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Orenburg (from 1938 to 1957 - Chkalov) is a city in Russia. Orenburg is the administrative center of the Orenburg region, located near the border with Kazakhstan, on the Ural River. The latter is the natural border separating Europe from Asia, which, incidentally, is not true from a scientific point of view. It forms the municipality of the city of Orenburg with the status of the urban district. According to the data of 2012, about 579.3 thousand people live in Orenburg (28th place by population in Russia).
Orthodoxy
Nikolsky Cathedral of the Orenburg
diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church.
Dmitrievsky Monastery (Temple
of Demetrius of Thessalonica).
Assumption convent.
Temple of St.
Sergius of Radonezh.
Temple of Seraphim of Sarov.
Church of the
Intercession of the Holy Mother of God.
Chapel of Tabynskaya Mother
of God.
Temple of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God (1998,
architects P. I. Anisiforov, S. G. Rybak) in the village of Berdy,
Orenburg.
Temple of John the Evangelist.
Temple of the Tikhvin
Icon of the Mother of God.
Church of the Nativity of John the
Baptist.
Islam
Central Cathedral Mosque of Orenburg - 3rd
Cathedral Mosque, st. Tereshkova 10 a.
Caravanserai Mosque - 2nd
Cathedral Mosque, Park Avenue, 6.
Mosque "Husainia" - 6th Cathedral
Mosque, st. Kirova, 3.
Mosque "Suleimania" - 5th Cathedral Mosque,
per. Chulochny, 14a.
Mosque "Auliya" them. Zaki Hazrat - Karachi, st.
Central 2.
Mosque "Ramazan" - 7th Cathedral Mosque, st. Michurin,
146.
Mosque "Mahalla" - Kushkul village
Other religions
Catholic Church of Our Lady of Loreto.
Parish of the United
Evangelical Lutheran Church of Russia.
ECB Prayer House.
Seventh
Day Adventist Church.
Synagogue.
Orenburg Governor's Museum of History and Local Lore:
Memorial complex-museum "Salute, Victory!".
Orenburg Regional Museum
of Fine Arts:
House-museum of the Rostropovich family.
Petin
Sculpture Museum.
Museum of the History of Orenburg:
Memorial
Guardhouse Museum of Taras Shevchenko,
Memorial Museum-apartment of
Yuri and Valentina Gagarin,
Museum "House of Memory",
Museum of
Cosmonautics (former Museum of History and Military Glory of the
Orenburg Higher Military Aviation Red Banner Pilot School named after I.
S. Polbin),
Orenburg National Museum of Defenders of the Fatherland
named after General M. G. Chernyaev.
Museum of the history of the
militia of the cultural center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in
the Orenburg region.
Museum of Military Glory and the Afghan War.
Museum of History and Labor Glory of Gazprom Dobycha Orenburg.
Museum
of the History of the Orenburg State University.
Geological Museum
named after A. S. Khomentovsky Orenburg State University.
Museum of
Archeology in the OGPU.
Museum of Maritime Glory of the Orenburg
Region named after I.N. Neplyueva
Galleries and exhibition halls
Exhibition Hall of the Orenburg Regional Museum of Fine Arts.
Gallery
"Orenburg downy shawl" of the Orenburg Regional Museum of Fine Arts.
Gallery of outstanding Orenburgers "Our people".
Art Gallery "On
Pushkinskaya".
Art Gallery.
The oldest theater in the city is the Orenburg
Regional Drama Theater named after M. Gorky. For the first time,
performances in the city theater of Orenburg began to go on in 1869,
before that only visiting troupes performed in the city. Polina
Strepetova, Vera Komissarzhevskaya, Mikhail Tarkhanov performed on the
stage of the theater in different years. In 1898, simultaneously with
the Moscow Art Theater, Chekhov's The Seagull was staged on the stage of
the theater.
