The Kostroma region is located in the northeastern part of Central
Russia.
Along with the Ivanovo region, it is a rather
inaccessible region of the central part of Russia, which most people
associate with cheese making and a developed jewelry industry. A
significant water artery, the Volga River, flows in a short section of
the territory along the southwestern edge of the region, and here is the
historical city of the Golden Ring - Kostroma, famous for the Ipatiev
Monastery and classicism in the building of the city. The rest of the
region is that still wilderness with small towns scattered among the
forests, each of which, however, has its own peculiarity: the baroque of
Nerekhta, the historical heritage of Galich, or, for example, the
balneological resort of Soligalich, may be of interest to the traveler.
It borders on the Vologda region in the north, in the south - on the
Ivanovo and Nizhny Novgorod regions, in the west on the Yaroslavl
region, in the east on the Kirov region.
Administratively, the region is divided into 8 cities of regional
subordination and 24 districts.
Based on the terrain, the
following geographical areas can be distinguished:
Kostroma lowland -
in the west
Galich upland and Volga-Unzhenskaya lowland - in the
central part of the region
Northern Uvaly - in the northeast of the
region
Kostroma is the administrative
center of the region and the city of the Golden Ring
Buoy
Galich is an ancient Russian city, the center
of the historical Galich principality
Kologriv
Makariev
Nerekhta is a county town with well-preserved architecture of the 18th
century.
Soligalich - the settlement of
Sol-Galitskaya since 1335, churches and monasteries, a balneological
resort
Sudislavl is an urban-type settlement, a typical small town
with a history of the 19th century
Chukhloma
is a small town on the shores of Lake Chukhloma, in the vicinity of the
city is the family estate of the Lermontovs and Avraamiyev Gorodetsky
Monastery
Sharya is a major railway station on the Trans-Siberian
Krasnoe-on-Volga is a village 35 km south of Kostroma, a major center of jewelry production.
By train
From Moscow from the Yaroslavl railway station on the
branded train No. 148YA "Kostroma", travel time less than 7 hours
(night). Or on the Transsib trains following to Sharya, Khabarovsk and
Vladivostok.
From St. Petersburg from the Moscow railway station
train (trailer cars) St. Petersburg-Kostroma
The Kostroma region is located in the northeast of the European part of Russia. The length from north to south is 260 km, from southwest to northeast - 500 km. It borders in the north - with the Vologda region, in the south - with the Ivanovo and Nizhny Novgorod regions, in the west - with the Yaroslavl region, in the east - with the Kirov region.
The climate is temperate continental with cold winters and warm
summers.
The climate of the region is temperate continental.
Average January temperatures range from −11.9°С in the southwest
(Kostroma, Nerekhta, Volgorechensk, Krasnoe-on-Volga) to −14.0°С in the
northeast (Pavino, Bogovarovo, Vokhma); July from +17.0°С in the
northwest (Soligalich) to +18.5°С (Ostrovskoye, Kady, Sudislavl); April
from +2.0°С to +3.5°С; October from +1.5°С to +3.0°С. The average annual
temperature is from +1.5°C in the northeast (Bogovarovo) to +3.0°C in
the southwest (Kostroma, Nerekhta, Volgorechensk, Krasnoe-on-Volga). The
absolute maximum air temperature is +37°С, the absolute minimum is −53°С
(Soligalich). Precipitation: from 530 mm/year in the northeast and north
(Bogovarovo, Vokhma, Soligalich) to 600 mm/year in the west (Bui), with
a maximum in summer and a minimum in winter. The amount of precipitation
prevails over evaporation. Vegetation period - 110-140 days. The total
temperatures of the growing season are from 1600°C to 1900°C. The
frost-free period lasts from 100 days in the north to 130 days in the
south. Snow cover lasts an average of 150-155 days. The average date for
the appearance of snow cover is the end of October, the average date for
the destruction of the snow cover is mid-April. The maximum thickness of
the snow cover reaches 55-80 cm in February-March. The average number of
sunny days per year is 124. In summer, the prevailing wind direction is
northwest, in winter - southwest. The average wind speed is 4.0 m/s.
The time of the beginning of freeze-up on the rivers is the
beginning of November, the opening time is the end of March - the
beginning of April. The ice thickness reaches 60 cm by the end of
winter. Ice drift lasts 3-6 days.
