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Pyatigorsk is a resort town in the Stavropol Territory of the
Russian Federation. The administrative center of the municipality is
the resort town of Pyatigorsk. The largest in terms of population
city of Caucasian Mineral Waters and the second in the region after
Stavropol.
Since January 19, 2010 - the center of the North
Caucasian Federal District (the only one of the centers of federal
districts that is not the administrative center of a subject of the
Federation).
The oldest balneological and mud resort of
federal (since January 17, 2006) (previously all-Union)
significance, as well as an industrial, commercial, scientific,
cultural and tourist center of the ecological-resort region of the
Caucasian Mineral Waters.
On October 29, 2020, the city was
awarded the honorary title “City of Military Historical Heritage”.
In 1828, the Russian architect Joseph Karlovich
(Giuseppe-Marco) Bernardazzi (1788-1840) drew up a project for the
future city, which was considered by the Committee of Ministers of
the Russian Empire in February 1830. At the same time, the Russian
military leader, General Georgy Arsenievich Emmanuel, provided
options for the name of the future district city: Novogeorgievsk,
Konstantinogorsk and, finally, Pyatigorsk - named after Mount
Beshtau ("Five mountains" or "Five peaks"), to the foot of which its
territory adjoined.
On February 18, 1830, the Committee of
Ministers approved the plan of the future district city and its name
- Pyatigorsk, and on May 14, 1830, the Governing Senate of the
Russian Empire ordered to carry it out. So the name Pyatigorsk
appeared on the map of Russia.
By plane
The nearest airport is located in the city of Mineralnye
Vody. There are direct buses from the airport to Pyatigorsk, but most
likely you will have to go with a transfer in the center of Mineralnye
Vody or use a taxi.
By train
Railway station, st.
Universitetskaya, 34. Pyatigorsk station is located on the railway line
Mineralnye Vody - Kislovodsk. Serves both long-distance trains and
suburban electric trains connecting the cities of Kavminvod.
In
addition, from other cities in Russia, you can take the train to the
Mineralnye Vody station, and from there get to Pyatigorsk by train, bus
or taxi.
By car
The P217 "Kavkaz" highway passes through the
city, which makes Pyatigorsk an important transport hub in the North
Caucasus.
By bus
The central bus station (Kalinina Ave.)
accepts many long-distance and international buses. Some private
companies arrive at the Railway Station Square, the square in front of
the Upper Market, on the St. George Ring.
On the ship
The city
has no transport links with other settlements by water. The largest
river flowing through the city - Podkumok, is too shallow
The city of Pyatigorsk is located in the time zone MSK (Moscow time). The offset of the applicable time relative to UTC is +3:00. In accordance with the applicable time and geographic longitude, the average solar noon in Pyatigorsk occurs at 12:14.
Pyatigorsk is located on the Mineralovodskaya foothill plain (part of
the foothills of the Greater Caucasus); spread widely on the banks of
the Podkumok River, along the southwestern, southern and northern
(village Energetik) slopes at the foot of Mount Mashuk, at an altitude
of 500-600 m above sea level, as well as the southern foot of Mount
Beshtau.
Within the city there are Mount Mashuk (993.7 m, with a
112-meter television relay tower installed on it, to which the cable car
leads) and its spurs - Mount Hot (557.9 m) and Kazachka (633 m), as well
as mountains Dubrovka (690.6 m), Picket (565.3 m), Post (556 m) and
others (see Mashuk; see also Goryachevodsk barrows and Novopyatigorsk
barrow). The highest point in the vicinity of the city is the peak of
Mount Beshtau (1401.2 m). From the height of its five peaks, a panorama
of the resort opens up, almost all resort towns, Elbrus and the mountain
range of the main Caucasian ridge are visible.
The city of Pyatigorsk is located in an active seismic zone due to
its proximity to the Main Caucasian Range, surrounded by mountains
(Mashuk, Beshtau and others) formed during the volcanic activity of
Mount Elbrus. Seismic stations annually record several strong
earthquakes that do not harm buildings, structures and human activities,
but are felt. Devastating earthquakes rarely occur in the city.
The location of the city on the slopes of the mountains determines the
complex geological structure of soils. The districts of Pyatigorsk,
located in the valley of the Podkumok River, are built on river terraces
made of alluvial deposits. The slopes of Mount Mashuk are composed of
late limestone deposits exposed from under the strata. Around Mashuk,
the spurs are made of local stone - travertine. The northern districts
of the city, adjacent to Mount Beshtau, are located on soils with a high
content of clastic stone material from igneous igneous rocks -
beshtaunit.
The city is located mainly on the terraces of the valley formed by
the Podkumok River. The defensive Constantinogorsk fortress, which gave
rise to the settlement, was built in 1780 on the left steep bank of the
river. For a long time, urban development was located on the left bank
of the river, growing upstream. In 1825, on the right bank of the
Podkumka, the village of Goryachevodskaya was founded, which later
became part of the city. The bed of the Podkumka has repeatedly changed,
which is reflected in the relief forms. Within the city, several small
streams flow into Podkumok: Gryaznushka, Stinky, Zolotushka. In the
eastern part of the city, the Yutsa River flows into Podkumok.
