The Orenburg region is a subject of the Russian Federation. It is
part of the Volga Federal District and is part of the Ural Economic
Region.
It was formed on December 7, 1934 by Decree of the
Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR by separating it from the
Middle Volga region. In the period from 1938 to 1957 it was called the
Chkalov region.
Historically, the region was preceded by the
Orenburg province, formed by decree of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna in
1744.
The administrative center is the city of Orenburg.
Buzuluksky Bor National Park
Reserve "Orenburg"
Camel
Mountain
Salt Lake Razval
By plane
Airports are located in two cities in the region:
Orenburg Airport (IATA:REN) accepts flights from Moscow and Orsk.
Orsk Airport (IATA:OSW) serves flights from Moscow and St. Petersburg.
By train
From Moscow from the Kazan station on trains traveling to
populated areas of the region or on transit trains heading to Bishkek
and Tashkent.
The area of the Orenburg region is 123,702 km², according to this
indicator it ranks 29th in Russia. The region is located in the
southwest of the country, in the center of Eurasia, at the junction of
its two parts of the world - Europe and Asia. The region's territory
covers the southeastern edge of the East European Plain, the southern
tip of the Urals and the southern Trans-Urals. The length of the region
from west to east is 760 km, from north to south - 445 km.
The
total length of the borders is 3,700 km. In the west, the Orenburg
region borders with the Samara region, in the north-west - with
Tatarstan, in the north - with Bashkortostan (the northern border from
the Ik River to the Ural River goes around Bashkortostan), in the
north-east the region borders with the Chelyabinsk region, and in the
east and south - with Kazakhstan. It borders the Saratov region at one
point, which is located on the state border with Kazakhstan - the
junction of the borders of the Orenburg, Samara and Saratov regions. The
border with Kazakhstan is 1870 km, and it falls on three regions of
Kazakhstan: Kostanay, Aktobe and West Kazakhstan. One of the largest and
most beautiful rivers in the European part of Russia, the Ural, flows
through the region. The “isthmus” of the region between its central and
eastern parts in the most elevated low-mountain-high-plain part of the
Orenburg region in the middle part of the Ural river basin and its main
tributary, the Sakmara, is occupied by the Kuvandyk region.
The climate of the Orenburg region is characterized by sharp continentality, which is explained by the significant remoteness of the region from the oceans and seas. An indicator of the continental climate is the large amplitude of fluctuations in average air temperatures, which in the Orenburg region reaches 34-38 degrees Celsius. In this regard, there is insufficient atmospheric precipitation, the annual amount of which ranges from 450 mm in the northwest to 350 mm in the south and southeast of the region. About 60-70% of the annual precipitation occurs during the warm period. The duration of snow cover ranges from 135 days in the south to 154 days in the north of the region. The depth of soil freezing varies from 170 cm in the northwest to 200 cm in the east.
The modern relief was formed as a result of long-term erosion of the
Ural Mountains and pre-Ural Syrt plains, as well as as a result of
recent tectonic transformations. The highest point is Mount Nakas (667.6
m) on the Small Nakas ridge. The lowest point is near the Chagan River
(27 m) near the village of Tyoploye, Pervomaisky district. The following
large structures are distinguished in the relief: the plains of the
Urals, the Ural Mountains, the Trans-Ural peneplain, the plains of the
Turgai table country. Almost the entire western part of the region
belongs to the General Syrt. The highest point is Mount Bear's forehead
(405 meters). In the north it is adjacent to the Bugulma-Belebeevskaya
Upland, in the south - the Caspian depression. The Pre-Ural Syrt is
located south of the Urals. To the east of the Bolshoi Ik and Burlya
rivers, the Ural mountainous country begins. Between the Sakmara and
Ural rivers there is a mountainous plain called the Sarin Plateau. Along
the Sakmara River and its tributaries, areas of mountainous relief can
be traced: the Shaitan-Tau ridge, the Zyanchurinsky ridges, the Sakmara
small hills, and along the Ural River the Guberlinsky Mountains. In the
upper reaches of the Urals there is the Irendyk ridge. In the east of
the region is the Ural-Tobolsk plateau.
The Orenburg region
presents landscapes of the forest-steppe zone of Russia, the steppes of
the Volga region and Turgai, the wooded low mountains of the Southern
Urals, and the pine-birch forest-steppe of Western Siberia.
The region's land fund is 12,370.2 thousand hectares. Distribution of
land fund by land (thousand hectares): agricultural land - 10840.5, land
under surface water - 112.5, swamps - 14.9, land under forests and trees
and shrubs - 799.8, other land - 602 ,5. Half of the region's territory
is occupied by arable land, 38% by forage lands, 5% by forests, and 7%
by other lands.
Soils are characterized by latitudinal zoning.
From meadow steppes to desert ones, soil types and subtypes successively
change: typical, ordinary and southern chernozems, dark chestnut,
chestnut and light chestnut soils.
In the structure of arable
land in the region, chernozems occupy 79%, the subtype of dark chestnut
soils - 16%, gray forest soils - 4% of the area. Among chernozems, the
largest area is occupied by southern chernozems - 44%, ordinary - 26%,
typical and leached - 9%. In the subzones of southern and ordinary
chernozems, 14 and 7% of the area are occupied by solonetzes,
respectively. In the subzone of dark chestnut soils, the area of
solonetzes is 36%. The issue of preserving soil cover from water and
wind erosion and increasing agricultural productivity is an urgent
issue. At the same time, the creation of protective forest plantations
has sharply decreased.
