The Bryansk region is located in the Central Black Earth region. It borders on the Smolensk region in the north, the Kaluga region in the northeast, the Oryol region in the east and the Kursk region in the southeast. In the south it has a federal border with Ukraine (Chernihiv and Sumy regions), and in the west with Belarus (Gomel and Mogilev regions).
Bryansk is the administrative center
of the region and the most ancient city of the Central Black Earth
Region.
Zhukovka is the cycling capital of the region.
Karachev
Klintsy
Novozybkov
Pochep
Starodub
Dyatkovo
Zlynka
Mglin
Sevsk
Seltso
Surazh
Trubchevsk
Unecha
Fokino
Biosphere Reserve "Bryansk Forest"
Ovstug - the museum-estate of
Tyutchev.
Bryansky Forest Nature Reserve
Russian
By train
From Moscow from the Kievsky railway station on trains to
Bryansk, Novozybkov and Klimovo, as well as on a transit train to
Belarus. Travel time will be from 4 to 8 hours.
By car
From
Moscow on the federal highway M3. From Smolensk or Orel on the highway
A141 Smolensk-Oryol.
The Bryansk region lies in the western part of the East European Plain, occupying the middle part of the Desna basin and the wooded watershed between it and the Oka.
The climate is temperate continental. The average temperature in
January is −7…−9 °C, the average temperature in July is +18...+20 °C.
A significant part of the region (about a quarter of the total area)
is covered with forests. Forests of various types: coniferous, mixed and
broad-leaved, as well as forest-steppe.
Minerals: deposits of
sands, clays, chalk, marl and other building materials, as well as
phosphorites.
As a result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant on April 26, 1986, part of the territory of the Bryansk region was contaminated with long-lived radionuclides (mainly the Zlynkovsky, Klimovsky, Klintsovsky, Novozybkovsky, Krasnogorsky and Gordeevsky regions). In 1999, 226,000 people lived on the territory with a pollution level above 5 Ci/km², which is approximately 16% of the region's population.
The oldest Paleolithic sites on the territory of the Bryansk region
are Khotylevo 1, Korshevo I, Korshevo II, Betovo (Middle Paleolithic),
Khotylevo 2 and Khotylevo 6, belonging to the Gravettian culture (about
25 thousand years ago). Near the village of Eliseevichi, on the right
bank of the Sudost River, there is an Upper Paleolithic site Eliseevichi
II (23,000–21,000 years ago).
The territory of the Bryansk region
has been inhabited by Slavic tribes since ancient times. In the 9th-11th
centuries, northerners (the Kvetun settlement) lived along the banks of
the Desna, the Vyatichi lived on the wooded watershed of the Desna and
the Oka, and the Radimichi lived in the basin of the Iput and Besed. In
the XII-XIII centuries, the Bryansk Territory was part of the Chernigov,
and then Novgorod-Seversky principalities. Vshchizh (Shchizh) from the
11th century was the specific center of the Chernihiv principality.
After the ruin of Chernigov by the Mongol-Tatars, the princely table
around 1246 was transferred to Bryansk; Bryansk principality was formed.
Since 1356, the Bryansk lands were under the rule of the Grand Duchy of
Lithuania, then the Commonwealth. At the beginning of the 16th century
(according to the treaty of 1503), the region became part of the
Muscovite state and became its southwestern outpost in the struggle
against Lithuania, Poland and the Crimean Khanate.
According to
the Deulinsky truce of 1618, the southern and western lands of the
modern Bryansk region went to the Commonwealth.
After the victory
over the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the lands were annexed to Russia. In
1654, the entire left bank of the Dnieper (Little Russia), including the
southwestern lands of the Bryansk region, were administratively and
militarily divided into regiments and hundreds. One of the largest
Little Russian regiments was Starodubsky, approved as independent in
1663 (before that it was part of the Nezhinsky regiment). It consisted
of 10 hundreds (Starodubskaya, Mglinskaya, Pochepskaya, Pogarskaya,
etc.). In 1781, the division into regiments and hundreds was replaced by
division into counties and governorships (from 1796 - provinces). Since
1802, Starodubshchina, from which Mglinsky, Novomestsky (later
Novozybkovsky), Starodubsky and Surazhsky districts were formed, became
part of the Chernihiv province.
The entire eastern (Great
Russian) part of the Bryansk region (Bryansk, Karachevsky, Sevsky and
Trubchevsky counties) since 1709 belonged to the Kiev province,
including since 1719 it was part of the Sevsk province of this province.
In 1727, the Sevsk province became part of the newly formed Belgorod
province. In 1778, the Oryol governorship was formed, to which the
counties of the abolished Sevskaya province were transferred (at the
same time, the borders of the counties were changed, and new counties
were formed, including Lugansk).
