mira, 14. Almost
the only store in the western part of the resort zone. May 2016 edit
Fans of sour -milk products should try Karachayevsky Ayran - unlike
either Turkish ayran or the one that they do in Central Russia. It is
produced in small batches in a number of auls in the vicinity of
Kislovodsk, one of the best is Ayran from s. Chestkeken.
4 Corporate store "Kislovodsky Porcelain", Kurortny Prospekt, 17.
10:00 - 19:00. The factory of folk crafts "Phoenix" was founded in the
1930s. And initially she produced products from the bone, but soon
switched to the production of porcelain. The best samples of Kislovodsk
porcelain are not inferior in quality to the Peterhof Imperial Plant.
5 craft market, st. Park pedestrian. Residents of the surrounding
Karachai auls sell mountain honey and the most diverse handmade wool
clothes.
1 cafe "Snowflake", st. Kirova, 1a. 08:30 - 22:00. Soup - 90 rubles.,
Burger - 125 rubles., Donut - 17 rubles. The self-service cafe is trying
to please all categories of visitors: there are traditional soups,
salads and hot dishes, paste, and fast food, and magnificent donuts act
as a branded dessert. All this is delicious and cheap even by Kislovodsk
standards. Perhaps the only drawback of this place is high popularity:
you have to wait until one of the tables is freed.
12 dining room
"Union". 08:30 - 20:00. From the dining room there is a self -service
system, and prices and menu are more consistent with the cafe of
oriental cuisine. There is pilaf and grilled meat, there is also
ordinary chicken noodles.
2 st. Park pedestrian (entrance from the
park, opposite the "glass stream").
3 st. Comintern, 3a.
4 dining
room "Caucasian captive", st. Vokzalnaya, 2. Interior, menu and prices
of the Soviet dining room (borsch - 30 rubles). Mar 2014
5 tavern on
the boulevard, Kurortny Ave., 17 (opposite the October Baths). The
kitchen is noticeably better than in the surrounding institutions on the
resort boulevard, there are unusual dishes like kidneys and brains.
Unfortunately, after eight in the evening they include unpleasant loud
live music.
6 cafes "Friendship" (at the hotel "Friendship-Rostov").
One of the best establishments in terms of price-quality ratio, a little
away from the resort area. Fast polite maintenance, good kitchen and-a
rarity in Kislovodsk establishments-free Wi-Fi.
7 Vienna Wafli,
Pervomaisky Ave., 1. Waffle - 150 rubles. The format of this small
institution is most like a coffee shop, but there is only one species
coffee (quite good) here - boiled in a Turk. The title Viennese waffles
are made with you and are also very high quality, although not cheap.
For some reason, the menu contains kebabs and barbecue.
8 cafe "Chess
House" (Lower Park). ☎ +7 (87937) 27-111, +7 (87937) 27-222. 11:00 -
23:00. Soup - 180 rubles, hot - from 250 rubles. Once they really played
chess here, and then the building was rebuilt under a cafe, stylized
under the castle, with cladding with natural stone and forged lamps.
This is a good place for a leisurely lunch, since the waiters are in no
hurry, but they are preparing deliciously here. Be sure to try the
Azhdar khachapuri - the best in Kislovodsk. Sen
9 cafe "Tea house"
(middle park, pine hill). ☎ +7 (87937) 64-939. The choice of teas is
really good, but the coffee is mediocre, and the service is extremely
slow.
10 cafes "Pine hill" (middle park, in front of the rose
valley). Herbal tea - 50 rubles. A tea house, similar to the previous
institution in the format, only the food needs to be ordered in the
window, and not from the waiter. A branded dish - herbal tea, infused on
a dozen different herbs; You can take ice cream and warmed hot dishes.
11 cafes "Red Sun" (on the same grief). One of the few cafes in the
mountainous part of the park. For a full food, it is better to go down,
but tea on local herbs, as in other institutions, is very good.
The official offer of housing is very skewed towards the sanatoriums
(a small number of grocery stores and cheap cafes are associated with
the same). Sanatoriums can be repaired or launched, equipped with modern
medical equipment or outdated Soviet equipment, but they all primarily
serve vacationers in vouchers (most often corporate). In this regard,
the system has changed little since the time of the USSR. Of course, you
will be settled without a ticket (especially in the low season), but for
traveling for several days the price-quality ratio will not like it. In
addition, vacationers in sanatoriums are “tied” to the paid meals at a
given time.