The surface waters of the region form the river systems of the basins
of the Urals (63% of the territory), Volga (31%), Tobol (2%) and the
drainage zone of the Svetlinsky lakes in the east of the region. The
most significant rivers are the Ural, with a length of 2428 km (of which
1164 km are within the region), Sakmara (798 km), Ilek (623 km), Samara
(594 km).
Lake Shalkar-Ega-Kara is the largest natural reservoir
with an area of 9600 hectares and a coastline length of 96 km. Lake
Zhetykol has an area of more than 5000 hectares. Oxbow lakes in the
floodplains of large rivers have become widespread. An integral part of
the region’s water resources and its water management are artificial
reservoirs. In terms of water reserves, the largest artificial
reservoirs are: Iriklinskoye (3257 million m³), Krasnochabanskoye (54.6
million m³), Chernovskoye (52.7 million m³), Kumakskoye (48.0 million
m³), Elshanskoye (23.6 million m³) and Ushkottinskoe (10.0 million m³)
reservoir.
On the territory of the region there are three specially protected natural areas of federal significance: the Orenburg Nature Reserve, the Shaitan-Tau Nature Reserve and the Buzuluksky Bor National Park. The federal state budgetary institution “United Directorate of State Nature Reserves “Orenburg” and “Shaitan-Tau” (abbreviated as FSBI “Reserves of the Orenburg Region”) manages the state nature reserves “Orenburg” and “Shaitan-Tau”.
The Orenburg region is located in the MSC+2 time zone. The applied time offset relative to UTC is +5:00.
The Orenburg Region is a region of the Russian Federation located on the territory that covers the southeastern edge of the East European Plain, the southern end of the Urals and the southern Trans-Urals.
The oldest traces of human habitation on the territory of modern
Orenburg Region date back to the Upper Paleolithic: the Labazy I and
Labazy II sites in the lower reaches of the Buzuluk River in the north
of the Kurmanaevsky District, the Idelbaevskaya site in the Mednogorsk
area, the locations of flint tools on the outskirts of the village of
Novouzeli and in a ravine near the settlement of Internatsionalny in the
Matveevsky District, the "Donguz Plate" with an image of a deer on the
Ilek Plateau. The Starotokskaya site near the village of Ivanovka in the
Krasnogvardeisky District dates back to the Mesolithic. The
Staroelshanskaya and Ivanovskaya sites date back to the Neolithic. The
monuments of the Khvalynsk-Berezhnovskaya cultural group (Turganikskaya,
Ivanovskaya sites, Ivanovsky dune burial ground) date back to the second
half of the 5th - early 4th millennia BC. The skulls from the
Krasnoyarka burial ground, located northeast of the village of Yulty in
the Krasnogvardeisky district on the right bank of the Tok River, date
back to the Eneolithic era (4035-3992 BC).
In mound 1 of the
Boldyrevo I Yamnaya culture burial ground, in the burial of an adult
buried on his right side, archaeologists found among the burial goods,
in addition to bronze artifacts, three objects cold-forged from
meteorite iron in 2873-2471 BC.
The I Krasikovsky burial ground
and the burial ground near the Nikiforovsky forestry belong to the
Abashevo culture. The Bronze Age also includes settlements of sedentary
cattle breeders of the Srubnaya and Alakul archaeological cultures and
metallurgist miners at the Kargalinsky mines (the largest mining and
metallurgical center in Northern Eurasia).
In the 17th-16th
centuries BC, a whole network of fortified settlements with
Sintashta-type burial mounds was created in the Trans-Urals. In the
Oktyabrsky District, burials of carriers of the Seima-Turbino
transcultural phenomenon were found in the Sintashta ground burial
ground near Mount Berezovaya.
The burial mounds near the village
of Prokhorovka in the Sharlyk District belong to the Early Sarmatian
(Prokhorovka) culture. In Mound 1 near Prokhorovka, two silver phials
were found with short inscriptions in Parthian and Khorezmian languages,
written in Aramaic letters. Prokhorovskaya inscription #2 was made in
the same technique as inscription #3 from burial #6 in Isakovskoye
burial ground #1 of the Sargat culture near Isakovka (Omsk region).
Alexey Nechvaloda made an anthropological reconstruction of the head
based on the skull of a Sarmatian man from the Filippovsky burial
mounds.
The anthropomorphic sculptures "stone women" left in the
Orenburg region by Turkic-speaking nomads in the 9th-12th centuries date
back to the Middle Ages.
Since the 1730s, after the decision was made to voluntarily join the
Russian state of the Bashkir and Kyrgyz-Khoisak, Nogai tribes, the
territory of modern Orenburg began to be actively developed by settlers
from the central provinces of Russia. In 1734, the Orenburg expedition
was formed, and on August 31, 1735, at the confluence of the Ori and
Yaik, the Orenburg fortress was founded. Strong river floods in this
place forced the beginning in 1739 of preparations for the construction
of a new city with the previous name downstream of the Yaik, on Krasnaya
Gora. On August 6, 1741, it was founded. The old city was named Orsk
Fortress (present-day Orsk). The chosen site on Krasnaya Gora is
treeless, rocky and remote from the river, and also turned out to be
unsuitable for the construction of the city. On April 19 (30), 1743,
Orenburg was founded for the third time, on the site of the former
Berdsk fortress (Berdsk town), 70 miles from the Krasnogorsk tract at
the mouth of the Sakmara River in the Yaik, surrounded by forests and
arable land. Now it is the historical center of the city. The city,
built on Krasnaya Gora, was named Krasnogorsk Fortress.