On
the territory of the city there is the only natural reservoir - the
underground karst lake Proval, filled with mineral water. Two reservoirs
- a pond in the Park of Culture and Leisure named after S. M. Kirov and
Lake Novopyatigorsk are of artificial origin. They were built for the
rest of Pyatigorsk residents and vacationers at the resort. Lakes of
natural origin found outside the city are small and seasonal. The
nearest large reservoirs are located at a distance of more than 10 km
from the city: Tambukan and Lysogorsk bitter-salty lakes. They contain
therapeutic silt mud and are unsuitable for water supply.
Until
the end of the 19th century, the city received fresh water from the
Podkumok River and the springs of Mount Beshtau. In 1890, for the water
supply of Pyatigorsk, a water pipeline was built, which supplied the
city with fresh water from a source on Mount Yutse. In Soviet times, a
reservoir was built on the territory of Karachay-Cherkessia, filled with
water from the Kuban. The construction of the Kuban water conduit solved
the problem of water supply for Pyatigorsk and all resorts of the CMS.
Until now, part of the city (mainly the village of Goryachevodsky) is
supplied with drinking water from the Yutsk source.
The climate in Pyatigorsk is characterized by mild winters and hot
summers. Due to the large amount of water resources and mild climate,
the city has picturesque reservoirs, forest belts and parks. Average
monthly air temperature in January: −3.8°; in July: 21.1°. The annual
rainfall in the area of the weather station is 518 mm, and in the whole
city - from 500 to 600 mm per year. (The average annual precipitation in
the Caucasus decreases from the mountains to the plains: in Bermamyt -
724 mm, in Kislovodsk - 599 mm, and even less in Essentuki). The month
with the most rainfall is June, with the least rainfall is January. The
climate is favorable, temperate continental, without sharp fluctuations
in annual and daily temperatures.
The climate is steppe combined
with low-mountain, with moderate rainfall, low relative humidity, small
and unstable snow cover. The average height of the resort part of the
city is about 520–525 m (510–550 m) above sea level. y. m. This is
associated with a slightly lower atmospheric pressure, which ranges from
710 to 735 mm Hg. Art.
In winter, there are significant changes
in atmospheric pressure, higher air humidity, and fogs often appear.
Frosty days and snow cover last from several days to 1-3 weeks. During
frequent thaws, the air temperature rises to +10 - +22°C.
The city is located in the foothills of the Caucasus at the junction
of steppes and mountains, which causes a special climate and flora.
River valleys, ravines, northern slopes of hills are covered with small
shrubs. The slopes of the mountains are covered with natural forests
represented by oaks, birches, maples, lindens, dogwood, hawthorn, wild
rose, barberry, mountain ash. The Mashuk forest park covers the Mashuk
horseshoe slopes and merges with the Beshtaugorsky forest park extending
to the north and north-west of Pyatigorsk, being together with it a
state reserve (1972).
Due to economic activity, the fauna of the
city is shrinking. In the forests on Mount Mashuk, you can rarely meet a
forest cat, foxes, hares. The world of birds is presented more widely.
They can be divided into urban, permanently residing in the city
(ravens, pigeons, sparrows, several species of tits, starlings, magpies,
blackbirds, etc.), forest (some of the forest inhabitants fly south to
spend the winter) and migratory (for the winter in large numbers rooks
arrive in Pyatigorsk and its environs, which the locals confuse with
ravens). Very rarely you can meet a pheasant and representatives of the
hawk family. Squirrels are found in city squares and forest parks. In
the pond of the park named after S. M. Kirov, swans are found in the
summer, ducks fly there for the winter.
For Pyatigorsk, like any large dynamically developing city,
environmental problems are inherent. They are perceived by society as
particularly acute and require urgent action due to the location of the
city on the territory of the specially protected ecological resort
region Caucasian Mineralnye Vody, in the area where mineral water
sources are formed. Special studies characterizing the ecological state
of the city have not been conducted.
The problem of storage and
processing of municipal solid waste is acute in the city. The existing
landfills are overcrowded. JSC "PTEK" (waste incineration plant),
located on the northwestern outskirts of the city, receives solid waste
and processes it by incineration. On the territory of the city of
Pyatigorsk, a large deterioration of the sewerage system is recorded
(the total length of sewer networks is 275.3 km). About 90 km of the
sewerage network of the city of Pyatigorsk are 100% depreciated.
Untreated sewage enters the soil from faulty pipes and cesspools. For
the last thirty years, the area of forest zones has been declining. This
process accelerated after the development of a new Master Plan for the
development of Pyatigorsk until 2030. Ill-considered economic activity
causes irreparable damage to the flora of the city.
There is one
body of water suitable for swimming in the city - Lake Novopyatigorsk.
The Podkumok River and its tributaries are polluted with sewage,
unsuitable for drinking and use for economic purposes without special
preliminary treatment.
Pyatigorye in antiquity
The Pyatigorye region has been inhabited
since ancient times. This is evidenced by tools, household items
discovered by archaeologists.
The peoples who lived here in the
past, in ancient times, from primitive times, knew well the life-giving
power of mineral springs. Evidence of this is the ancient baths carved
in the travertines of the Hot Mountain near the springs, discovered and
described by the first researchers.
Golden Horde
1334 - the
first written mention of the area of Bish-Dag (five mountains) with a
source of hot water by the Arab traveler Ibn Batuta.