The Orenburg State Regional Theater of Musical
Comedy, founded in 1935 on the basis of the troupe of the Vinnitsa
Theater, every theatrical season shows the audience operettas, musical
comedies, vaudevilles and musical fairy tales.
The Orenburg
Regional State Puppet Theatre, founded in 1935, shows performances for
the smallest spectators. The Orenburg Puppet Theater is a participant
and laureate of international competitions.
Orenburg Municipal
Puppet Theater "Piero" - Founded in 1991. Every two years the theater
holds the international theater festival "Orenburg Watermelon".
The Orenburg State Tatar Drama Theater named after Mirkhaidar Faizi,
leading its history from the Tatar theater troupe organized in 1905, has
in its repertoire plays by Tatar, Russian, Western and Eastern
playwrights.
The Philharmonic operates in Orenburg.
Mobile
Historical Shadow Theater "Faces in Time" is the youngest theater in
Orenburg. Founded in 2019. The project became the winner of the
Presidential grant and the Native Towns grant. The first performance has
already been watched by more than 4 thousand spectators in different
regions of the Orenburg region. The head of the theater and the author
of the project is Natalia Ermashova.
Orenburg Airport is located a couple of tens of
kilometers west of the inhabited city border. The airport was previously
the base for Orenburg Airlines, but with the liquidation of the latter,
it became an ordinary, not very convenient airport. Despite this, he
receives frequent flights from Moscow, you can also fly from
St.
Petersburg, Kazan,
Yekaterinburg. There are also, infrequently
encountered in Russian aviation practice, short flights from nearby
Ufa,
Samara, Orsk. International transportation is carried out in Dushanbe,
Dubai and possibly Phuket.
A taxi from the airport to the city
center will cost 500-600 rubles.
By plane
International
Airport Orenburg named after Yu.A. Gagarin (IATA: REN). Extremely modest
from an infrastructural point of view, the terminal. Disembarkation of
passengers upon arrival is carried out on the street with access through
the gates and baggage claim in a metal pavilion. The terminal building
itself serves only departures. At the entrance there are several stalls
with souvenirs (mainly Orenburg downy shawls), and this is the last
place where you can buy souvenirs, then there is nothing in the clean
zone. On the second floor there is a waiting area and a shabby cafe.
There are no check-in counters in the visible area of the airport lobby,
they are located in the so-called. sectors, the path to which must be
correlated based on their flight numbers. In a clean zone, the
infrastructure is minimalistic and consists of a waiting room and an
equally unremarkable cafe.
There are no special attractions at the
airport itself; an interesting exposition of Soviet aircraft is
displayed along the exit road.
1 Central market, Volodarsky street, 22. ☎ +7 (3532)
77-90-05. 08:00 – 17:00.
2 Shopping Center Voskhod , Prospekt
Pobedy, 1A. ☎ +7 (3532) 50-55-04. 10:00 - 22:00.
3 Shopping complex
Gorod Lokomotiv (Rynok Lokomotiv) , Conductor lane, 4. ☎ +7 (3532)
228-338.
4 Slavyansky Bazaar (Cossack) , 1 Korostelev Brothers
Avenue. ☎ +7 (3532) 37-04-13.
5 Shopping and entertainment center
Sever, Dzerzhinsky Avenue, 23. ☎ +7 (3532) 54-08-54. 10:00-22:00.
6 Stepnoy Market , Dzerzhinsky Avenue, 4A. ☎ +7 (3532) 43-02-06.
09:00-19:00.
7 Petrovsky wholesale food market, Lesozaschitnaya st.,
18/1. ☎ +7 (3532) 68-41-28.
8 SEC Armada , Sharlyk highway, 1/2. ☎
+7 (3532) 38-81-10.
9 SEC Armada 2 , Nezhinskoe shosse, 2A. ☎ +7
(3532) 94-70-42. 10:00–22:00.
10 Three monkeys , Gagarin Avenue,
48/3. ☎ +7 (3532) 66-70-12. 10:00 - 21:00.