In 1744,
Orenburg became the center of the Orenburg province, established by the
personal decree of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna. The border of the
Orenburg province reached the Iset and Kama rivers in the north, the
Volga in the west near Samara and Stavropol, went somewhat west of the
Yaik River in its lower reaches, reached the Caspian and Aral Seas in
the south, and reached the Tobol River and the eastern borders of the
nomadic territories of the Middle Kazakh Zhuz in the east.
The
Orenburg Cossack Army was created in the middle of the 18th century.
Orenburg was besieged by the army of Yemelyan Pugachev from October
5, 1773 to March 23, 1774.
In 1782, the Orenburg border
expedition was formed to manage the Kirghiz-Kaisaks (Kazakhs).
In
1816, the Separate Orenburg Corps was formed, which ensured the
protection of the Orenburg border fortified line from attacks by the
Kirghiz-Kaisaks (Kazakhs).
In the first half of the 19th century,
there was a mass migration of Russian state peasants from the Central
Black Earth and other provinces looking for free land to the Orenburg
steppes. By decree of March 17, 1832, state peasants were allowed to
settle on the lands of the Orenburg Cossack Army with inclusion in the
Cossack class and the performance of linear service.
Since the
mid-1830s, the gold mining industry began to develop in the Orenburg
region. State gold mining enterprises were created on the basis of the
Zlatoust plants. Within the boundaries of today's Orenburg region, gold
was mined near the villages of Kvarkeno, Kumak and others.
The
Orenburg province was among the 17 regions recognized as having suffered
greatly during the famine of 1891-1892.
In the late 19th and
early 20th centuries, railways were built through the Orenburg region
from Chelyabinsk to Vladivostok and from Orenburg to Tashkent. This
facilitated the sale of agricultural and industrial products. Orenburg
wheat was exported to other regions of the country and abroad. In 1904,
there were 7 metallurgical plants, 22 mines, and 165 gold mines in the
Orenburg province. In 1914, the population of Orenburg reached 100
thousand people, and it became the largest city in the Urals by number
of residents.
At the First All-Bashkir Congress (Kurultai), which took place on
July 20-27, 1917 in Orenburg, and in which about 70 representatives from
the Ufa, Orenburg, Samara, Perm and Chelyabinsk provinces took part, the
national movement for the autonomy of Bashkurdistan was formed.
On July 21–28, 1917, the 1st All-Kazakh Congress (the real name was the
“All-Kyrgyz Congress”, the name “First All-Kazakh Congress” began to be
used after 1936, when the modern Russian name for the Kazakh ethnic
group was established) was held in Orenburg, where the Kazakh political
party “Alash” was established, forms of government, autonomy of the
Kyrgyz regions, and the land issue were discussed, and deputies were
elected to the All-Russian Constituent Assembly and to the Congress of
Muslims of Russia “Shura-i-Islam”. The 2nd All-Kazakh Congress (Kazakh:
Екінші жалпиқазақ сені - the real name is "2nd All-Kyrgyz Congress", the
name "2nd All-Kazakh Congress" began to be used after 1936, when the
modern Russian name of the Kazakh ethnos was established) - a congress
of the Kazakh intelligentsia from December 5 (18) to December 13 (26),
1917 in Orenburg), at which the Alash autonomy was proclaimed.
On
August 26, 1920, the Soviet government (the All-Russian Central
Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR)
issued a decree "On the formation of the Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet
Socialist Republic" as part of the RSFSR with its capital in Orenburg
(in Kazakh transcription: Orynbor) and established that the governing
bodies of the Kirghiz ASSR are local Councils of Deputies, the Central
Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars, and the
Kirghiz Military Commissariat was established to manage the military
apparatus.
On October 4, 1920, the Constituent Congress of
Soviets of the Kirghiz ASSR was held in Orenburg, the Orenburg province
became part of it, and the city of Orenburg became the capital of the
Kirghiz ASSR.
The Kirghiz ASSR was formed from the Ural, Turgai
and Semipalatinsk regions, the northern part of the Transcaspian region,
the Bukeyev province and the southern part of the Orenburg province
(since April 1925 - the Kazakh ASSR) with the capital in Orenburg,
populated by Kirghiz-Kaisaks (as the Kazakhs were called at that time).
The Reds suppressed the West Siberian Uprising (January 31, 1921 -
late 1922 in a number of regions of the RSFSR - Tyumen province, Omsk
province, Chelyabinsk province, Yekaterinburg province of the RSFSR,
Akmola province of the Kirghiz ASSR) - the largest anti-Bolshevik armed
uprising of peasants, Cossacks, some workers and urban intelligentsia in
the RSFSR.
In April 1925, the Orenburg province was removed from
the Kazak Autonomous Region, the capital of which was transferred to
Ak-Mechet (it was renamed Kyzyl-Orda).
By the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of May
14, 1928, as a result of the unification of the abolished Orenburg, as
well as Samara, Ulyanovsk, Penza and part of the Saratov provinces, the
Middle Volga Region was formed with the administrative center in Samara.