Sigismund
von Herberstein, the ambassador of the German emperor, who visited
Muscovy in 1517 and 1526, said that where the Caucasus Range rests
against the southern arm of the Kuban, Cherkasy Pyatigorsk or Chiki
lived in the mountains:
This people, hoping for the protection of
their mountains, does not obey either the Turks or the Tatars. The
Russians claim that they are Christians, that they live according to
their customs, do not depend on anyone, profess the Greek faith, and
perform church services in the Slavic language, which they mainly use.
They are for the most part bold pirates. Descending into the sea along
the rivers that flow from their mountains, they rob anyone, and
especially merchants sailing from Kafa to Constantinople.
- S. von
Herberstein. Note on Russian affairs
Ties with Moscow
In 1561,
the marriage of Ivan the Terrible with Maria Temryukovna, "from the
Cherkasy of Pyatigorsk," took place. At the same time, judging by the
acts, the last Cherkasy princes "descended to Moscow", later playing a
big role in Russian history.
In Russia, the first printed
information appeared in the Book of a Large Drawing in 1627. It mentions
the existence of a “hot well” and a “cold well” (sour) in the North
Caucasus.
The study of mineral waters in Russia began in the 18th
century during the reign of Peter I. The Caucasian and Lipetsk springs
were the first to be explored in Rus'.
In 1717, during the
Persian campaign, Peter I sent the medical doctor G. Schober to the
Caucasus “to look for spring waters that can be used for diseases” on
the lands of the Beshtaugor Circassians, “to explore and describe the
hot waters in the Terek, known under the name of Bragunovskys”.
In 1773, the first scientific description of Pyatigorye and its healing
factors was made by Academician of the Russian Academy Guldenshtedt. He
described the Hot Mountain and a fissure along the mountain with several
mouths flowing from it at the tip of the northwestern ridge of the
mountain with a hot sulfur spring (main), as well as another hot spring
flowing down to the southern spur, to the Podkumok River; examined Lake
Proval, visited Tambukan and Kumagorsky sulfur source.
In 1774,
according to the Kyuchuk-Kainarji peace treaty with Turkey, part of
Kabarda, along with most of Pyatigorye, went to Russia, and in 1791,
according to the Yassky peace, Russia acquired Bolshaya Kabarda and the
right bank of the Kuban, and thus “mineral waters became finally our
property, except Narzan, which until 1806 was outside the Empire.
As part of the Russian Empire
1780 - the laying of the foundation
stone and the beginning of the construction of the Constantinogorsk
fortress - one of the fortifications of the Azov-Mozdok defensive line
(1777), an important role in the creation of which belongs to A.V.
Suvorov. A fortress was erected in the valley between the Beshtau and
Mashuk mountains (4 km west of Mashuk) at the confluence of the Zolotukh
(Zolotushka) and Podkumok rivers on the so-called "Dry line" of the
Caucasian line. It was the first Russian military fortification in
Pyatigorye. It was built under the supervision of Lieutenant-General
I.V. Yakobi and was named Constantinogorsk in honor of the grandson of
Catherine II, Konstantin Pavlovich. Corresponds to the territory of the
current Novopyatigorsk microdistrict.
The soldiers of the 16th
Jaeger Regiment, who occupied the Constantinogorsk fortress, drew
attention to the hot mineral springs of Mount Mashuk. This year is
considered the official year of foundation of Pyatigorsk. Nearby, a
settlement gradually grew up, where soldiers who had served their time
settled.
In 1793, the Russian Academy of Sciences sent the famous
naturalist-traveler P.S. Pallas to the Caucasus, who described the
sources in detail and made the first qualitative chemical analysis of
mineral waters. (All analyzes of mineral waters before Smirnov were
carried out outside the Kavminvod - in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kharkov).
The soldiers who lived near the hot springs were already familiar with
their healing properties, and from them, including the Russian
scientist, he learned that sulfur baths are useful for skin diseases,
rheumatism, gout, etc. The most important result of Pallas's trip was an
examination of Narzan, who he betrayed great importance and predicted a
brilliant future. Pallas' report at the Academy of Sciences made a great
impression, and interest in the Caucasian Mineral Waters increased
significantly. After scientists visited and studied the hot waters, the
news about the healing waters spread more and more, attracting patients
from the most remote cities of the Russian Empire to the hot sulfuric
waters.
Subsequent studies of the Pyatigorsk mineral waters and
Kislovodsk Narzan were carried out in 1801 by the chemist Simeon, and in
1802 by the head physicians Krushnevich, Gordinsky and the pharmacist
Shvenson. In terms of the completeness and accuracy of the salt
composition, these analyzes can be considered the first in the history
of studying the chemistry of these sources.
April 24, 1803 (St.
Petersburg) - the official history of Pyatigorsk as a resort city
begins, when the famous Rescript of Alexander I "On the recognition of
the state significance of the Caucasian Mineral Waters and the need for
their organization" was signed.
In 1803, the architect N.A. Lvov
discovered two new springs on Hot Waters and ordered a bathtub to be
carved in the travertines of Hot Mountain.
During this period
(1800-1810), the first Western European colonists settled in the
vicinity of the resorts. The purpose of their invitation was the best
improvement and food supply for the new Russian health resorts. Near
Pyatigorsk, in 1802, immigrants from Scotland, G. Brunton and A.