Park and museum ethnocomplex "National Village" (a
complex of cafes and restaurants of national cuisines of the peoples
inhabiting the Orenburg region).
Cheap
McDonald's
FSC
Burger King
Cheap
OrenHostel, st. Lipovaya 3-33, entrance 1, +7
(3532) 690-241. From 360 rubles per day.
Average cost
Hotel
"Orenburg". Classic Soviet hotel, located some distance from the center
The criminal situation in the city is generally calm,
but tourists should refrain from single walks around the outskirts,
sleeping areas and industrial zones of the city at night because of the
risk of unpleasant encounters with the so-called "gopniks".
The
weather in Orenburg is quite hot in summer, and on sunny days it is
advisable to wear a cap or hat while walking to prevent sunstroke, and
at the same time take chilled water with you.
Annoying mosquitoes are
a definite annoyance in the summer at night, so take care to provide the
windows of your bedroom with mosquito nets.
There are different versions of the origin of the name
Orenburg. The classical version is that it is a fortress on the river
Or. The author of the phrase Orenburg, in all likelihood, is the founder
of the city, I.K. Kirilov. In 1734, in accordance with his project, a
package of government documents was developed on the foundation of a
fortress city at the confluence of the Or and Yaik (Ural) rivers. On
June 7, 1734, Empress Anna Ioannovna signed the "Privilege to Orenburg",
and although the construction site of the main fortress of the region
was later transferred several times downstream of the Yaik (Ural), the
name of the city established by the "Privilege" has been preserved to
this day behind the fortress founded in 1743 year at the mouth of the
Sakmara River.
From December 26, 1938 to December 4, 1957, the
city was called Chkalov in honor of the famous Soviet pilot Valery
Chkalov, despite the fact that he had never been to this city. A bronze
sculpture of V.P. Chkalov, six meters high on a seven-meter pedestal,
was installed in honor of the 50th anniversary of his birth in 1954 on
the Boulevard (the embankment of the Ural River, the so-called
"Belovka").
In 1734, the Russian Empire began expanding its control and
influence in Asia starting from the construction of the fortress
city called "Orenburg" on its eastern border (in Southern Ural). For
this purpose, a settlement was founded here in 1735 - at the place
where the Or and the Ural rivers cross.
The initial site was
chosen for settlement during the expedition of I.K. Kirilov, who
initiated developmental activities in the region. He argued that the
city was necessary "...for opening up transit routes to Bukhara,
Badakhshan, Bulk, and to India", making it possible to receive
"wealth from there — gold, lapis lazuli, and garnet." After his
death, a new administrator of the Orenburg expedition, Vasily
Tatishchev, was appointed. He did not consider this place to be
convenient for construction of the city, because it was constantly
flooded by the spring high waters. This encouraged to launch in 1739
preparations for building a new town with the old name downstream
the river Ural (Yaik) on the mountain Krasnaya (Red). The old
settlement was named the Orsk fortress (now the city of Orsk).
On 6 August 1741, the new town was founded. However, its
construction did not start. The location on the mountain Krasnaya —
treeless, rocky and remote from the river — was also inappropriate
for building the town. A new administrator of the Orenburg
expedition, Ivan Neplyuyev, was appointed.
On 19 (30) April
1743, Orenburg was founded for a third time, on the compound that
was once the Berd fortress (town of Berd), 70 versts (75 km; 46 mi)
from the Krasnogorsk mountain area. In the summer of 1742, Neplyuev
personally chose a new place surrounded by forests and crop fields,
where the Yaik and the Sakmara rivers cross. Now it is the
historical center of the city. The city built upon the mountain
Krasnaya was named Krasnogorsk.
Orenburg, therefore, was
successfully established by Ivan Neplyuyev in its present location
approximately 250 kilometers (160 mi) west down the Ural from Orsk
in 1743. This third Orenburg has functioned as an important military
outpost on the border with the nomadic Kazakhs. It became the center
of the Orenburg Cossacks.