At the same time, the Orenburg Okrug was formed, which included the
former Orenburg and Orsk counties.
Since October 20, 1929, the
Orenburg Okrug was part of the Middle Volga Region.
On July 30,
1930, the Orenburg Okrug was abolished along with others, and its
districts were directly subordinated to the Middle Volga Region.
On December 7, 1934, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive
Committee adopted a resolution on the formation of the Orenburg Region
by separating it from the Middle Volga Region. At the same time, the
composition of the organizing committee for the elections of the Council
of Deputies of the Orenburg Region was approved, with K. E. Vasiliev
appointed chairman. By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
of the USSR of December 26, 1938, the region was renamed Chkalovskaya
(the city of Orenburg was renamed Chkalov by the same decree).
On
September 14, 1954, Soviet military tactical exercises were conducted at
the Totsky training ground under the leadership of Marshal Zhukov using
nuclear weapons (code name - "Snezhok"/ Snowball).
Until December
4, 1957, the Orenburg Region was called Chkalovskaya.
In November
1966, on the left bank of the Urals, not far from Orenburg, at
exploratory well No. 13, the unique Orenburg oil and gas condensate
field was discovered.
The leading sectors of the economy are the fuel industry, ferrous and
non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical, petrochemical and food industries. The
Orenburg gas condensate field, the largest in Russia, is located in the
Orenburg region. Oil is being extracted in the Cis-Ural region, iron
(Khalilovskoye deposit), copper (Gaiskoye deposit) and nickel ores,
asbestos (Kiembayevskoye deposit), rock salt (Iletskoye deposit). The
largest enterprises in the region are the production associations
Orenburgneft, Gazprom Dobycha Orenburg, Orsknefteorgsintez, Orenburg
Minerals, joint-stock companies Ural Steel (Novotroitsk), Yuzhuralnickel
(Orsk), Orsk Light Metal Structures Plant, Mednogorsk Copper sulfur
plant, Gaisky mining and processing plant.
Agriculture in the
field of grain and livestock production. The products of the Orenburg
Down Shawl Factory are widely known throughout the world. Resort
destinations include Salt Lake in Sol-Iletsk and Balneotherapeutic Mud
Resort in Gay, etc.
Industry employs 25% of the economically active population and produces 55% of the gross regional product.
The region ranks fourth in the list of oil-producing regions of
Russia. The share of production in the country is 4.5% (2011). The fuel
industry is the leading industry in the Orenburg region. About 60% of
oil is produced in the Kurmanaevsky, Pervomaisky, and Sorochinsky
districts.
192 oil and gas fields have been discovered in the
territory. Seismic exploration has prepared 165 structures for deep
exploratory drilling with total promising oil resources of 222 million
tons, free gas - 646 billion m³, condensate - 81 million tons. 524
structures with potential for oil and gas have been identified.
On the southeastern outskirts of Buguruslan, a memorial sign was erected
in honor of the labor feat of Orenburg oil workers. At this place, in a
settlement behind the Tarhanka River, at the end of Pionerskaya Street,
on July 26, 1937, well No. 1 produced the first commercial oil in the
Orenburg region.
The first oil wells appeared in the Orenburg
region in the mid-thirties in the area of the city of Buguruslan.
In the post-war years, new oil and gas fields and deposits were
discovered, including the Sultangulovsko-Zaglyadinsky,
Tarkhansko-Tverdilovsky, Ashirovsky, Efremo-Zykovsky, Mogutovsky,
Pilyuginsky and other areas. Currently, oil and gas exploration is
carried out in the region over a vast territory covering Buguruslansky,
Abdulinsky, Buzuluksky, Sharlyksky, Oktyabrsky, Pervomaisky,
Sorochinsky, Novosergievsky, Orenburg and other areas.
The
Orenburg gas condensate field is located near Orenburg (Volga-Ural oil
and gas province). Opened in 1966. Deposits at a depth of 1.5-2.3 km.
Initial reserves are 1780 billion m³. Methane gas. Condensate content 76
g/m³.
Agricultural, transport engineering and machine tool manufacturing
are developed. The main industry is heavy industry. The share of
mechanical engineering products in industrial production is about 8.3%.
There are more than 70 large machine-building enterprises in the
region, the main ones among which are OJSC MK ORMETO-YUMZ, Orsk
Machine-Building Plant, Uralelectro, PA Strela, Orenburg Radiator, OJSC
Buguruslan Radiator Plant, Buzuluktyazhmash, Construction Machinery and
Non-Standard Plant equipment.
About 30% of the region's industrial output comes from metallurgy.
Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are city-forming
enterprises. Steel from the Orsko-Khalilovsky Metallurgical Plant is
used in the construction of gas pipelines, bridges, electric motors and
cars, and agricultural machinery.
The main enterprise of ferrous
metallurgy is OJSC Ural Steel; large enterprises also include:
LLC "Ural Scrap Metal Company"
LLC "Yuzhnouralsk Mining Processing
Company"
LLC "Orenburg Vtorchermet"
Non-ferrous metallurgy
enterprises account for about 8% of the region's industrial production
volumes. There are 8 non-ferrous industry enterprises in the region:
Yuzhuralnickel, Gai Mining and Processing Plant, Mednogorsk
Copper-Sulfur Plant, Gai Non-Ferrous Metals Processing Plant,
Yuzhnouralsk Cryolite Plant, Ormet, Orenburg Mining and Metallurgical
Company and Buruktal Nickel Plant, Orsk Metal Structures Plant.