Paterson, founded the colony Karras (since 1809, German colonists,
immigrants from the Volga region (Sarepty) settled here). In the
vicinity of Pyatigorsk, in 1819, the Germans founded the Nikolaevskaya
colony, and in 1831, Konstantinovskaya (to the east of Mashuk, from the
village of Konstantinovskaya to Karras, fragrant vineyards are still
spread to this day). Italian winemakers (Kalaborka and Tempelhof)
settled in the vicinity of Mount Camel.
The plague epidemic,
which began in the Circassian village near Georgievsk and spread to the
entire Caucasus, continued until 1808. The tense foreign policy
situation: the wars with Turkey, Persia, Napoleonic France and the
plague epidemic forced the Russian government to postpone the
improvement of Hot and Sour Waters that had begun.
In 1809-1810,
the famous Moscow doctor Friedrich Iosifovich Gaaz visited the Caucasian
Mineral Waters. Doctor Fyodor Petrovich Gaaz (as he was called in
Russia) is credited with the discovery of new healing springs in
Pyatigorsk, the result of his research was the book “My Journey to
Alexander Waters”.
In 1809 police officer Vodynsky built the
first house in the Goryachevodskaya valley. According to other sources,
the first house in the Goryachevodskaya valley was built by Chernyavsky,
a lawyer from Georgievsk, in 1812.
In 1813, the merchant Ivan
Varvatsy erected two turluch houses covered with reeds: one for taking
baths at the source he discovered, the other for housing. At the end of
the treatment, he presented them to the treasury. The spring and the
first state-owned baths later became known as Varvatsievsky.
1816-1827 - the years of command of the troops of the Separate Caucasian
Corps by General A.P. Yermolov. At that time, in Goryachevodsk, at the
foot of the mountain, the soldiers built the Elizabethan baths, in front
of which they laid out flower beds, and next to it, the construction of
a wooden (from timber) bath building was begun according to the project
of Johann F. Wilster (completed in 1821), which received the name
Yermolovsky and lasted until 1874. Outside the city, a vast garden was
planted with peaches, apricots and plums.
1822-1823 - a special
building commission was established (at the request of A.P. Yermolov)
and the first architects were invited - brothers Giuseppe and Giovanni
Bernardazzi, immigrants from Switzerland.
In 1823, for a more
complete and comprehensive description of the Cavminvod, Professor of
the Medical and Surgical Academy A.P. Nelyubin was sent from St.
Petersburg. In 1825, his major work “A Complete Historical,
Medical-Topographical, Physico-Chemical and Medical Description of the
Caucasian Mineral Waters” was published, which for many years was the
basis for the development of the Caucasian resorts.
In 1825, a
postal route was laid from Georgievsk to Hot Waters. It passed along the
left bank of the Podkumok River along the southern slope of the
Goryachaya Mountain through the Kabardian settlement to the west of the
bitter-salty lakes on the Konstantinovsky Plateau, which facilitated and
shortened the previous path around Mashuk. In connection with the laying
of a new Georgievsky tract along the northern bank of the river.
Podkumok and the southern slopes of Mashuk near the entrance gate (a
section of Teplosernaya Street, east of Goryachevodsky Descent), a
soldier's settlement Kabardinka was planned. It was inhabited by family
and retired soldiers, residents of the settlement at the
Constantinogorsk fortress.
On the initiative of Yermolov, in
1825, near Mount Mashuk, along the Podkumok River (on both banks of the
river), a Cossack village was formed, later named Goryachevodskaya.
In the 20s of the 19th century, for the first time, tolerable roads
were built between the “groups” and to the district town of Georgievsk
(then a provincial center; soon, according to General Yermolov,
Stavropol became a provincial city). In Pyatigorsk, the first
state-owned hotel was built - the Restaurant (1825-1828), the first
capital building of the Nikolaev (now Lermontov) baths, two officers'
houses, the Flower Garden park was laid and a boulevard lined with
lindens was laid, the romantic Diana's Grotto and the Aeolian harp
appeared ". In 1824, General Yermolov issued an order to appoint Dr.
F.P. Konradi as the first (permanent, including in winter) chief
physician in the Caucasian Mineralnye Vody.
In the nominal decree
of Nicholas I to the Chief Administrator in Georgia in connection with
the approval of the “Institution for the Administration of the Caucasus
Region”, the need was noted for the formation of a new district town at
mineral waters instead of Georgievsk, which had an uncomfortable
position and an “unhealthy climate”. By a Senate decree of May 14, 1830,
the center of the district was transferred to a new district city with
the name Pyatigorsk. Georgievsky district was renamed into Pyatigorsky.
On August 1, 1830, district offices were opened in Pyatigorsk.
The name Pyatigorye was assigned to the entire northern (central) part
of the Caucasian Mineral Waters region. This name is associated with the
location of the five-domed mountain Beshtau near Pyatigorsk. The name of
the mountain is of Turkic origin and means "five mountains".
Narzan baths in Kislovodsk were taken by patients after treatment with
sulfuric baths in Pyatigorsk and ferrous baths in Zheleznovodsk. This
treatment process corresponded to the existing view of the highlanders,
according to which the hot sulfuric Pyatigorsk waters, called the
highlanders "dead water", relaxed the human body, the warm Zheleznovodsk
waters, called "living water", revived the body, and the Kislovodsk
narzan, usually cold, informed the body heroic strength.
In 1831,
the architect J. Bernardazzi drew up a plan for the city of Pyatigorsk.