The region is located within a moraine-hilly, sometimes marshy plain. In the west - the Kostroma lowland, in the central part - the Galich-Chukhloma upland (height up to 292 m). Along the lower reaches of the river. Unzha - Unzhenskaya lowland. In the north is the Northern Uvaly Upland.
The territory of the Kostroma region is located on the northeastern
closure of the Moscow syneclise, the axis of which extends in the
latitudinal direction through the central part of the region along the
Galich-Sharya line.
Archean, Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and
Cenozoic formations are known within the region. The thickness of the
sedimentary cover reaches 2200–2900 m.
On the eroded surface of
pre-Quaternary deposits (Upper Permian, Lower Triassic, Middle and Upper
Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous) there is a complex of Quaternary
deposits, to which most of the explored deposits of building materials
are confined.
2632 rivers with a length of up to 10 km, 535 rivers with a length of more than 10 km, 22 rivers with a length of more than 100 km flow through the territory of the region. The most important rivers of the region are the Volga, as well as the rivers Kostroma, Unzha, Vetluga included in its basin. The length of the Volga (section of the Gorky reservoir) in the region is 89 km. The largest lakes of the Kostroma region are Galich and Chukhloma. Water resources of surface water bodies are 50.7 km³.
The central part of the region from its southern border to the head of the river. Unzhi and r. The boundary is represented by clays, marls, silts and sands. In the river valleys (Unzha, Neya, and others) there are outcrops of phosphorites, oil shales, and clays. Dolomites and limestones occur close to the surface only in one very limited area - along the axis of the Soligalichskaya structure, which is a gently sloping, elongated from SW to NE. Deposits of carbonate rocks are confined to these deposits: Bedinskoye, Zayatskoye, Turovskoye. Clays of the Callovian-Kimergian stages are of practical interest for building industrial materials, which can be used in the production of mineral wool and coarse ceramics. Separate varieties of Hauterivian-Barremian clays, the most consistent in quality, suitable for the production of expanded clay. Low-micaceous Aptian sands in the Kostroma and Galich regions are suitable for use in molding production. Covering loams, which are the main raw material for the production of bricks, are of major importance for the building materials industry.
The forested area of the region is on average about 62%. The northern and northeastern regions are the richest in forests, where the forest cover reaches 72.5%. The tree species that determine the background of the region's vegetation cover are coniferous spruce and pine. Currently, in the forests of the region, coniferous species occupy 49.5% and deciduous - 50.5% of the forest stand. Of conifers, 27.2% are spruce and 22.3% are pine. Of hardwoods, 41.4% are birch, and 9.1% are aspen and other hardwoods. The flora of the Kostroma region currently contains 1759 plant species. There are also 94 introduced and 46 alien species. The flora of the Kostroma region includes 7 species listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation: 6 species of the orchid family and 1 species of lichen. To date, the number of studied vertebrates in the Kostroma region is 366 species, including mammals - 56, birds - 251, fish - 41, cyclostomes - 1, amphibians - 11, reptiles - 6. The world of insects has about 3 thousand species. On the territory of the Kostroma region, there are 21 species of vertebrates listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation.
The official heraldic symbols of the Kostroma region are the coat of
arms and the flag. The coat of arms was introduced by the Law of the
Kostroma Region of April 28, 2006 No. 13-4-ZKO "On the Coat of Arms of
the Kostroma Region", the flag - by the Law of the Kostroma Region of
April 28, 2006 No. 14-4-ZKO "On the Flag of the Kostroma Region"
(decisions were made by the Kostroma Regional Duma April 20, 2006)).
The symbolism of the coat of arms and flag is based on a golden
(yellow) ship decorated on the bow with an eagle's head and wings, with
seven rowers, with a pennant at the stern, with a sail and a flag with a
black double-headed eagle with imperial crowns, a scepter and an orb
(state emblem of the Russian Empire the time of Alexander III). The
image of the ship basically corresponds to the main element of the coat
of arms of the Kostroma province in 1878.
In January 1929, after the liquidation of the provinces, the territory of the former Kostroma province became part of the Ivanovo industrial region. The Kostroma region was formed by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On the formation of the Kostroma region as part of the RSFSR" dated August 13, 1944 No. 801/1 (Article 9 as amended by the law dated July 20, 2000 No. 100-WKO) by separation from the Ivanovo region.