As of 2020, in the Orenburg region, more than 770 thousand people
(39.3% of the population) live in rural areas.
Chernozems occupy
79% of arable land in the Orenburg region (in the chernozem zone there
are 12% solonetzes), and dark chestnut soils occupy 16%, where the area
of solonetzes is 36%. The issue of preserving soil cover from water and
wind erosion and increasing agricultural productivity is an urgent
issue. Therefore, the modern farming system, the so-called, is important
for the Orenburg region. no-till system, also known as No-Till.
The highest effect on reclamation of solonetzic soils is achieved by
combining gypsum with the application of organic and mineral
fertilizers, cultivating phytomeliorative crops (clover), and carrying
out measures to accumulate moisture. The efficiency of gypsum increases
sharply when the gypsum is finely ground.
Mainly grain crops are
grown, as well as sunflowers and fodder crops; potatoes and vegetables.
There is meat and dairy cattle breeding and poultry farming. Downy goats
and pigs are bred.
About 40% of the total melon harvest in Russia is provided by the
Orenburg region.
The Orenburg region is one of six Russian
regions that provide 80% of the gross durum wheat harvest (Altai
Territory, Chelyabinsk, Omsk, Saratov, Samara and Volgograd regions are
also on the list). In 2022, it is planned to sow 308.1 thousand hectares
of durum wheat. In 2021, the sown area amounted to 305.6 thousand
hectares (with an average yield of 6.6 c/ha). In 2020 - 263.9 thousand
hectares (10.4 c/ha). Durum wheat grown in the eastern zone of the
region has increased quality indicators.
In 2022, the plantings
of vegetable crops, potatoes and alternative crops have been increased.
Thus, flax, safflower, sorghum, and mustard were sown on 224.9 thousand
hectares (110 thousand hectares in 2021). The potato planting area was
increased to 1339.4 hectares (+180.5 hectares).
In 2021, the
gross harvest of grains and legumes (including corn for grain) amounted
to 1 million 571.3 thousand tons, with an average yield of 8.1 c/ha.
Without corn, the harvest was 1 million 499.1 thousand tons, the average
yield was 7.9 c/ha. 784.4 thousand tons of winter crops were threshed
with an average yield of 12 c/ha, and spring grains - 714.7 thousand
tons with an average yield of 5.7 c/ha. Sunflower was harvested from an
area of 797.5 thousand hectares, the threshing amounted to 735.1
thousand tons with a yield of 9.2 c/ha.
One of the main
directions for increasing grain production in the region is to expand
the area sown with winter crops. In 2020, out of 3.6 million tons of
threshed grain, more than 2 million are winter bread. The area of winter
crops in 2020 increased by more than 100 thousand hectares and reached
800 thousand hectares, and for the 2021 harvest it is planned to
increase to 904.8 thousand hectares. The spring sowing area remains at
3.232 million hectares.
In 2020, the gross harvest of grains and
legumes amounted to 3,702.0 thousand tons (1,975.8 thousand tons in
2019). The average yield is 14.2 c/ha. Of these, winter crops - 2034.7
thousand tons with an average yield of 27.9 c/ha. The harvesting area
for grains and leguminous crops is 2646.5 thousand hectares, including
winter grain crops - 728.4 thousand hectares, spring grain crops and
leguminous crops - 1918.1 thousand hectares.
The gross harvest of
corn for grain amounted to 105.6 thousand tons, with an average yield of
21.2 c/ha.
As of July 1, 2020, farms of all categories in the region had 561.3
thousand heads of cattle, including 290.3 thousand heads on farms of
agricultural producers. There were 239.2 thousand heads of cows in farms
of all categories in the region, including 116.7 thousand heads in farms
of agricultural producers. The number of pigs amounted to 282 thousand
heads, sheep and goats 332 thousand heads.
The average milk yield
per dairy cow for 2020 in the region was 3953 kg (+233 kg 6.3%) (the
Russian average milk yield is 6486 kg per year). The productivity of
cows in the farms of Krasnogvardeisky (8128 kg), Severny (7065 kg),
Asekeevsky (4766 kg), Tashlinsky (4727 kg), Buguruslansky (4366 kg),
Ponomarevsky (4332 kg), Ileksky (4159 kg), Oktyabrsky is higher than the
regional average. (4085 kg) and Akbulak (4066 kg) regions.
The transport potential of the region includes railway, road, air and pipeline transport enterprises.
Two branches
of Russian Railways OJSC are successfully operating in the Orenburg
region: the Orenburg branch of the South Ural Railway and the Samara
branch of the Kuibyshev Railway. The operational length of the South
Ural Railway tracks is 1,643.3 km, including electrified lines - 511.7
km, and the operational length of the Kuibyshev Railway tracks is 115
km.
Also located in the Orenburg region is the enterprise OJSC
Orenburg Track Repair Plant "Remputmash", which is part of the RPM
Group, which carries out major repairs, modernization of track machines,
manufacturing of mechanical engineering products and spare parts and
production of a wide range of spare parts for track machines.
