Trubchevsk is a city in the Bryansk region of Russia. The administrative center of the Trubchevsky district and the Trubchevsky urban settlement. Population - 13,287 people. (2021).
Temple of the Holy Trinity;
Church of the Transfiguration;
Church of the Intercession;
Sretenskaya Church;
Kvetun settlement;
Ruins of the Cholny Monastery;
Park of Culture and Leisure named
after A. M. Gorky;
Fire Tower;
Church of Elijah the Prophet.
The city is located on the Desna River, 94 km south of Bryansk.
The climate is moderate continental.
The average annual relative
humidity is 80%. Average monthly humidity ranges from 68% in May to 89%
in November and December.
The average annual wind speed is 2.5 m/s.
The average monthly speed is from 2.0 m/s in July and August to 2.9 m/s
in January and February.
In early sources the city is called Trubech, Trubezh, Trubetskoy,
Trubchesky or Trubezhskoy. Initially, the settlement was located 10 km
downstream of the Desna, near the modern village of Kvetun. The
thickness of the cultural layer at the settlement was 60-80 cm. The
lower layers belong to the Yukhnov archaeological culture of the Early
Iron Age. Dwellings and metallurgical forges have been studied in the
Old Russian layers. Among the finds of the Old Russian period are
brooches, glass bracelets and beads, coins (including Byzantine ones
from the time of Constantine VII). Judging by the finds of thin plinths
and fragments of a voice box, at the settlement in the 11th-12th
centuries. there was a stone temple.
Near the settlement there is
a burial mound, which was completely excavated in the 1950s–1970s.
(about 200 mounds were studied). The lower date of both the settlement
and the burial ground is the 10th century. The burial ground is divided
into 10 mound groups, each of which was the cemetery of one or more
close families. Among the finds are jewelry (temple rings, torcs,
pendants), weapons (axes).
The struggle of the Trubchans with the
Polovtsians in 1185 is sung in the famous “Tale of Igor’s Campaign.”
Prince Vsevolod Trubchevsky took part in one of the campaigns of the
Seversk squads, who moved to the Polovtsian lands through Sevsk and at
the Oskola River united with his brother, Prince Novgorod-Seversky Igor.
Since the 12th century, Trubchevsk has been located in its modern
location (the Gorodok tract), and is the center of an appanage
principality. In 1240 it was captured by the Mongol-Tatars. In 1356, it
was captured by the Grand Duke of Lithuania Olgerd and given to his son
Dmitry, the founder of the dynasty of the Trubetskoy princes. Captured
by the Grand Duchy of Moscow during the war of 1500-1503, in the Time of
Troubles (1609) captured by the Poles (legally transferred to the
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth according to the Deulin Truce of 1618).
In 1644, the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Vladislav IV, as
a gesture of goodwill, transferred Trubchevsk to Russia.
In the period 1650-1660s, the city was subject to numerous raids by
Polish and Crimean Tatar troops.
After the conclusion of the
Truce of Andrusovo between Russia and Poland in 1667, Trubchevsk lost
its significance as a border fortress. However, the city is still
surrounded by an earthen rampart up to “three fathoms high, at the base
of two fathoms,” ditches “depth along the axis of fathoms,” and high
wooden walls. The city is being restored, including the construction of
the Church of Elijah the Prophet on the site of St. Nicholas Church, at
which a monastery is being established.
Earthen fortifications
around the territory of the modern city park (the center of Trubchevsk
in the 17th-18th centuries) also appear in the materials of the general
survey of the late 18th century. This was due to the defensive measures
implemented by Peter I during the Northern War. Located near the
Smolensk-Chernigov line, Trubchevsk was an important military point,
which, by order of Peter, needed to be “...although it was not enough to
reinforce it.” Thanks to the reforms of Peter I, industry began to
emerge in the city, small glass factories, oil mills and wax mills
appeared.
Agriculture (it formed the basis of the economy, and
Trubchevsk, in connection with this, is gradually becoming the center of
the agricultural region) contributed to the development of trade and the
emergence of enterprises for processing agricultural raw materials. An
increase in the sown area and an increase in grain yields stimulated the
development of milling and distillation.
From 1708 to 1732
Trubchevsk was part of the Kyiv province, from 1732 to 1778 - to the
Belgorod province. In 1778, Trubchevsk became the district center of the
Oryol governorship, and then the province.
In 1796-1797, a
peasant uprising took place in Trubchevsky and Sevsky districts,
directed against the landowners.