The population of the region according to Rosstat is 571,785 people
(2023). Population density - 9.50 people / km² (2023). Urban population
- 74.6% (2022).
More than 114 nationalities live on the territory
of the Kostroma region, the majority are Russians - 96.6%. The
working-age population is about 59.8%, younger than able-bodied - 15.7%,
older than able-bodied - 24.5% (as of January 1, 2011) The average age
of the population is 37.8 years.
The main legislative act, in accordance with which the system of
authorities of the region functions, is the Charter of the Kostroma
region.
The highest official of the region is the governor (head
of administration) of the Kostroma region, who, on the principles of
unity of command, forms and heads the administration of the Kostroma
region - the highest executive body of the region. In 1990-1996, Valery
Petrovich Arbuzov was the head of the regional administration. After the
defeat in the elections of the head of the regional administration in
December 1996, V.P. Arbuzov headed the Kostroma distillery.
In
December 1996 and in December 2000, Viktor Andreevich Shershunov was
elected governor (head of administration) twice in a row. In April 2005,
President of Russia V.V. Putin proposed his candidacy for a new
gubernatorial term. On May 11, 2005, the inauguration took place. Early
in the morning on September 20, 2007, V. A. Shershunov died in a car
accident in the Moscow region. On October 25, 2007, Slyunyaev Igor
Nikolayevich was appointed to the post of governor of the Kostroma
region, whose powers were terminated ahead of schedule. On April 13,
2012, Sergey Konstantinovich Sitnikov became the governor.
The
legislative body is the Kostroma Regional Duma. It currently consists of
35 deputies. Chairman of the Duma of I and II convocations in 1994-2000.
Andrei Ivanovich Bychkov was elected. In 2000, it was headed by Valery
Petrovich Izhitsky (KPRF). Following the results of the elections of
2005 and 2010 to the Duma of the IV and V convocations, A. I. Bychkov
was again elected its chairman.
On October 10, 2010, the
elections of deputies of the Kostroma Regional Duma of the fifth
convocation were held, in which 228,325 people took part, which is
40.29% of the number of voters included in the voter lists. All regional
lists of regional branches of political parties received more than 7% of
the votes of voters who took part in the voting, the regional branches
of political parties that nominated them will be represented in the
regional Duma.
The largest number of votes in the regional
electoral district was received by the Kostroma regional branch of the
United Russia party - 113,962 or 49.94% of the number of voters who took
part in the vote, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation - 44,776
or 19.62%, " Liberal Democratic Party of Russia" - 33,043 or 14.48%,
"Fair Russia" - 28,912 or 12.67%.
The total volume of the gross regional product of the Kostroma region
for 2015 amounted to 157.7 billion rubles, according to this indicator,
the region ranks 18th in the Central Federal District.
The
location of the Kostroma region in the center of the European part of
the Russian Federation is a prerequisite for turning the region into a
center that provides interregional and international cooperation in a
number of aspects: economic, informational, transport, communication,
social, cultural and others. The main railway lines (connecting Moscow
with Vladivostok), waterways and motorways pass through its territory,
connecting the northwestern directions of the Russian Federation.
The Kostroma region belongs to the industrial and agricultural
regions. The traditional production orientation of the Kostroma region
is forestry and agriculture, electric power and mechanical engineering,
and the textile industry.
On the territory of the Kostroma region, there are ready-made sectoral territorial production complexes that have good competitive potential in the All-Russian, and in some areas - on an international scale. These complexes include: a jewelry center in the village. Red-on-Volga and Kostroma; the center of the chemical industry in Bue; machine-building complex in Kostroma, Galich; shipbuilding complex in Kostroma; meat and dairy complexes in the west and south of the region; timber and timber processing complexes in the east of the region. The enterprises of the region are leaders in Russia in the production of oil and gas and lifting equipment, parts of a cylinder-piston group, elements of a microprocessor-based engine control system, shipbuilding products, cotton yarn, linen and semi-linen fabrics, sawn timber, fibreboard (FB) and chipboard (PB), plywood , laminated floor and wall tiles.