The Orenburg region ranks fourth in the Volga
Federal District in terms of road length and seventh in Russia. As of
01/01/2020, the total length of highways in the Orenburg region is
26,529.11 km, of which:
federal roads - 1263.51 kilometers are
100% asphalt concrete paved;
regional and intermunicipal roads -
11,897 kilometers, of which 41% are asphalt concrete, 56% are gravel and
3% are dirt.
The geographic location of the region determines its
natural competitive advantage for the development of transport
infrastructure. The Orenburg region has historically connected the
European part of Russia with the countries of Central and Southeast Asia
and currently provides transit of freight and passenger flows in the
“Central-Central Asia” and “West-East” directions. In 2007, a protocol
of interaction on the construction of the Western Europe - Western China
transport corridor was signed in Orenburg. It is assumed that the
transportation of goods will be carried out along the route: China -
Kazakhstan - Russia - Ukraine with further distribution of goods to
Poland, Germany, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia and subsequent
transit to Italy and Portugal.
Air transport in the Orenburg region is represented by the airline OJSC Orenburg Airlines, the state unitary enterprise (SUE) Orenburg International Airport and the state unitary enterprise (SUE) Orsk Airport. Orenburg International Airport (Central named after Yu. A. Gagarin) is not only the largest air terminal complex designed for receiving and maintaining aircraft, but also a center for intraregional air transportation with an aircraft fleet that includes AN-2, TU aircraft -154M and helicopters. The airport serves sectors of the regional economy: performs aeronautical chemical work in agriculture; carries out search and rescue operations, and performs air ambulance flights. In order to ensure the development of the airport network, the reception of modern aircraft and compliance with modern passenger service requirements, and increasing the level of safety of air transportation, measures for the reconstruction of the airports of Orenburg and Orsk are included in the federal target program “Development of the transport system of Russia (2010-2015)”.
The gas and oil pipeline systems of the Orenburg
region are complex structures consisting of multi-line pipeline
corridors, receiving and launching units, surface, underwater, beam
crossings through roads and railways. The following pipelines have been
laid in the region:
“Orenburg is the western border of Russia.”
The gas pipeline stretches 2,750 km from the southern foothills of the
Urals through the Kazakh and southern Russian steppes, across all of
Ukraine, the Carpathians - to the borders of the Czech Republic and
Slovakia.
"Bukhara - Ural" with a branch to Orsk. The Orenburg
section of the Bukhara-Ural gas pipeline is about 400 kilometers long
and is served by the Dombarovsk Linear Gas Pipeline Production
Department of Orenburggazprom LLC.
Also, about 5 thousand kilometers
of process pipelines are serviced by the Directorate for Operation of
Connecting Pipelines of Gazprom Dobycha Orenburg LLC. Another largest
organization, which owns more than 9,680 km of various underground
pipelines (oil, gas, condensate, process water), is OJSC Orenburgneft.
Two supply oil pipelines pass through the territory of the Orenburg
region, through which oil is supplied to OJSC Orsknefteorgsintez,
including: Emba - Orsk and Ishimbay - Orsk.
In 2013, a tendency towards a reduction in the teaching of languages of the peoples of Russia (except Russian) was noted: in the 1998/99 academic year, the native language was studied in 144 schools (10,137 people), then in the 2013/14 academic year in 99 schools (4,084 students). In the 2013/14 academic year, the Tatar language as a native language was studied in 49 schools (2,768 students), Kazakh - 22 (513), Bashkir - 18 (476), Mordvin - 6 (155), Chuvash - 2 (66), Hebrew - 1 (91), German - 1 (15).
There are 623 mass media registered in the Orenburg region.
Abdrashitov Shamil Munasypovich - pilot, Hero of the Soviet Union;
Khalil Galeevich Abjalilov (1896-1963) - Soviet theater and film actor,
People's Artist of the USSR (1957);
Avdeev Mikhail Vasilyevich
(1821-1876) - Russian novelist and critic;
Agishev, Sagit
Ishmukhametovich (Sagit Agish, December 25 (January 7) 1904/1905 - May
21, 1973) - Bashkir Soviet writer, laureate of the Bashkir ASSR State
Prize named after S. Yulaev (1975);
Amantaev, Gabdulla Sahipgareevich
(December 23, 1907-1938) - Bashkir Soviet poet, literary critic and
folklorist, public figure;
Akhmet Baitursynov (1873-1937) was a
Kazakh public figure, educator, linguist, literary critic, Turkologist,
translator. He studied for a year in Orenburg, engaged in publishing and
political activities;
Bardin Garry Yakovlevich is a Soviet
director-animator;
Berg Axel Ivanovich - Soviet admiral, academician,
founder of domestic radar;
Biisheva Zainab Abdullovna is a national
writer of Bashkortostan, novelist, poet, playwright, translator. He
graduated from the Bashkir Pedagogical Technical College (Institute of
National Education) in Orenburg;
Bikbaev, Ravil Tukhvatovich
(December 12, 1938 - April 23, 2019) is a Bashkir poet, literary critic
and public figure. People's poet of Bashkortostan (1993), doctor of
philological sciences (1996), honorary citizen of the city of Ufa (since
1999), one of the authors of the Anthem of the Republic of
Bashkortostan;
Blaramberg Pavel Ivanovich - Russian composer;
Viktor Andreevich Bortsov - People's Artist of the RSFSR (1989);
Leonid Sergeevich Bronevoy is a Soviet and Russian theater and film
actor, People's Artist of the USSR (1987). After the partition, from
1950 he worked in the theaters of Magnitogorsk and Orenburg;
Burangulov, Mukhametsha Abdrahmanovich (December 15, 1888 - March 9,
1966) - Bashkir poet and dramatist, folklorist, classic of Bashkir
literature. Connoisseur of Bashkir folk art and folklore collector,
People's Assembly of the Bashkir ASSR (1944), member of the Union of
Writers of the USSR (1940);
Burba, Alexander Adolfovich (1918-1984) -
scientist-chemist, organizer of production and education, director of
the Mednogorsk copper-sulfur plant (1954-1971), first rector of the
Orenburg Polytechnic Institute (1971-1983), founder of German metallurgy
in Russia (1959) ;
Burlin, Pyotr Gavrilovich (1879, Orenburg province
- February 10, 1954, Sydney, Australia) - Russian military commander,
major general. Participant in the Russo-Japanese and First World Wars.