Reasonable alternative - renting housing for rent.
Even if you came to treatment, it makes sense to pay for the procedures
in one of the sanatorium clinics, and live in the private sector. The
rental cost depends on the season: in the low season (from November to
April with the exception of holidays)-from 1000 rubles per day, in the
high season-from 1900-2300 rubles per day (2017).
The hotels are
few and therefore roads. They are not focused on spa resort, but on
business trips and weekend holidays.
1 Hotel “Friendship-Rostov”,
Dzerzhinsky Ave. 22. Hotel at the university: prices are low, but it is
better to come during the student holidays.
2 Bayazet Hotel, st.
Moskovskaya, 17a. ☎ +7 (928) 653-13-13. On the ground floor of the hotel
there is a night club: at night on the weekend it can be noisy.
3
Hotel "Chinara", st. Kirova, 1. Visitors praise cleanliness, but
complain about the lack of air conditioners and the Internet.
4
hostel "live simple", st. Herzen, 3a. ☎ +7 (988) 7083242. From 350
rubles. For a bunk. The first hostel of Kislovodsk, opened in 2016 and
has already managed to gain dozens of positive reviews. Apparently, it
is really clean and comfortable here, and living is the cheapest in the
city.
Although Kislovodsk is not very high above sea level, the local climate may require short acclimatization.
The city got its name due to the abundance of sources of medicinal carbonic water "Narzan", which in Russia has long been called "sour water".
Kislovodsk is the southernmost city of the Stavropol Territory. Located 234 km from the city of Stavropol, 64 km from Mineralnye Vody station, in the northern foothills of the Greater Caucasus at an altitude of 750-1200 meters above sea level. It originated from a Russian military fortress founded in 1803. The city owes its origin and name to the source of acidic mineral water Narzan.
Kislovodsk is located in the south-west of the Stavropol
Territory, practically on the border with Karachay-Cherkessia and
Kabardino-Balkaria, 65 km from Mount Elbrus. The city is located in
a small and cozy picturesque valley, surrounded by the slopes of the
Main Caucasian ridge and formed by the gorges of two confluent
rivers - Olkhovka and Berezovka, flowing into the Podkumok river.
The length of the valley from southeast to northwest is about 7 km.
The terrain is mountainous, indented with ravines and gullies.
The districts of the city are located at different altitudes above
sea level. The lowest point of Kislovodsk is 750 m above sea level
on the outskirts of the city, and the highest is 1409 m on the
Bolshoye Sedlo mountain.
The landscape of the city and its
surroundings is very picturesque. The city is surrounded by
sandstone and chalk mountains, which form numerous terraces with
deep caves and grottoes. Individual blocks of red sandstones have
taken on a rather bizarre shape as a result of weathering. These
formations are known as "red stones". From the east and southeast,
the city is fenced off by a chain of chalk mountains, which together
make up the middle part of the Dzhinal ridge (height up to 1542 m).
From the north, the Kislovodsk valley is bounded by a chain of
terraced chalk mountains of the Borgustan ridge, reaching an
altitude of 1209 m above sea level. The Borgustan and Dzhinal ranges
are spurs of the Pasture Range, one of the northern ranges of the
Greater Caucasus. From the south and southeast, the Kislovodsk
valley is bounded by cuestas of the Skalisty ridge - the Kabardinsky
ridge up to 1600 m high and the Bermamytsky plateau, indented by the
gorges of the Alikonovka, Berezovka and Olkhovka rivers.
The mountains surrounding Kislovodsk protect it from
winds and fogs, providing it with a special microclimate. Despite
the fact that the city is located in a deep valley among the
mountains, the air never stagnates here, as the valley is
continuously ventilated by the free flow of fresh mountain air that
goes along the river gorges. Kislovodsk is located significantly
higher than other resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters and is
protected by a chain of mountains reaching an altitude of 1200 m in
the north, 1400 m in the east and up to 1600 m above sea level in
the south of the city, while low stratus clouds coming from the east
and south the east rises mainly to an altitude of 1000-1200 m.