As of the beginning of 2021, 4 thermal power plants with a total
capacity of 3815.8 MW were operated in the Kostroma Region. In 2020,
they produced 10,356 million kWh of electricity. A feature of the
region's energy sector is the sharp dominance of one power plant, the
Kostromskaya GRES, which accounts for more than 90% of the installed
capacity and electricity generation.
The Kostroma region belongs
to the energy-surplus territories of the Central Federal District.
Electricity consumption for own needs of the Kostroma region is about a
quarter of the generated electricity. Today, four thermal power plants
operate in the region: Kostromskaya GRES (state district power plant) in
Volgorechensk, CHPP-1 and CHPP-2 (thermal power plants) in Kostroma, and
Sharyinskaya CHPP.
Kostromskaya GRES is one of the largest
thermal power plants not only in Russia, but also in Europe. Here, for
the first time in the practice of world power engineering, a unit with a
capacity of 1.2 GW was installed. After the state district power plant
entered the design mode of operation, the total capacity of the regional
power plant increased almost five times and now stands at about 4 GW.
Kostromskaya GRES is considered the most economical, as more energy is
generated per unit of fuel consumption than at similar plants.
The total capacity of all power plants in the region is such that it
allows not only to meet its own needs, but also to supply electricity to
neighboring regions: receiving 14% of electricity from outside, the
Kostroma region supplies 80% to other regions.
In 1979, the
construction of the Kostroma NPP began in the Buysky district. The
project provided for the construction of two reactors, their type
changed several times. The first stage of the settlement of builders and
operators of Chistye Bory and a number of infrastructure facilities were
built 16 km south of the town of Buya. After the accident at the
Chernobyl nuclear power plant, construction was suspended, and in the
early 1990s it was completely frozen. In October 2008, the state
corporation Rosatom decided to resume construction on the basis of the
unfinished Kostroma NPP, but in 2011 the project was postponed
indefinitely.
A fundamental step in the development of the region is its
transformation into a major transit junction of highways. Work in market
conditions, instability of financing, restructuring of the industry have
become a serious test for the Kostroma road builders. But, despite all
the difficulties of the transition period, the road complex of the
region, the able-bodied, active team of road workers were preserved,
which gave positive results. The construction of a transport corridor of
inter-regional significance "St. Petersburg - Yekaterinburg" continues,
with the commissioning of which access to St. Petersburg and Western
European transport communications will be provided.
The
narrow-gauge railway of the Belnikovsky peat enterprise is located in
the village of Nomzha, Neisky district.
Gasification of the
Kostroma region is of global importance in the development of the region
and is of the most important social and industrial nature. The main task
at the present stage is the construction of the Bui-Sharya gas pipeline.
As of January 1, 2021, the rural population is 169,360 people, about
27% of the population of the Kostroma region.
The agro-industrial
complex of the region is concentrated mainly in the south-west of the
region. The traditional leaders of the region — the Kostroma and Galich
regions — account for about 60% of the total volume of agricultural
products sold. Climatic and natural-geographical conditions contribute
to the development of traditional branches of agriculture, primarily
meat and dairy farming, crop production of technical and industrial
crops.
animal husbandry
The Kostroma breed is the first Soviet
breed of cattle, which was approved in 1944 by order No. 1121 of the
People's Commissariat for Agriculture of the USSR.
In the USSR,
six workers of the tribal state farm "Karavaevo" in the Kostroma region
were twice awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.
As of
November 1, 2021, the average milk productivity in agricultural
organizations is 5177 kg of milk per cow. In just ten months of 2021,
agricultural organizations and peasant (farm) enterprises produced 79
thousand tons of milk, of which 50.5% were produced by 10 agricultural
producers.
As of January 1, 2021, there were 47.8 thousand
(-4.6%) heads of cattle in farms of all categories, of which 21.5
thousand (-0.5%) heads of cows, 35.1 thousand ( +7.1%) pigs, 11.9
thousand (-10.6%) sheep and goats, 0.3 thousand (-5.2%) horses.
Crop production
In 2021, the yields of domestic and foreign potato
varieties were compared in the Kostroma Region — 34 varieties of foreign
selection and 50 varieties of domestic potato selection were planted.