During the Patriotic War of
1812, Trubchevsk became a special base for procuring provisions for the
Russian army. Flour, cereals, oats and other products were brought to
the city from everywhere, and by the time the Russian troops moved to
the Tarutino camp in Trubchevsk, so much food and fodder had been
prepared that it could supply an army of 120,000 for a month. Besides.
Residents of Trubchevsk collected 14,760 silver rubles and over 3
thousand sheepskin coats and boots for the needs of the army. By order
of Kutuzov, all supplies were transported from Trubchevsk to Tarutino in
October 1812.
After the abolition of serfdom, the industrial
development of Trubchevsk accelerated. Numerous enterprises for
processing agricultural products appeared in the city.
Trubchevsk
was included in the list of cities “having architectural monuments,
urban planning ensembles that are monuments of national culture” in
1970.
On August 31, 18 km west of Trubchevsk, one of the first massive
oncoming tank battles unfolded, which lasted until September 8. The
Soviet 141st Tank Brigade and 108th Tank Division (about 200 tanks) as
part of the mobile group of General A.N. Ermakov entered into battle
with the superior forces of Guderian's 47th Corps (more than 300 tanks).
The tanks of the 141st brigade went into battle directly from the
railway trains, without having time to turn around. This made it
possible to restore the position of the troops of the 13th Army,
replenish it and, together with the 3rd Army, re-engage in battle. Until
mid-September, the enemy was stopped here and, together with the 13th
and 3rd armies, was driven back to the river. Judicial service over a
distance of more than 40 km. 16 settlements were liberated. Then, in
August-September 1941, this was very important. And by mid-September
1941, the enemy had practically nothing to fight in these places. Every
four of Guderian's five tanks were knocked out. And if he took the
cities of the Bryansk region in 1-2 days, then the defense of
Trubchevsk, including the “Trubchevsky cauldron”, would last two months.
In his “War Diary,” Franz Halder wrote on September 14, 1941: “The
situation with tanks in the 2nd tank group: 3rd TD - combat-ready tanks
- 20 percent, require repairs and irretrievable losses - 80 percent; 4th
TD - combat-ready tanks - 20 percent, require repairs and irretrievable
losses - 71 percent; 17th TD - combat-ready tanks - 29 percent, require
repairs and irretrievable losses - 79 percent; 18th TD - combat-ready
tanks - 31 percent, require repairs and irretrievable losses - 69
percent."
Thus, 25 percent of combat-ready tanks remained in the
2nd Tank Group.
Colonel General Heinz Wilhelm Guderian will write in
his book of memoirs about the battles between Pochep and Trubchevsk:
“...Here we first encountered the fanatical resistance of the Russians.”
On October 20, 1941, the Bryansk Front group, surrounded in the
Trubchevsk area, broke through the German troops and emerged from the
“cauldron.”
Summing up a brief summary of the combat activities
of the troops of the Bryansk Front, Marshal of the Soviet Union A. I.
Eremenko recalled in his book “On the Western Direction,” “for the
period from August 14 to September 30, 1941, it should be said that the
counterattacks and counterattacks of the front troops, especially the
counterattack in the Trubchevsk area, allowed our troops to gain
valuable time to prepare forces and means for new decisive battles in
the Moscow strategic direction.”
During the occupation, a strong
anti-fascist underground operated in the city.
At the same time,
a “public security battalion” was formed in Trubchevsk from among local
collaborators, headed by Alexei Melnikov (1889-1971, after the war - in
exile in Brazil).
Trubchevsk was liberated from Nazi troops on
September 18, 1943 by troops of the Bryansk Front during the Bryansk
operation: 63 A - 348 Infantry Division (Major General Grigorievsky Ivan
Fedorovich), 40 sk (Major General Kuznetsov Vladimir Stepanovich), part
of the forces of 250 Infantry Division ( Colonel Mokhin Ivan
Vasilievich), 35 sk (Major General Zholudev Viktor Grigorievich).
In 1944, Trubchevsk became a regional center in the Bryansk region.
In 1975, the population of Trubchevsk was 15 thousand people. There
were three factories in the city (vegetable drying, hemp weaving and
cheese making), a weaving factory, a hospital complex, a pedagogical
school, seven schools and four technical schools.
The city operates:
Trubchevsky Vocational Pedagogical College,
Trubchevsky Polytechnic College,
Trubchevsky Agrarian College,
Trubchevsky Auto Mechanical College (became part of the Trubchevsky
Polytechnic College)
secondary schools No. 1 and 2,
Trubchevskaya
gymnasium named after. M. T. Kalashnikova.
Operating:
House of
Culture,
Trubchevsky Museum of Local Lore,
planetarium.