At the corners of the plan were drawings of the city made by the
architect, and in the center - the image of the Bernardazzi brothers.
According to others, the plan was approved in 1830.
On July 1,
1836, there were 390 houses and 1175 inhabitants in Pyatigorsk.
At Hot Waters, on March 9, 1836, the disappearance of the Alexander
spring was noted, which reappeared only on the evening of March 14 in
the same quantity.
In 1837, a new plan for the development of the
city was approved by the highest. When considering projects, Nicholas I
expressed a desire “that the Pyatigorsk church be built with five
chapters” (like the five-domed Beshtau). The project of K. A. Ton was
approved by the Highest in January 1842. Later it was replaced by
Andreev's project. The majestic Cathedral Church in the name of Christ
the Savior, healing [quenching] the paralyzed at the sheep's font
(Spassky Cathedral), was built for 22 years on donations and adorned the
city in 1869 (the laying of the temple was scheduled for June 25, 1847 -
the emperor's birthday; destroyed in 1935 -1936).
October 16-18,
1837 Nicholas I inspected the territory of the current Stavropol. His
path lay through the cities of Pyatigorsk and Georgievsk, the village of
Aleksandriyskaya, the villages of Dry Padina, Aleksandrovskoye,
Kalinovskoye, Sergievskoye, the Bazovy farm, the village of
Staromaryevskoye, the city of Stavropol, the villages of
Verkhnerusskoye, Moscow, Donskoye, Safe, Barrier and Medvezhenskoye. On
October 16, he inspected all the resort establishments in Pyatigorsk,
the officer's hospital, the barracks, and the church. The emperor
decided to donate 200 thousand rubles annually for the development of
the city. banknotes. Highly appreciating the role of the Bernardazzi
brothers in the improvement of the resort, the king deigned to
personally review their projects, approving 19; Giuseppe Bernardazzi was
granted a precious snuffbox.
In 1838, the first factories were
opened in the city: a brick and a brewery.
On February 25 (March
9), 1839, the water of the Alexander spring disappeared for the second
time for a whole year, which led to the closure of the Nikolaevsky and
Ermolovsky baths, the Old, Soldiers and People's baths. Before the
disappearance, "a small knock was heard in the grief."
In 1842,
the coat of arms of the city of Pyatigorsk was approved. Above - the
coat of arms of the Caucasus region, below - the image of Mount Beshtau.
In the 40-50s of the XIX century, under the governor of the
Caucasus, Prince M. S. Vorontsov and the manager of the Caucasian
mineral waters, D. A. Vsevolozhsky, construction on the Waters revived
again: galleries were built in each of the cities of the Caucasus
Mineral Waters (chief architect S. I. Upton): Elizavetinskaya (Academic)
in Pyatigorsk (as well as Teplosernye baths), source gallery No. 17 in
Essentuki, Narzannaya in Kislovodsk, wooden in Zheleznovodsk (the
construction of many objects was suspended and delayed due to the
earthquake that happened at Kavminvody in 1852). In Pyatigorsk in 1850,
at the direction of Vorontsov, the first open-air museum in Russia was
created - the Museum of Antiquities of the North Caucasus. In the middle
of the 19th century, a systematic study of the Pyatigorsk resort began;
F. A. Batalin made a great contribution to the study and
systematization. Twice he descended into Pyatigorsky Proval to a depth
of 26 m and described Provalnoye Lake and its thermal waters in detail;
he managed to open several new, unknown keys. By personal order of
Prince A. I. Baryatinsky in 1859, the first resort library in Pyatigorsk
was founded on the CMV.
March 27 (15), 1848. The order of the
governor of the Caucasus M. S. Vorontsov to the manager of the Caucasian
Mineral Waters, Major General D. A. Vsevolozhsky, on the construction of
a water supply system in Pyatigorsk.
In 1851, a regular omnibus
service was opened between Pyatigorsk and other groups of the CMS. The
omnibuses departed from the Restaurant building.
In 1851-1852, a
new road was laid to the top of Mount Mashuk. A "Cabriolet Depot" was
established at the Mikhailovskaya Gallery for landing in cabriolet
carriages pulled by donkeys on the top of the mountain.
In 1855,
a water pipe was laid from ceramic pipes from the springs of Mount
Beshtau to Pyatigorsk.
In 1857, the excavation of a tunnel 43.7
meters long began to the hydrogen sulfide lake Proval at the expense of
the Moscow official-philanthropist P. A. Lazarik.
In 1862, the
Caucasian postal department established communication between Pyatigorsk
and Rostov-on-Don by stagecoaches 2-3 times a week.
1863 - Dr. S.
A. Smirnov, a man of broad erudition, thanks to his organizational
talent, managed to unite leading doctors, physiologists, chemists,
pharmacists, engineers and geologists, put balneology at the Caucasian
Mineral Waters on a scientific basis and become the founder of
scientific balneology. He was the initiator of the organization in
Pyatigorsk of the Russian Balneological Society - the first scientific
and practical organization in the country that dealt with the research
and use of healing factors bestowed by nature.
In 1863, the first
photograph of A. K. Okulovsky appeared on the KavMinvody; he and his
followers (I. Lange, G. Ya. Raev and others) did a lot to promote resort
places, releasing views of the Cavminvod in postcards. In the second
half of the 19th century, Caucasian Mineralnye Vody was considered the
summer residence of the royal family and was the most fashionable and
prestigious resort in the country. In order to distract Russian society
from trips to Western European resorts, Dr. Smirnov prescribed a large
amount of mineral waters from abroad, providing them to those in need.