In the XVIII-XIX centuries.
economic revival began. In the 18th century, a factory industry
appeared. Since the second half of the 18th century, many lands of
Starodubshchyna belonged to Hetman Kirill Razumovsky, who carried out
large-scale construction here. In the eastern part of the Bryansk region
at the end of the XVIII century. industrialist I. A. Maltsov, who
founded a number of glass enterprises on local sands and wood fuel,
widely develops the factory business. At the beginning of the XIX
century. he also buys up all the metallurgical plants of the region and
creates the Maltsovsky factory district, which also covers parts of the
neighboring counties - Zhizdrinsky and Roslavl.
During the civil
war, the provincial cities of Orel and Chernigov found themselves in the
zone of active hostilities, in connection with which the Bryansk and
Pochep district executive committees were given provincial powers back
in 1918-1919. On April 1, 1920, the Bryansk Governorate was formed,
which existed until October 1, 1929, when it was included in the Western
Region.
On September 27, 1937, the Central Executive Committee of
the RSFSR decided to abolish the Western region, dividing it into the
Smolensk and Oryol regions. The current territory of the Bryansk region
became part of the Oryol region.
In August-October 1941, the
region was occupied by German troops. From the first days of the
occupation, the struggle against the invaders took on the character of a
nationwide movement. About 60 thousand partisans operated in the Bryansk
forests, partisan units of S. A. Kovpak, A. F. Fedorov, A. N. Saburov
were formed here. The invaders caused great damage to the region: cities
(70% of the housing stock) and villages (111 thousand houses),
industrial enterprises were destroyed and burned. After the liberation
of the region (August-September 1943), extensive restoration work was
carried out.
The Bryansk region was formed by the Decree of the
Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on July 5, 1944 from the
cities and districts of the Orel region, located approximately within
the boundaries of the previously existing Bryansk province. The region
included the cities of regional subordination of Bryansk, Bezhitsa and
Klintsy, as well as Brasovsky, Bryansky, Vygonichsky, Gordeevsky,
Dubrovsky, Dyatkovsky, Zhiryatinsky, Zhukovsky, Zlynkovsky, Karachevsky,
Kletnyansky, Klimovsky, Klintsovsky, Komarichsky, Krasnogorsky,
Mglinsky, Navlinsky, Novozybkovsky , Pogarsky, Ponurovsky, Pochepsky,
Rognedinsky, Sevsky, Starodubsky, Suzemsky, Surazhsky, Trubchevsky and
Unechsky districts.
Order of Lenin (January 30, 1967) - for active participation in the partisan movement, courage and steadfastness shown by the working people of the Bryansk region in the fight against the Nazi invaders during the Great Patriotic War, and for the successes achieved in the restoration and development of the national economy.
The region was created by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme
Soviet of the USSR of July 5, 1944.
Initially, the Bryansk region
was divided into 28 districts (separated from the Orel region):
Brasovsky, Bryansky, Vygonichsky, Gordeevsky, Dubrovsky, Dyatkovsky,
Zhiryatinsky, Zhukovsky, Zlynkovsky, Karachevsky, Kletnyansky,
Klimovsky, Klintsovsky, Komarichsky, Krasnogorsky, Mglinsky, Navlinsky,
Novozybkovsky , Pogarsky, Ponurovsky, Pochepsky, Rognedinsky, Sevsky,
Starodubsky, Suzemsky, Surazhsky, Trubchevsky and Unechsky. At the end
of 1944, the Churovichi district was formed, and Ponurovsky was renamed
Voronoksky.
In 1956, the Churovichi district was abolished, in
1957 - Voronoksky and Zhiryatinsky, in 1959 - Zlynkovsky, in 1963 -
Vygonichsky, Gordeevsky, Dyatkovsky, Karachevsky, Kletnyansky,
Klimovsky, Komarichsky, Krasnogorsky, Mglinsky, Navlinsky, Pogarsky,
Rognedinsky, Suzemsky, Surazhsky and Trubchevsky .
In 1964, the
process of increasing the number of districts began. The Trubchevsky
district was the first to be restored. In 1965, the Dyatkovo,
Karachevsky, Kletnyansky, Klimovsky, Navlinsky, Pogarsky, and Surazhsky
districts were formed. In 1966 - Komarichsky, Krasnogorsky, Mglinsky and
Suzemsky, in 1972 - Rognedinsky, in 1977 - Vygonichsky, in 1985 -
Gordeevsky and Zhiryatinsky, in 1989 - Zlynkovsky.
Main industries: mechanical engineering, metalworking, radio
electronics, food industry, timber processing.
The largest /
well-known enterprises:
CJSC "Maltsovsky Portlandcement" (Fokino).
The largest cement producer not only in Russia, but also in Europe;
Bryansk Machine-Building Plant (BMZ).