In 2021, the gross harvest of grain and leguminous crops amounted to
43.5 thousand tons of grain in bunker weight, with a yield of 14.9 q/ha.
The highest yields are in Kostroma - 29.7 c/ha, Galich - 18.2 c / ha,
Buysky - 15.3 c / ha, Nerekhtsky district - 13 c / ha. 37.3 thousand
hectares of grain crops and leguminous crops were harvested, of which
7.6 thousand hectares were harvested for fodder purposes, and 29.1
thousand hectares were harvested for grain.
In 2021, 31.9
thousand tons of potatoes were harvested in agricultural organizations
from an area of 1400 hectares. Potatoes are grown in 12 districts.
Leaders in the collection of farms in the Kostroma region: Mechta LLC
harvested 9.9 thousand tons from 290 hectares; LLC "Kostroma potato"
harvested 3.7 thousand tons from 120 hectares; LLC "Minskoye" with 83
hectares 2.5 thousand tons. The leaders in potato yield are the farms of
the Kostroma region with an average yield of 256.2 centners per hectare,
Krasnoselsky region 209 centners per hectare and Nerekhtsky region 175.1
centners per hectare.
In 2021, 8.2 thousand tons of vegetables
were harvested in agricultural organizations from an area of 368
hectares, of which: cabbage - 3.7 thousand tons; carrots - 2.4 thousand
tons; beets - 2.0 thousand tons; others - 0.2 thousand tons. The average
yield is 223.8 q/ha. High yields in Mechta LLC - 333.3 centners per
hectare (Kostroma district), Ershova Yu. S. Farm Farm - 200 centners per
hectare (Nerekhtsky District), CJSC Borovikovskoe Uchkhoz - 200 centners
per hectare, IP Nikolaeva L. V. - 200 c / ha and IP Yakovlev D. E. - 162
c / ha (Krasnoselsky district). The leader in terms of volume is the
Kostroma region with 5.8 thousand tons, in the Krasnoselsky region with
1.2 thousand tons, the Buysky region with 0.8 thousand tons and the
Nerekhtsky region with 0.4 thousand tons.
In 2021, 83 tons of
berries were harvested: cranberries, honeysuckle, raspberries,
strawberries and blueberries, which is 104% of the 2020 level. The main
producers of berry products are Krem LLC, IP K(F)X Tsareva D.A., IP
K(F)X Rakhimov N.M. and IP K(F)X Voronov M.A., who are representatives
of Kostroma, Sudislavsky and Buysky districts. LLC "Krem" in the
Kostroma region collected more than 25 tons of cranberries. In Buysky
district, 46.7 tons of garden strawberries were harvested from an area
of 10.8 hectares - the farmer received a grant for the development of a
family farm and bought machinery and equipment for tillage. A
businessman from the Kostroma district, using state support from
Agrostartup, equipped a greenhouse for growing strawberries on his farm.
In addition, at the initiative of the governor, those producing fruits
and berries are subsidized by planting perennial plantations, the cost
of technical modernization, the construction of storage facilities and
the introduction of land into circulation. It is thanks to such support
that a farmer in the Sudislavsky district grows honeysuckle on an area
of 12.5 hectares, another hectare is occupied by raspberries. In 2022,
the farmer plans to harvest 37.5 centners and 4 centners of berries,
respectively.
Sown areas of the main agricultural crops for the
2020 harvest: Forage crops 134.0 thousand ha, cereals 39.5 thousand ha,
potatoes 5.0 thousand ha, industrial crops 2.0 thousand ha.
The
gross harvest of grain and leguminous crops in 2020 amounted to 47.6
thousand tons of grain, of which 14.2 thousand tons of wheat, 10.9
thousand tons of barley. The average yield was 16.6 q/ha.
Currently, OAO Gazprom is implementing a gasification program in the region, which is designed until 2028, the total amount of the program from all sources will exceed $177 billion. Natural gas enters the region through gas pipelines: Gorky - Cherepovets, Gryazovets - the ring gas pipeline of the Moscow region. Now the cities of Kostroma, Nerekhta, Volgorechensk, Buy, Galich, as well as Kostroma, Nerekhtsky, Buysky, Krasnoselsky, Susaninsky, Galichsky and Sudislavsky municipal districts are provided with natural gas.
One of the leading and promising in the economy of the Kostroma
region is the timber industry.