On May 30, 1863, the first resort newspaper in Russia, Leaflet for
Visitors to Caucasian Mineralnye Vody, was published. The initiator of
the publication and the first editor was S. A. Smirnov, Doctor of
Medicine, founder of the Russian Balneological Society.
August
1863 - the establishment of a telegraph connection between Pyatigorsk
and St. Petersburg by laying a telegraph line from Stavropol to
Rostov-on-Don.
In 1865, a two-class women's city school was
opened.
In 1874, Pyatigorsk was transferred from the
administrative subordination of the Stavropol province to the Terek
region, becoming the administrative center of the new Pyatigorsk
district. In the same year, elections to the Pyatigorsk City Duma were
held for the first time according to the City Regulations of 1870.
In 1875, the OVZhD opened trackless (highway) roads st. Kuma (now
Mineralnye Vody) - Pyatigorsk - Kislovodsk.
In 1882, the
Pyatigorsk district was divided into two - Pyatigorsk and Nalchik. CMS
became part of the Pyatigorsk district with the center in the city of
Pyatigorsk.
In 1885 the Race Course (now the Hippodrome) was
opened.
Since 1886, the use of therapeutic mud of Tambukan Lake,
located 10 km from the city, began, and since 1889, radon therapy began
to emerge.
1889 - the opening of the monument to M. Yu. Lermontov
in Pyatigorsk, the first in the Russian Empire. Fundraising lasted 18
years.
In November 1890, mining engineer A. B. Konradi built a
water supply system from the source of Mount Yutsa, which provided the
city with 300 thousand buckets of water per day.
On March 1,
1893, the Pyatigorsk Water Pipeline Group (currently the Pyatigorsk
Vodokanal) was established.
On May 17, 1894, regular train
traffic was opened on the Mineralnye Vody - Kislovodsk section. At the
same time, in the 1990s, the inhabitants of the working settlement of
Slobodka near the Pyatigorsk station erected St. Michael's Cathedral (it
was closed in 1936). By the end of the 19th century, a small mineral
water bottling plant began operating. The medical base of the resorts
grew, the influx of resort visitors increased sharply.
In March
1897, the Society for the Benefits of the Poor was opened, which
contained a canteen-tea house, a doss house, a library, an elementary
school and a student sanatorium.
1903 - the first tram lines were
laid, connecting the station with Tsvetnik and further with Sabaneevsky
(Pushkinsky) baths and Proval. In the same year, the majestic temple of
Lazarus four-day was opened in Pyatigorsk, services in which are still
being conducted today. On May 5, 1904, a regular tram service was
launched along the line "Station - Elizabethan Gallery". On August 14,
1904, regular tram traffic was launched along the southern slope of
Mashuk to Proval. A tram ticket cost 10 kopecks. The operation of the
tram was handed over to the trading house "Brothers Leizerovichi" with a
rent of 25,000 rubles. in year.
1904, May - in connection with
the construction of tram tracks along Tsarskaya Street (Kirov Ave.) and
the closure of carriage traffic along it, paving of Emirovskaya Street
(now Oktyabrskaya Street) was carried out.
August 15, 1904 - at
the corner of st. Tsarskaya (Kirov Ave.) and Ermolovsky Prospekt
(Kalinin Ave.) the building of the City Duma was opened (architect - S.
I. Gushchin, contractor - G. M. Bakhmutov). The building had a large
meeting room, a Duma room, an office with a city archive, premises for
the Orphan's Court and district justices of the peace. A fire tower was
erected over the building. There was a fire station in the backyard.
1904 - city slaughterhouses were built on the outskirts of the city
on the Kabardian settlement (end of Teplosernaya street).
At the
beginning of the XX century. under the leadership of the Department of
Waters (the directorate of the Department of Waters is in Pyatigorsk),
the electrification of the KMV (and street electric lighting in
Pyatigorsk) begins. On April 28, 1904, street lighting appeared on
Tsarskaya Street. In 1913, a thermal diesel power plant was opened
according to the project of engineer E. N. Kuteynikov for 800 liters.
With. It served as a reserve for the Belyi Ugol hydroelectric station in
winter when the water flow rate in the Podkumok River fell.
In
Pyatigorsk, a source of warm Narzan was discovered, and a sulfuric water
pump room was built. New baths are being built (instead of Sabaneevsky),
which are now called Pushkin. The Lermontov Gallery with a summer
theater and stage, the Hermitage Hotel (now Gogol St., 1, architect S.I.
Gushchin) and the Bristol Hotel are being built in the Tsvetnik park.
The city is being built up with comfortable dachas, the “Proval” dacha
area appears.
In 1911, the first electrobiograph (the prototype
of modern cinemas) "Splendid" was opened in the basement of Atabekov's
house on Tsarskaya Street.
On January 21, 1913, the charitable
clinic "White Chamomile" was opened to help patients with tuberculosis.
The building has survived to this day on Zheleznodorozhnaya Street,
where one of the buildings of the North Caucasus Federal University is
now located. From the name of the hospital came the name of the
microdistrict Belaya Romashka.