Because of this, one can observe a sharp change in the weather,
leaving Kislovodsk in sunny weather and getting into cloudy weather
with rain or snow, after 10 km of the way to the northeast from
Kislovodsk, moving to towards the cities of Pyatigorsk and
Mineralnye Vody. Thanks to this, Kislovodsk is rightfully considered
one of the world's best mountain climatic stations.
The
climate is moderately continental with a lot of sunny days. By the
number of sunny days Kislovodsk is not inferior to the best resorts
in the world. On average, the number of clear days per year, taking
into account the lower clouds, in Kislovodsk is about 150, while in
Pyatigorsk - 100, in Zheleznovodsk - 112, and in Yessentuki - 117.
The number of cloudy days is small - an average of 61 days per year.
The number of hours of sunshine in Kislovodsk averages 2093 hours
per year. The average annual temperature is about + 7.8 ° C, which
is slightly lower than in other resorts of the Caucasian Mineral
Waters. The average annual rainfall is the largest among the resorts
of KavMinVod - 672 mm, but most of it falls in spring and early
summer. The air in Kislovodsk is always clean, mostly dry and
invigorating. Kislovodsk stands out among other KavMinVod resorts
for its mostly quiet weather, without strong winds and relatively
low humidity in winter, which fluctuates from 56 to 70% during the
day, which has a beneficial effect on the well-being of
holidaymakers. The resort is characterized by constant atmospheric
pressure, besides the air pressure in Kislovodsk is relatively low -
689 mm Hg. Art. (normal pressure - 760 mm Hg. Art.), so vacationers
experience an increase in strength, a surge of vigor and good mood,
which has a beneficial effect on the treatment of patients. The
atmospheric pressure in different areas of Kislovodsk can vary
greatly, this is due to the difference in altitude, within the city
from 750 m to 1200 m above sea level. Also, depending on the height
and relief, the air temperature, humidity and wind speed in
different parts of the city differ. So the humidity in the lower
part of the spa park is usually higher, and in the area of the
Temple of Air, for example, lower.
Winter in Kislovodsk is moderately mild, dry, with unstable snow
cover; cold weather usually occurs in the second half of November or
even later. Snowfall is usually light, although the snow that has
fallen can stay for 1.5 - 2 months. The coldest month is January
(the average January temperature according to observations for
1981–2010 is −2.2 ° C), but with the invasion of air masses of
Arctic origin, the air temperature can even drop to −29 ° C, (it is
extremely rare), in at the same time, during thaws, it can rise to
+18 + 24 ° C. In winter, there are many sunny days, during the day
the sun shines for at least 4 hours (which, in the presence of snow
cover and a significant height above sea level in the middle and
upper park, requires protection of the eyes and exposed skin from
the sun's ultraviolet radiation). Calm is often noted in winter.
Strong winds are rare, although sometimes cold and strong (up to 20
m / s) east and southeast winds can blow all week. This happens in
those periods when the anticyclone intensifies in the northeast, and
from the southwest, from the Black Sea, there is a cyclone, due to
the large pressure difference and the east and southeast winds
increase. From the side of the Dzhinal ridge, it bursts into the
Kislovodsk valley unexpectedly and subsides just as abruptly. In
winter, the relative humidity is 72% on average.
Spring comes
later than in other resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters, the
weather is changeable and windy, especially in April, there is a
change of rains with snowfall, warm weather - cold. Cold weather
returns with snowfalls in March, although outbreaks of almost summer
heat also occur. In April, it rains more, the average temperature
rises, real spring comes, the weather is still changeable, the
number of cloudy days is about 6 per month. In May, it is warm,
precipitation is mostly abundant, already predominantly
thunderstorm.
Summer in Kislovodsk is moderately humid, warm,
long, almost never hot, thanks to valley mountain winds in the
evening and early morning it is always cool, in summer the
difference between night and day air temperatures is 10-15 ° C, the
average July-August temperature is 18.4 ° C, the rains are mostly
short-term, thunderstorms, from May to July quite frequent and
abundant (in May-July the maximum amount of precipitation per month
can reach, although not often, even up to 263-297 mm). In summer,
the relative humidity in Kislovodsk is about 70%. Thunderstorms are
violent and usually short-lived. A rather serious storm in the city
took place on July 27, 2018, when the streets turned into seething
streams, and a squally wind knocked down trees here and there.