The forest area of the Kostroma
region is 4.7 million hectares. of which 4.6 million hectares are on
forest fund lands. the forest cover of the region is 74.2%. The total
timber stock is 726 million m³. The State Forest Register as of January
1, 2012 provides the following data for the Kostroma Region: total
forests - 4632.4 thousand hectares, of which 4397.0 thousand hectares
are covered with forest vegetation. Protective forests - 638.8 thousand
hectares. Operational forests - 3993.6 thousand hectares. The average
stock of plantations per 1 hectare of forested land is 163 m³, including
169 m³ in coniferous lands, 158 m³ in softwoods.
The strategic
direction of development of the region's forestry complex is the
development of capacities for deep processing of wood in order to use
low-grade and hardwood, as well as secondary wood raw materials (wood
waste).
In the general structure of the industrial production of
the region, the products of the complex take the second place after the
electric power industry. The increase in efficiency in this sector is
due to the implementation, in fact, of a cluster approach to the
development of woodworking (Sharyinsky and Manturovsky districts of the
region), including the development of softwood pulping, MDF and OSB
boards, intensification of the use and reproduction of forests, road
construction, including logging.
The timber industry group of
goods forms about 70% of the region's exported products. The region has
long since moved from the export of roundwood to the export of processed
wood and finished products from it. Currently, high-quality plywood,
chipboard and fiberboard boards, furniture and furniture blanks, and
veneer are exported. Products of regional enterprises are mainly
exported to non-CIS countries.
In order to develop production,
the enterprises of the timber industry complex continue to work on the
implementation of investment projects, on expanding the range of
products.
Dynamically developing, the Kostroma region uses every opportunity to
establish and improve mutually beneficial relations with other regions
of the country and foreign partners. In 2011, foreign trade turnover
amounted to $595.6 million, 21.2% more than in the same period last
year), including exports - $208.9 million (by 15.2%), imports - $386.7
million (by 24.7%). The trade balance was negative - $177.8 million.
In the current year, there has been a decrease in foreign trade
turnover. In January-June 2012, it amounted to $257.4 million, which is
7% lower than the corresponding period last year, including exports -
$98.1 million (a decrease of 6.1%), imports - $159.3 million (decrease
by 7.5%). The trade balance was negative - $61.2 million.
The
foreign economic activity of enterprises and organizations of the region
is carried out with 66 countries, including 9 countries of the CIS and
57 countries of the far abroad. The main partners of the Kostroma region
are: the Netherlands, Kazakhstan, Ireland, China, Germany, Ukraine,
Italy, Uzbekistan, Czech Republic, Latvia, Turkey, USA, Poland, Great
Britain, France, Egypt.
The basis of the export of the region is
the timber group of goods, more than 70%. The largest exporters are OJSC
Fanplit, OJSC Manturovsky Plywood Mill, OJSC Kronostar. In the structure
of exports, metals and metal products account for 8.9%, linen fabrics -
1.8%, curtains - 2.2%.
The structure of imports is dominated by
medicines (more than 50%), machinery and equipment (about 30%). The
largest participants in foreign economic activity in import operations
are CJSC Astellas Pharma, CJSC Kostroma Automotive Components Plant,
CJSC Mezhregiontorginvest.
Most of the institutions of higher and secondary vocational education
are located in the city of Kostroma: three state civilian universities,
a military academy, a theological seminary, branches and representative
offices of state and non-state universities, 8 secondary vocational
schools. In the district centers there are: an agricultural technical
school and an art school in Bui, an agricultural technical school, an
industrial college, a pedagogical college in Galich, a polytechnical
technical school and a medical school in the city of Nerekhta, an
agricultural technical school, a medical college, a pedagogical college,
a polytechnical technical school in Sharya, as well as institutions
primary vocational education (lyceums and colleges).
Since April
1, 2010, the Kostroma Region has been participating in an experiment in
teaching the course "Fundamentals of Religious Cultures and Secular
Ethics" (includes "Fundamentals of Orthodox Culture", "Fundamentals of
Islamic Culture", "Fundamentals of Buddhist Culture", "Fundamentals of
Jewish Culture", "Fundamentals of World Religious Cultures”, and
“Fundamentals of Secular Ethics”). Every year since 2009, the youth
educational forum “Patriot” has been held. In the summer, the tent camp
spreads on the banks of the Volga, 40 km from Kostroma, winter shifts
are held at the Lunyovo recreation center.