In 1915, a new city theater was
opened (now the Stavropol Regional Operetta Theater), which became the
decoration and pride of Pyatigorsk, a monument was opened at the site of
the duel of Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov, a source of mineral water,
called "Warm Narzan", was discovered.
On March 15, 1918, the Red Army occupied Pyatigorsk.
March 1,
1918. At the II Congress of the peoples of the Terek in Pyatigorsk, the
Terek Soviet Republic was proclaimed.
April 1918. Creation of a
cartridge-and-bullet plant on the basis of a tram depot on the
initiative of S. M. Kirov.
In 1918, treasury signs were issued in
Pyatigorsk.
In 1920, the country's first Balneological Institute
was opened in Pyatigorsk.
On April 13, 1921, the Terek province
was established, and from September Pyatigorsk became its center. In
January 1922, the newspaper "Terek" began to appear in the city (it was
published until April 30, 1930).
In 1925, the first radio
broadcast took place in the city.
In March 1926, the Resort
Polyclinic was opened to treat patients who arrived at the sanatorium
without vouchers (according to courses).
April 1928 Serial
production of the first domestic incubators designed by V. M. Mikhalkov
and A. I. Tokmakov began. According to a prototype made for 300-500
eggs, repair shops (later the Pyatigorskselmash plant) launched the
production of incubators for the local hatchery station.
1932 - a
geophysical observatory (now a hydrological station) was built on the
slope of Mount Mashuk.
In the period from 1934 to 1937 the city
was the administrative center of the North Caucasus region.
On
March 23, 1934, the first issue of the newspaper "Young Leninist" was
published.
In 1935, in Pyatigorsk, the first transmission of
"small-line" mechanical television was received.
In the second
half of the 1930s, the railway from Mineralnye Vody to Kislovodsk and a
branch line to Zheleznovodsk were electrified).
On December 29,
1937, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee
decided to transfer the center of the Nagorny region of the
Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic from the city
of Pyatigorsk to the village of Kamennomostovskoye.
In March
1939, the theater of the musical comedy of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was
transferred to a stationary position in the city of Pyatigorsk
(Stavropol State Regional Operetta Theater). He began his activity in
October with the play "Wedding in Malinovka" by B.A. Alexandrov.
In October 1940, at the corner of Sovetsky Prospekt and Dzerzhinsky
Street, a column-booth was installed with a thermometer, barometer,
hydrometer, clock and calendar indicating the year, day, month, day of
the week. Demolished in the early 2000s.
On July 15, 1941, by
decision of the regional executive committee, an additional deployment
of 65 evacuation hospitals for 32,395 beds was approved, of which: in
Kislovodsk - 15,945, Essentuki - 5,715, Pyatigorsk - 4,690,
Zheleznovodsk - 3,090, Teberda - 280, regions of the region - 2675 beds.
On August 21, 1941, seven hospitals were deployed in Pyatigorsk, in
which 2944 wounded soldiers were placed.
On July 20, 1941, in
evacuation hospital No. 2172 (BI clinic, capacity - 1000 beds, of which
850 surgical beds, the head is Nikolai Alexandrovich Nevsky), an eye
department for 150 patients was opened, headed by Professor Vladimir
Petrovich Filatov, evacuated from Odessa along with his assistants.
August 9, 1942 - the city is occupied by the Germans. In the battles
for Pyatigorsk on August 9-10, 1942, cadets and officers of the Poltava
Tractor School distinguished themselves.
On January 11, 1943,
units of the 9th and 37th armies liberated Pyatigorsk from the German
invaders.
On March 9, 1943, in accordance with the GKO resolution
of February 27, 1943, the regional committee of the All-Union Communist
Party of Bolsheviks adopted a resolution on the deployment of evacuation
hospitals: in Stavropol for 300 beds, in Pyatigorsk for 4000 beds, in
Kislovodsk for 8000 beds, in Essentuki for 5200 beds, in Zheleznovodsk
for 1500 beds.
During the German occupation, the tram tracks were
completely dismantled. In November 1943, trams began to run again along
the restored tracks. The route to Proval was never restored.
In
June 1946, after a five-year break due to the war, the Flower Garden
park was reopened.
In April 1952, Sovetsky Prospekt was renamed
Prospekt im. S. M. Kirov.
On August 20, 1953, the Goryachevodsk
region was abolished. Its territory was transferred to the Pyatigorsk
city executive committee.
In April 1955, the drilling party of
the North Caucasian expedition "Soyuzkoptazhminvod" discovered a new
mineral spring "Hot Narzan" with a water temperature of 60 ° C on the
northwestern slope of Mashuk. From a depth of 300 m, a powerful fountain
of mineral water hit, which was subsequently used for bottling Mashuk
mineral water.
September 9, 1956 - opening on the square.
Levanevsky Upper Market.
On March 27, 1959, the Executive
Committee of the Stavropol Territory Council of Workers' Deputies
decided to organize a television studio in the city of Pyatigorsk and
unite the Pyatigorsk city radio broadcasting office with it.
February 1961 - the beginning of the filling of the lake built in
Novopyatigorsk.
February 23, 1961 - a rally in the square.
Andzhievsky about the launch of domestic gas in Pyatigorsk.
February 21, 1963 - the first large-format cinema "Cosmos" in the North
Caucasus came into operation.