Fortunately, such cataclysms are quite rare here, until August 27,
2018, there was a massive flood in June 2002 and in the summer of
1976.
A steady "golden autumn" begins in September. In
October, there are still many warm sunny days in Kislovodsk, but the
breath of autumn is beginning to be felt, especially at night.
Rarely, in October the first snow may fall and immediately melt, or
it may be warm and dry like summer. Mostly sunny and dry weather
usually lasts until the end of October. There is little
precipitation, mostly windless and sunny. In November, night frosts
begin and it can be cold in winter, before winter comes. Basically,
the average November temperature is +2 + 4 ° C.
In terms of
fogs, Kislovodsk is in the best conditions in comparison with other
resorts of KMV. In winter in Kislovodsk there are on average 20 days
with fog, and in summer - 6 days.
Thunderstorms in Kislovodsk
are especially intense. On average, there are 23 thunderstorm days
per year. They usually begin in April, most often in June and end in
October.
Average annual air temperature - 6.5 ° C (on the
hills; in the valley above - + 7.8 ° C)
Relative air humidity -
76.2%
Average annual wind speed - 2.4 m / s (on the hills, in the
valley - 1.4 m / s)
The city is very green, there are many squares and
flower beds. The decoration and pride of Kislovodsk is the
Kislovodsk National Park. On the slopes of the mountains surrounding
Kislovodsk, there are subalpine meadows, in the vicinity there is
mountain-steppe vegetation. In the area of the Dzhinal tract and
in the Ocharovaniya valley (mineral springs feeding zone), 70
thousand birches and 30 thousand Crimean pine seedlings have been
planted on an area of 13 hectares. Numerous orchards are also
located in Kislovodsk and its environs. More than 250 species and
species of trees and shrubs grow within the city, including cedar,
fir, birch, pine, ash, beech, alder, hornbeam, maple, larch, spruce,
black walnut, Chinese paulownia, cork tree, and in meadows and more
than 800 species of herbaceous plants grow in the forests, such as
crocuses of various colors, blueberry, lilies of the valley,
medicinal (Solomon's seal), as well as the Caucasian snowdrop,
dolomite bellflower, crocus flowers, primroses listed in the Red
Book of Russia.
The Kislovodsk forestry is engaged in the
protection and protection of forests near the city (including
extinguishing forest fires).
Chronology of
settlements
As a result of a two-century study of traces of
ancient settlements on the territory of Kislovodsk and in the
vicinity of the city, more than 800 archaeological sites were
discovered and studied. This made it possible to partially restore
the chronology of the cultures that existed on the territory of
modern Kislovodsk from the 5th millennium BC. For some historical
periods, archaeological sites have not yet been discovered, which
does not allow us to reliably judge the settlements of these
periods.
Early history
During excavations in the
archaeological complex "Kabardinka-2" 10 km south of Kislovodsk, the
remains of a settlement of the ancient Koban culture of the Bronze
Age (XIII-XII centuries BC) were discovered. The size of the
settlement was significant for that time - several dozen houses with
an area of 16 by 12 meters. Another famous archaeological site is
the large Klin-yar complex, located on the western outskirts of
Kislovodsk. This complex contains the remains of structures and
burials belonging to the Koban (IX-VII centuries BC), Sarmatian and
Alanian periods.
XVIII century
By the end of the 18th
century, the Kislovodsk Valley was not inhabited. There is
information that officially the territory where the source of the
Narzan is located did not belong to anyone and constituted the
border area between the lands of Greater Kabarda in the east and the
lands of the Malo-Abaza tribe in the west. It is only known about
the existence in the valley of a small Abaza settlement of the
Dzhantemirov family and a sentinel post on Krestovaya Hill (Mount of
the Holy Spirit), consisting of two huts, a dugout, a shed for
horses and a watchtower. In 1793, the scientist Peter-Simon Pallas
visited the Kislovodsk Valley. For the first time, he investigated
the source of the narzan in detail, measured the depth of the
reservoir of the source, made a description of it, predicting a
great future for the narzan, and also made a plan of the area
adjacent to the source. The discoverer of the resort seasons in
Kislovodsk is considered the commander of the troops on the
Caucasian line, Count I.I.Morkov. In 1798, he camped over the spring
on Krestovaya Hill, accompanied by his wife and young secretary
Alexei Rebrov. Morkov took baths from heated narzan to cure asthma.