In 2011, the real cash income of the region's population increased by
2.7% compared to 2010. Monetary income per capita amounted to 14628.9
rubles, exceeding the level of 2010 by 12.2%.
In January-June
2012, real cash incomes of the population of the region increased by
9.5% compared to the same period last year. Monetary income per capita
amounted to 15,183 rubles, which is 13.8% higher than the corresponding
period in 2011.
Thanks to the decisions taken to increase wages
for public sector employees, to activate the real sector of the economy,
the nominal accrued average monthly wage in 2011 in the Kostroma Region
increased by 10.1% compared to 2010 and amounted to 14,890.5 rubles, in
January - May 2012 - by 14.1% compared to the corresponding period last
year and amounted to 16,143.1 rubles.
The number of registered
unemployed citizens as of January 1, 2012 is 4,012 people, the
registered unemployment rate is 1.1%, the coefficient of tension in the
labor market of the region is 1.0 people per one vacancy declared in the
employment service.
During January-June 2012, the number of
registered unemployed citizens decreased by 254 people and as of July 1,
2012 amounted to 3758 people. The level of registered unemployment was
1.03%. As of July 1, 2012, the coefficient of tension in the labor
market of the region amounted to 0.5 people per one vacancy declared in
the employment service, which is 0.5 percentage points less than at the
beginning of the year.
Medical assistance to the population of the Kostroma region is
provided by a network of health care institutions of three levels:
district, interdistrict and regional.
Since January 1, 2012, 5
medical districts have been created in the region to provide medical
care to the population at the inter-district (specialized
inter-municipal) level. The structure of the network includes 67
healthcare institutions, including 2 institutions of federal
subordination (FGUZ "Kostroma psychiatric hospital of a special type
with intensive supervision of the Ministry of Health of the Russian
Federation", FGUZ "Disinfection station in Kostroma").
The
existing system of medical care in the Kostroma region includes 4
stages:
the 1st stage is pre-medical - 330 FAPs and FPs are provided,
which are deployed in 24 municipalities;
2nd stage - primary medical
outpatient care provided by 83 outpatient departments of health care
institutions;
Stage 3 - primary inpatient medical care is provided by
33 hospital medical institutions (of which: district - 5, city - 3,
district - 19, district hospitals - 5, maternity hospital - 1);
Stage
4 - specialized medical care is provided by 25 regional state health
care institutions.
According to the results of 2011, there are 15
offices of general practitioners in the region. To provide emergency and
urgent medical care to the population, there is an ambulance station in
the city of Kostroma and 23 departments of district and city hospitals.
Sanitary aviation medical care is provided by the air ambulance
department of the OGBUZ "Kostroma Regional Hospital". Since 2010,
medical examinations have been carried out for orphans and children in
difficult life situations in stationary conditions. There are 3 Health
Centers in the region, one of them is for children.
A system of social protection of the population, guardianship and guardianship has been formed in the region. It includes: the department of social protection of the population, guardianship and guardianship of the Kostroma region, 9 territorial bodies, 26 comprehensive centers for social services for the population, 15 social rehabilitation centers for minors, 7 orphanages, 2 out-of-town health centers for recreation and rehabilitation of children, 12 houses - boarding schools, the regional rehabilitation center for children and adolescents with disabilities "Forest Fairy Tale", the Romanovsky Rehabilitation Center for the Disabled in the Kostroma Region, the Kostroma Regional Center for Assistance to Families and Children of the OGKU "Center for Social Payments". In the total volume of expenditures of the regional budget for 2012, expenditures on social protection will amount to 18.3%.
The measures taken to stimulate the birth rate, prevent and treat diseases, improve the system of health care, motherhood and childhood, strengthen the material and technical base of the region's medical institutions contribute to slowing down the rate of natural decline in the population of the Kostroma region. The Kostroma Region maintains a leading position in the Central Federal District in terms of fertility. In 2011, the birth rate was 12.3 births per 1,000 population (January-May 2012 - 12.4), the death rate was 16.6 ppm (January-May 2012 - 16.7).