June 5, 1964 - The Council of
Ministers of the RSFSR decided to limit the registration of citizens in
the resort cities of Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk, Zheleznovodsk, Essentuki,
Mineralnye Vody and adjacent settlements in the Stavropol Territory.
June 1965 - the grand opening of Lake Novopyatigorsk.
February 7, 1966 - the village of Goryachevodskaya was transformed into
the working settlement of Goryachevodsky and transferred from the
Predgorny region to the Pyatigorsk Council of Deputies.
July 1967
- the city's first swimming pool was opened in the Don sanatorium.
October 1968 - a monument to the Komsomol members of the 1920s by
sculptor M. G. Minkin was opened in the Belaya Romashka area.
1970 - Pyatigorsk is assigned to 115 historical cities of Russia. The
shopping center "Podkova" was put into operation.
October 1973 -
the cement figure of the Eagle on the Hot Mountain was replaced by a
bronze one cast in Leningrad.
December 1978 - construction of a
new railway station is completed.
February 1979 - an automobile
and tram overpass across the Yutsu River was put into operation in the
village. Goryachevodsky (near secondary school No. 20), which made it
possible to continue the tram line to the Lyudmila market in the future.
February 15, 1979 - a new exposition "Lermontov in the Fine Arts"
was opened in the State Museum-Reserve of M. Yu. Lermontov in the
restored estate.
April 22, 1979 - the reconstruction of Kalinin
Ave. is completed. An underground overpass was opened at the
intersection of Kirov Ave. and Kalinin Ave.
July 31, 1980 - By
decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Pyatigorsk
was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.
December 1981 -
the Rodnik sanatorium and the new building of the House of Life were put
into operation.
1982 - the opening of the monument to A.S.
Pushkin and the new building of the city library. M. Gorky.
1983
- a new polyclinic was opened in the Belaya Romashka district. The
Ermolovsky baths building was reconstructed. A new boarding house
"Teploserny" was opened.
1988 - In the Beshtau district, the
construction of the building of the city hospital No. 2 was completed.
In the park of culture and recreation named after. S. M. Kirov, the
green theater "Tuning Fork" was opened. In the square at the
intersection of Kirov Ave. and st. Dzerzhinsky laid a monument to Leo
Tolstoy.
In the early 1990s, there were 10 sanatoriums, 4 boarding houses and
5 sanatoriums in Pyatigorsk. In just a year, about 170-185 thousand
people underwent a course of treatment and rested (in the second half
and the end of the 80s - 200-250 thousand).
In 1994, the
Government of the Russian Federation adopted the Decree "On a special
economic zone within the boundaries of a specially protected ecological
resort region of the Russian Federation - the Caucasian Mineral Waters."
1994 - the construction of a car-tram overpass on the street.
Boulevard. Tram route No. 7 "Station - st. Uprising".
1995 - the
construction of the second stage of tram tracks to the Beshtau
microdistrict was completed. Route number 8 "st. Georgievskaya" -
"Beshtau microdistrict".
April 28, 1997 there was a terrorist act
- an explosion in the waiting room of the railway station, carried out
by Chechen terrorists. The attack killed two and injured 17 people.
October 6, 2000 - a terrorist attack was committed on the territory
of the Pyatigorsk railway station.
December 8, 2000 - a double
terrorist attack was committed on the territory of the Upper Market
shopping complex.
2005 - in the park at the intersection of st.
Dzerzhinsky and etc. Kirov, a monument to the writer Leo Tolstoy was
opened. Sculptor Svetlana Avakova.
2008 - the day of the
Stavropol Territory and the 205th anniversary of the CMS are widely
celebrated in the city.
2008 - as part of the repair and
reconstruction of the central streets of Pyatigorsk, small sculptural
forms were installed at the expense of entrepreneurs: the figure of Kisa
Vorobyaninov (in the Tsvetnik park), the sculpture of Ostap Bender (the
entrance to the tunnel of Lake Proval). Sculptor R. Yusupov.
2008
- at the intersection of Kirov Ave. and st. On the 40th anniversary of
October, the shopping and entertainment center "Gallery" was opened.
2010 - the idea of uniting the cities of Pyatigorsk and Lermontov
was announced in the media. It has not received practical
implementation.
January 19, 2010 - Pyatigorsk became the center
of the created formation of the North Caucasian Federal District of the
Russian Federation.
August 9-27, 2010 - in Pyatigorsk on the
eastern slope of Mount Mashuk (Komsomolskaya Polyana) the first
All-Caucasian Youth Forum "Mashuk" was held.
August 17, 2010 - a
terrorist act was committed in the city center on Kirov Avenue.
September 11, 2010 - a monument to General A.P. Yermolov was opened on
Lermontov Street opposite the M. Yu. Lermontov Museum-Reserve.
2012 - Pyatigorsk State University for the Humanities and Technology was
reorganized and incorporated into the North Caucasus Federal University.
December 27, 2013 - a terrorist attack occurred on the Cherkesskoe
highway near the police building.
2014 - Vershina Plaza shopping
and entertainment center was opened in the Beshtau microdistrict.
March 22, 2016 — The Open Air Museum of Stone Antiquities (a branch
of the Pyatigorsk Museum of Local Lore) was opened in Nagorny Park.
May 12, 2016 — Pyatigorsk State Linguistic University was renamed
Pyatigorsk State University.
March 15, 2018 - opening of a new
secondary school No. 31 with a sports bias.