19th century
On March 7, 1803, a rescript of Alexander I was
issued on the construction of a fortification in the place "where
there are sour waters near the Caucasus Mountains." It instructed
the inspector of the Caucasian line, Prince PD Tsitsianov, "to bring
into action this strengthening, using military servants for this."
The Kislye Vody fortress, belonging to the Azov-Mozdok defensive
line, was erected on an elevation between the rivers, which later
received the names Olkhovka and Berezovka, at a cannon shot distance
from the Narzan spring. The construction was carried out by the
forces of six companies of the 16th Jaeger Regiment from the
Constantinogorsk Fortress from June to October 1803.
The
fortress surrounded by a moat had the shape of a Sternschanz star
with three acute-angled and two semicircular bastions, on which the
cannons were placed. A gate led to the fortress from the north and
south-west. On the territory of the fortress there were three
officers 'houses, three soldiers' barracks, a provision station, a
guardhouse, kitchens, an infirmary, company guards, a powder
magazine, a stable, houses with services for guests. An underground
passage was dug from the fortress to the river in case of a long
siege. A Cossack redoubt with a barracks was set up on the hill
opposite the spring. Usually there were two companies of soldiers in
the fortress, but in the summer period the garrison was replenished
with two more companies of infantry, several dragoon squadrons and a
hundred Cossacks. The garrison of the redoubt on the Cossack Hill
was also strengthened, pickets were advanced, batteries were
installed on the nearest hills. The events of that time are now
reminiscent of the names of small mountains - Kazachya, Piketnaya,
Battery.
In 1812, the fortress was rebuilt, the turluch
buildings were replaced with stone ones, a high stone wall with
loopholes and corner towers was erected.
The founders and the first inhabitants of Kislovodsk were Russian
soldiers who, having served their time in the fortress, remained to
live here. Not far from the fortress, on the slopes of the hill now
called the Soldier's, they built turluch and adobe houses, covered
with reeds or straw, often for 2-3 families. The first streets were
the 1st and 2nd Soldiers' and Kabardinskaya streets (after the name
of the Kabardin regiment, whose soldiers participated in the
rebuilding of the fortress). This is how the Kislovodsk soldier's
settlement arose. The Russian population of modern Kislovodsk also
came from the Slobozhan.
In the summer, more and more spa
guests visited the Kislovodsk spring. In 1812, a 3-bath bath was
built (before that, narzan baths were taken in recesses dug in the
ground). In 1820, during his first trip to the Caucasus, A.S.
Pushkin lived in the Kislovodsk fortress, who came with the family
of General N.N.Raevsky. The second time Pushkin visited Kislovodsk
in the summer of 1829 during his second trip to the Caucasus; this
time the poet first settled in a restaurant, and then moved to the
house of A. F. Rebrov.
A special role in the formation and
development of Kislovodsk was played by General A.P. Ermolov, thanks
to whom the leading edge of the Caucasian line was moved much to the
south and the raids of the highlanders stopped. According to his
personal idea, in 1822, the government allocated funds for the
improvement of the city, in particular, according to the project of
the brothers Johann and Joseph Bernardazzi, a 2-storey, luxurious at
that time restaurant with a colonnade and a staircase leading down
to the park and to the source was built over the spring. A grotto
(now Lermontovsky) was built under the stairs. The restaurant had an
extensive hall for dances, balls, and also premises for visitors. In
addition, in 1823, by order of General Ermolov, work began on the
arrangement of the Kislovodsk park.
On August 24, 1836,
Kurortny Boulevard was opened. Designed by architect D. Bernardazzi.