Orenburg played a major role in
Pugachev's Rebellion (1773–1774). At the time, it was the capital of
a vast district and the seat of the governor. Yemelyan Pugachev
besieged the city and its fortress from nearby Berda from October
1773 - March 26, 1774. The defense was organized by
lieutenant-general Reinsdorp. General Golytsin defeated Pugachev at
Berda, and later again at Kargala (north of Orenburg). Most of the
city was left in ruins, and thousands of inhabitants had died in the
siege.
Alexander Pushkin visited Orenburg in 1833 during a
research trip for his books The History of Pugachev and his famous
novel The Captain's Daughter. He met his friend Vladimir Dal here,
who would later write the first serious dictionary of the Russian
language.
Orenburg was the base for General Perovsky's
expeditions against the Khanate of Khiva in the 1830s through 1850s.
After the incorporation of Central Asia into the Russian Empire,
Orenburg became a trading station and, since the completion of the
Trans-Aral Railway, a prominent railway junction en route to the new
Central Asian possessions and to Siberia.
Orenburg functioned
as the capital of the Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
(in present-day Kazakhstan) within Russia from 1920–1925. When that
republic was renamed Kazak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in
1925, Orenburg joined Russia and Kyzylorda became the new capital.
Almaty became the capital in 1929 after the construction of the
Turkestan–Siberia Railway. Kazak Autonomous Soviet Socialist
Republic was promoted to the union republic status as the Kazakh
Soviet Socialist Republic Kazakh SSR in 1936. Orenburg remained in
Russia.
From 1938 to 1957, the city bore the name Chkalov
(Чка́лов) (after the prominent test pilot Valery Chkalov). The
city's distance from the German invasion during World War II led
many Soviet enterprises to flee there, helping to spur the city's
economic growth.
The city is located in the Southern Cis-Urals, on the Ural (Yaik)
River, near the confluence of the Sakmara River. Orenburg is located
1475 km southeast of Moscow.
According to a number of sources, it
is located not entirely in Europe. On the pedestrian bridge across the
Ural River stands a symbolic historical sign of the border between
Europe and Asia. However, this border has not been recognized by the
International Geographical Union since 1959, when the opinion of Soviet
scientists was accepted about drawing the border between Europe and Asia
along the Ural Mountains, Mugodzhary and the Emba River. According to
this definition, the Ural River is a natural water border between Asia
and Europe only in its upper reaches on the territory of Russia.
Further, geographically, the border between Europe and Asia runs from
the Ural River south from Orsk along the Or River, along the Mugodzhary
Range and the Emba River to its confluence with the Caspian Sea,
therefore the Ural River is a 100% inland European river, only in the
Russian upper reaches its left bank belongs to Asia . With such a
border, Orenburg can be considered a fully European city from a
geographical point of view.
The climate of Orenburg is moderately continental, turning into
sharply continental. Summers are hot and dry: five months of the year
the average daily temperature exceeds +15 °C; winter is moderately cold,
the maximum snow cover is observed in February (23 cm). Number of clear,
cloudy and overcast days per year: 157, 176 and 32 respectively. The
temperature fluctuates greatly depending on the time of day and wind
direction. In summer, the temperature can rise to +40 °C, or drop to +5
°C. Autumn comes early, it happens around the second half of September,
winter comes in early November. Spring comes towards the end of March,
but in spring the weather is unstable, even at the end of May, the
return of cold weather is possible. In winter, the weather ranges from
slight frosts to severe cold, sometimes there are slight thaws or severe
cold down to -40 ° C.
Average annual climatic indicators of
Orenburg:
Average annual temperature: +5.3 °C,
Average annual wind
speed: 3.9 m/s,
Average annual air humidity: 68%.
Orenburg is in the MSK+2 time zone. The offset of the applicable time from UTC is +5:00. In accordance with the applied time and geographic longitude, the average solar noon in Orenburg occurs at 13:20.