Participant of the White movement during the civil war;
Vitkevich Yan
Viktorovich - orientalist, traveler in the Russian service, the first
ambassador of Russia in Kabul;
Vasily Ivanovich Voinov - an
outstanding neurosurgeon, health care organizer, people's doctor of the
USSR;
Yuriy Alekseevich Gagarin - the first cosmonaut, Hero of the
Soviet Union, colonel, graduated from the Orenburg Higher Military
Aviation School of the Krasnoznamyonnoe pilots (1957);
Nikolay
Stepanovich Gnatynov (1924-2006) is an honorary citizen of the city of
Orenburg, a full knight of the Order of Glory, an artilleryman, a
retired colonel;
Gorkin, Alexander Fedorovich - Soviet statesman and
party figure, secretary of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the
USSR, chairman of the Supreme Court of the USSR;
Guzeeva Larisa
Andreevna — Honored Artist of the Russian Federation (1994);
Grintser
Sergey Grigorievich - Orenburg provincial veterinarian (1898-1902),
later the deputy of the USSR in Italy (1923-1924);
Dahl, Vladimir
Ivanovich lived in Orenburg in 1833-1841;
Dzhangildin Alibi
Togzhanovich (1884-1953) was a revolutionary, a participant in the civil
war. An active participant in the struggle for the establishment of
Soviet power in the Orenburg region and Kazakhstan, a Soviet party and
statesman. He studied in Orenburg for a year;
Alexander Ilyich Dutov
(1879-1921) - lieutenant general, participant of the First World War,
order bearer, ataman of the Orenburg Cossack army. The first in Russia
was resistance to the Bolsheviks, as a result of which he was included
among the main enemies of the Soviet government;
Yeltsina (Gyrina)
Naina Iosifovna is the wife of the first President of Russia Boris
Nikolayevich Yeltsin;
Zaveryukha Alexander Kharlampievich - Russian
statesman, politician, - Deputy Chairman of the Government of the
Russian Federation (1993-1997);
Ibrahimov, Habibulla Kalimullovich
(1894-1959) is a Soviet Bashkir composer and playwright, musical and
public figure. Honored Artist of the Bashkir ASSR (1951). Member of the
Union of Composers of the Bashkir ASSR (1941-1959);
Karpov Vladimir
Vasilyevich - Hero of the Soviet Union, colonel, Soviet military writer
(books "Generalissimo", "Marshal Zhukov", "Commander" and others);
Kovalenko Alexander Vlasovich - Soviet statesman and party figure,
two-time Hero of Socialist Labor, First Secretary of the Orenburg
Regional Committee of the CPSU (1964-1980), Chairman of the USSR State
Committee on Material Reserves (1980-1986);
Sergey Borisovich
Kuznetsov is a Russian composer, poet, author of a large number of
popular songs, creator of youth musical groups;
Lyubushkin Viktor
Vasilyevich (October 23, 1913 - February 1, 1983) - Soviet economic,
state and political figure. Secretary of the Baimak District Committee
of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), head of the department of
the Bashkir Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party
(Bolsheviks), first secretary of the Sibay City Committee of the CPSU,
head of the Non-Ferrous Metallurgy Department of the Bashkir Economic
Council, the Middle Volga Economic Council, director of the Uchaly
Mining and Processing Plant;
Mazover Alexander Pavlovich - the
founder of domestic cynology;
Malenkov Georgy Maksimilianovich -
Soviet statesman and party figure, Chairman of the Council of Ministers
of the USSR in 1953;
Martynyuk Georgy Yakovlevich - theater and film
actor, known for his role as investigator Znamensky in the television
series "The investigation is led by experts";
Milkov Fyodor
Nikolaevich - geographer, landscape scientist. Doctor of Geographical
Sciences, Professor, Honored Scientist of the RSFSR, Honorary Member of
the USSR Geographical Society (USGS). From 1941 to 1950 he worked at the
Chkalov Pedagogical Institute, was the dean of the geography department.
In 1947 he wrote a monograph about the Orenburg steppes;
Murtazin-Imansky, Valiulla Gainazarovich (December 4, 1885 - July 10,
1938) - theater figure, theater theorist, founder of the Bashkir
National Theater, People's Artist of the Bashkir ASSR;
Musa Jalil
(1906-1944) - Tatar Soviet poet, Hero of the Soviet Union, Lenin Prize
laureate. A native of the village of Mustafino in the Orenburg province,
he studied at the Orenburg Khusainiya Madrasah and the Tatar Institute
of Public Education (Orenburg) in the 1910s and 1920s;
Olga
Mikhailovna Ostroumova — Soviet and Russian theater and film actress.