In the middle of the 19th century, the Kislovodsk fortress was
rebuilt according to the project of the architect S.I.Upton. Among
other buildings in Upton, the stone building of the Narzan Gallery
in the medieval English style should be mentioned first of all, the
construction of which lasted 10 years and ended in 1858. By 1873,
Kislovodsk was already well greened: from the turn of the road, an
alley of pyramidal poplars ran straight to the gallery. Behind the
gallery was a vast and dense park. To the left of the gallery are
the houses of private owners. At the end of the park, on the right
side of the river, there was a bathhouse built over a cold spring
called the Seven-Degree Spring. Now in this place one of the
attractions of Kislovodsk - a mirror pond with a Glass Stream.
Famous merchant and noble families, representatives of the
capital's intelligentsia, began to settle in Kislovodsk: landowner
Alexei Rebrov (M. Yu. Lermontov and L.N. Tolstoy visited his famous
house), Fleet General Joseph Debu, Astrakhan merchant, and then the
mayor Nikolai Shaikin , Yekaterinodar merchants brothers Tarasov and
others. The population of Kislovodsk grew rapidly, for 10 years,
from 1881 to 1891, it grew from 1551 to 6000 people.
Of great
importance was the construction of a highway from Mineralnye Vody
station to Kislovodsk in 1875, and especially the construction of a
railway line from Mineralnye Vody, through which the city was
connected with the central cities of the country. On May 17, 1894,
regular train traffic began on the Mineralnye Vody - Kislovodsk
section. In 1895, Kislovodsk received electric lighting from the
Bely Ugol hydroelectric station. All this increased the number of
visitors, which required an increase in housing construction and an
increase in water supply. In 1896, a small mineral water bottling
plant was opened.
In 1895, the construction of the Kurhaus
was completed. Nearby, in the same year, the construction of a light
openwork station building was completed, which, together with the
Kurzal, represents a single architectural ensemble. These beautiful
buildings are a monument of old architecture. At one time, the
Russian writer D. N. Mamin-Sibiryak wrote about Kislovodsk: “A
wonderful city, scattering its streets along the steep banks of the
river. The general view was very beautiful, and a magnificent
station could decorate any capital. " Currently, the railway station
has been restored, and opposite the old building, a new station
building has been built, erected in style and harmony with the
existing one and is, as it were, a mirror image of the old building,
but with spacious aprons, a ticket office, a storage room.
Stanitsa Kislovodskaya
On March 14, 1825, four versts to the
north of the Kislovodsk fortress, the village of Kislovodskaya was
founded. The first inhabitants of the village were 100 families who
were resettled here from the village of Aleksandrovskaya in the
spring of 1826. Cossacks, engaged in farming and cattle breeding in
their free time, supplied the resort and settlement with food. The
office of the ataman was in operation, in charge of the stanitsa
lands, land, forests and public capital. There were two Christian
communities in the village: Orthodox and Old Believers.
In 1832, the stanitsa entered the Caucasian line of the Cossack
army, and in 1860 - into the Tersk Cossack army, formed from the
Caucasian line of the army. Since the mid-50s of the 19th century,
the number of Ukrainians has increased in the village. This was the
second wave of immigrants, when immigrants from the Voronezh,
Poltava, Tambov provinces, from the Ukraine, Don and Khopra arrived
in the village. In the second half of the 19th century, 1.5 thousand
inhabitants lived in the village.
At the beginning of the
20th century, the Kislovodskaya stanitsa was among the average in
size in the region. It was home to from 2.5 to 4.4 thousand people.
The village atamans were I. Smirnov, I. Vasyuk, A. Chepko, N.
Tribukhin, K. Kozmenko. The Cossack Council was located on the
stanitsa square (now - the traffic police administration, the corner
of Chaikovskogo and Essentukskaya streets). On the initiative of
Ataman Chepko, a village school was built in 1906 (now secondary
school No. 9).
XX century
On June 13, 1900, the first
fresh water pipeline in the city - "Lermontovsky water pipeline" was
put into operation.
On June 25, 1903, by decree of Nicholas
II, the Kislovodsk settlement was transformed into a city. Near the
Kurzal in the Upper Park, a musical shell was built, named crystal
for its high acoustic properties. In 1920-1930, 20 new sanatoriums
were created in the city, and another 22 sanatoriums were organized
in the reconstructed buildings of boarding houses, mansions, hotels.
On May 16, 1926, regular radio broadcasting began in Kislovodsk.
On February 20, 1932, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central
Executive Committee decided to include the village of Budyonnovskaya
with manor lands in the city limits of Kislovodsk.
In 1928,
according to the project of the architect P.P. Eskov, in the central
part of the city, next to the Main Narzan Baths, the building of the
October Baths was built with 60 cabins, which was distinguished by
noble external forms, amenities, compact internal layout, abundance
of air and light and had a narzan storage with a volume 400 cubic
meters. In the same year, the old plant for bottling narzan was
rebuilt and mechanized. At the Krepost sanatorium in 1934, a mud
bath was built, which provided silt sulphide mud of Lake Tambukan to
all patients who came to the resort (the capacity was up to 300
patients). In 1935-1938. in Kislovodsk, excellent sanatoriums were
commissioned, such as the sanatorium named after Sergo Ordzhonikidze
for 500 beds, built by architects M. Ya. Ginzburg, Popov, S. Ye.
Vakhtangov and an architect from Czechoslovakia, J. Shpalek. This
sanatorium to this day remains one of the most comfortable resorts
in the resort. In the same period, according to the project of the
architect M. I. Merzhanov, the “NKVD Sanatorium-Hotel” (now
“Kislovodsk”) and the “Krasnye Kamni” sanatorium were built, which
are distinguished by luxury and maximum amenities.
All 20
sanatoriums built in Kislovodsk before the Great Patriotic War were
made in compliance with high sanitary requirements and with maximum
convenience for patients. The external forms of the buildings are
modern, the areas are landscaped and adapted for relaxing rest and
treatment. They still serve the people. The buildings of the
sanatoriums are architectural monuments of Russian architecture of
the 1930s. After the start of the Great Patriotic War, the further
development of the resort was disrupted, Kislovodsk was turned into
a hospital base. In August 1941, 36 hospitals were deployed on the
basis of sanatoriums, boarding houses and hotels.
In August
1942, the city was captured by Nazi troops. The occupation lasted 5
months.
On January 11, 1943, Kislovodsk was liberated from
the Nazi invaders.
By 1950, all the sanatoriums and medical
institutions of the resort were completely restored, large
hydrogeological surveys were carried out, which made it possible to
increase the stocks of narzan for balneological purposes. Together
with the restoration work, new construction and improvement of the
city began. According to the project of the architect A. A. Ol, the
first-class sanatoriums "Mountain Peaks" and "Piket" were built in
1951 and put into operation. In 1952, the "Mountain Air" sanatorium,
built in the palace style, and the "Moscow" sanatorium were
commissioned. In 1955, the collective farm "Russia" of the
Novoaleksandrovsky district of the Stavropol Territory built a
wonderful sanatorium "Kolos" for collective farmers. All new health
resorts are equipped with modern equipment, they provide maximum
comfort for patients. The state spent more than 600 million rubles
on the development of the resort, its restoration, reconstruction
and improvement.
On August 20, 1953, the Kislovodsk region was abolished. Its
territory was transferred to the Kislovodsk City Executive
Committee.
By the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme
Soviet of the RSFSR dated May 29, 1958, the village of Kislovodskaya
was included in the city of Kislovodsk. State farms, collective
farms and subsidiary farms of the former village were transferred to
the Piedmont region, formed on November 23, 1959.
On June 5,
1964, the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR decided to restrict the
residence of citizens in the resort cities of Pyatigorsk,
Kislovodsk, Zheleznovodsk, Yessentuki, Mineralnye Vody and the
adjacent settlements of the Stavropol Territory.
On October
14, 1980, Kislovodsk was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War of
the 1st degree for the great selfless work in the treatment and
restoration of the health of soldiers, a significant contribution to
the development of health care and for the successes achieved in
economic and cultural construction.
XXI Century
The resort
park of the city of Kislovodsk was renamed into the Kislovodsk
national park of federal significance with an area of 965.8
hectares by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation
dated 02.06.2016 No. 493.