People's Artist of the Russian Federation (1993). Laureate of the USSR
State Prize (1979);
Vasily Alekseevich Perovsky — Orenburg military
governor and commander of the Separate Orenburg Corps in 1833-42 and
1851-1856;
Viktor Petrovich Polyanichko — politician and statesman,
candidate of historical sciences (1971), member of the Union of
Journalists of the RSFSR. In 1972-78 — secretary of the Orenburg
regional committee of the CPSU;
Alexander Alekseevich Pryanikov — TV
presenter, showman;
Raevsky Iosif Moiseevich (1901-1972) - actor,
theater and film director, People's Artist of the USSR (1968);
Rodimtsev Alexander Ilyich (1905-1977) - Twice Hero of the Soviet Union.
Commander of the 13th Guards Rifle Division, which distinguished itself
in the Battle of Stalingrad;
Rostropovich Mstislav Leopoldovich - an
outstanding cellist, conductor, People's Artist of the USSR (1966),
whose family was evacuated to the city of Chkalov (Orenburg) in 1941;
Semyonov Grigory Mikhailovich (1890-1946) - Cossack ataman, leader of
the White movement in Transbaikalia and the Far East;
Semin Yuri
Pavlovich - Soviet football player and Russian football coach;
Sukhikh Gennady Tikhonovich — Soviet and Russian pathophysiologist,
Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation;
Teryan Vahan — Armenian
poet, spent the last days of his life in Orenburg;
Tolokonnikov,
Valentin Mikhailovich (born 1930) — Soviet aircraft engine designer,
employee of the USSR Ministry of Aviation Industry. Laureate of the USSR
Council of Ministers Prize and the USSR State Prize, Honored Innovator
of the RSFSR.
Trubin, Nikolay Semenovich (born September 23, 1931,
Burdygino village, Sorochinsky district, Orenburg region) — Soviet
statesman. Candidate of Law, Associate Professor. The last Prosecutor
General of the USSR;
Fayzi Dzhaudat Kharisovich (1910-1973) —
composer, folklorist. Honored Artist of the Tatar ASSR. Honored Artist
of the RSFSR. People's Artist of the Tatar ASSR. Laureate of the State
Prize of the Tatar ASSR named after G. Tukay;
Fedorov Evgraf
Stepanovich - Russian scientist and mineralogist;
Filatova Lyudmila
Pavlovna - opera singer, People's Artist of the USSR (1983);
Fleisher, Vladimir Natanovich - Russian theater figure, Honored Worker
of Culture of the Russian Federation;
Chernomyrdin Viktor Stepanovich
(1938-2010) - Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation
(1992-1998);
Chibilev Alexander Alexandrovich - Soviet and Russian
scientist-geographer, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of
Sciences;
Shatunov Yuri Vasilyevich - pop singer, soloist of the
popular group "Laskoviy May" (1986-1991);
Shevchenko Taras
Grigorievich (1814-1861) - Ukrainian poet, prose writer, artist,
ethnographer;
Yultyev, Daut Iskhakovich (Daut Yulty) (1893-1938) -
Bashkir Soviet writer, playwright, journalist and public figure;
Yablonsky Vsevolod Sergeevich (1901-1963) - specialist in the field of
hydromechanics and hydraulics, creator of the scientific foundations of
the pipeline method of transporting oil products. Honored Scientist and
Technician of the RSFSR;
Yagafarov, Allabirde Nurmukhametovich
(1886-1922) - one of the leaders of the Bashkir national movement,
member of the Bashkir Government, Commissar of Public Education of the
Autonomous Bashkir Soviet Republic.
Athletes from the Orenburg Region who have competed in international
competitions and the Olympics:
Alexander Dobroskok — native of
Buzuluk, Russian and European champion, silver medalist of the XXVII
Summer Olympic Games 2000 in diving;
Dmitry Dobroskok — native of
Buzuluk, multiple Russian champion, world and European champion, bronze
medalist of the XXIX Summer Olympic Games 2008 in diving;
Fedor
Kuzmin — master of sports of international class in table tennis,
participated in the XXIX Summer Olympic Games 2008;
Yulia Kuzina —
native of Orsk, judoka, participated in the XXIX Summer Olympic Games
2008;
Pavel Poltavtsev — native of Novotroitsk, swimmer, participated
in the 2012 Summer Paralympic Games in London; Won gold in the 100-meter
breaststroke, silver in the men's 4x100-meter medley relay, and bronze
as part of the 4x100-meter freestyle relay team;
Alexander Ulyanin —
a native of Buzuluk, Soviet sambo wrestler, USSR championship medalist,
1985 world champion, international master of sports of the USSR.
Nikolai Apalikov — a native of Orsk, honored master of sports, Olympic
champion (2012), five-time Russian champion, three-time winner of the
Russian Volleyball Cup;
Viktor Torshin (1948-1993) — lived in
Orenburg from 1954 to 1971? years, shooter, graduate of OVZRAKKU,
Honored Master of Sports, multiple champion and record holder of the
USSR, Europe and the world, bronze medalist of the XX Summer Olympic
Games in 1972, participant of the XXI Olympic Games in 1976, buried in
Minsk (Republic of Belarus).