The company, founded in 1873,
produces railway locomotives, marine diesel engines, freight cars and
more;
Bryansk Automobile Plant (BAZ) and Bryansk Wheel Tractor
Plant (BZKT);
JSC "Bryanskselmash" Production of grain and forage
harvesters;
ZAO "Group Silicon-El". Production of semiconductor
devices;
Zhukovsky motor and bicycle plant, JSC GPP. Produces road,
mountain, speed and cargo bikes; ATVs, motorcycles;
Zhukovsky plant
of technological equipment, (JSC ZhZTO). Production of mini-boilers,
production lines;
Bezhitsky steel plant. Produces steel castings,
mainly for the railway industry;
JSC "Dyatkovo-DOZ". Production of
chipboard, furniture;
CJSC "Bryansk Arsenal" Production of road
machines: graders, asphalt pavers;
CJSC "Irmash" (plant of irrigation
machines). Production of road construction equipment: asphalt pavers,
light graders, complex road machines. Currently bankrupt;
Klintsovsky
truck crane plant. Truck cranes with a lifting capacity from 15 to 40
tons;
JSC Research Institute "Izoterm" - development, manufacture of
special technological equipment for microelectronics, crystal growth,
equipment for nuclear power plants, medicine, railway depots;
TNV
"Cheese Starodubsky" - production of cheeses, dairy products;
OAO
Pogar Cigarette and Cigar Factory is the only manufacturer of Russian
cigars;
JSC "Proletary" (Surazh). Production of cardboard and
packaging;
CJSC Metaclay is a company established to implement a
project for the production of modified polymers. The company's
shareholders are Rosnano - 49%, OAO "Metalist" - 51%.
As of the end of 2020, there was only one power plant in operation in the Bryansk region — the Klintsovskaya CHPP with a capacity of 10 MW. In 2020, it produced 44 million kWh of electricity.
They grow fodder, cereals, industrial crops, potatoes and vegetables.
Sugar beets are grown in the south-east of the region. There is dairy
and meat cattle breeding, pig breeding and poultry farming; horse
breeding and beekeeping.
In 2020, the volume of agricultural
production is 99.9 billion rubles (102.3%), of which crop production is
46.0 billion rubles (100%), animal husbandry is 53.8 billion rubles
(104.3%).
As of January 1, 2021, in the Bryansk region, farms of all categories
kept 505.0 thousand heads of cattle (+22.5 thousand), including cows
205.6 thousand heads (+9.3 thousand), pigs 487.9 thousand heads (+174.1
thousand), sheep and goats 24.5 thousand heads (-0.2 thousand).
Produced in 2020: 295.3 thousand tons of milk (+0.7%). Milk yield per
cow in farms of all categories is 5569 kg (+347 kg).
The Bryansk region ranks first in Russia in terms of growing
potatoes. In 2020, they dug up 854.0 thousand tons (+3.2%, the share of
12.6% of Russian production), the yield is 323 centners per hectare. 27
thousand tons of vegetables were harvested in the fields with a yield of
395 centners per hectare.
The Bryansk region sets records in
terms of corn yields, harvesting 150-180 centners per hectare on
individual farms.
The Bryansk region ranks first in Russia in
terms of sunflower yield. With an average yield in Russia in 2020 of
only 17.4 c/ha, the yield in the Bryansk region was 32.19 c/ha. In 2017
- 37.16 c/ha, in 2018 - 33.02 c/ha, in 2019 - 32.42 c/ha.
In
2020, the harvest of grain and leguminous crops amounted to 1 million
455 thousand tons, with a yield of 44.1 centners per hectare (+3.1
centners per hectare). 805.4 thousand tons of wheat were harvested, with
a yield of 47.6 c/ha (+ 7.6 c/ha). 98.3 thousand tons of barley were
threshed, with a yield of 40.6 centners per hectare (+4.9 centners per
hectare). The average yield of buckwheat in 2020 is 12.5 c/ha (-2.3
c/ha), corn yield is 95.1 c/ha (+0.6 c/ha). 26.7 thousand tons of
soybeans were harvested with an average yield of 20.9 c/ha (+4.6 c/ha).
Rape threshed 96.8 thousand tons.
Due to the border position, there are several customs terminals in
Bryansk and the region.
Railway
Railway transport is highly
developed in the Bryansk region. The length of the main railway lines is
1132 km (network density - 32.5 km / 1000 km² - one of the largest
indicators in Russia), most of them are electrified (an alternating
current network is used).
Major railway junctions are Bryansk,
Unecha, Navlya.
Most of the long-distance trains pass through
Bryansk and Navlya along the Moscow-Kyiv line. Developed suburban
communication. Most of the small branches for passenger traffic are
closed, only Dyatkovo - Fayansovaya operate.
Automotive
Federal highways pass through the region:
M3 / E 101 "Ukraine" Moscow
- Kaluga - border with Ukraine.
P120 Orel - Bryansk - Smolensk -
Rudnya - border with the Republic of Belarus.
A240 Bryansk -
Novozybkov - border with the Republic of Belarus.
As of the end
of 2010, the Bryansk region occupied one of the last places in Russia in
terms of the number of personal cars per 1,000 inhabitants - 125.1
(ahead only of Dagestan, Ingushetia, Chechnya and Chukotka), which is
almost half the Russian average (228.3 )
Aviation
Bryansk
International Airport is located 14 km southwest of the regional center.
The Bryansk region is one of 15 regions in which, on September 1, 2006, the subject "Fundamentals of Orthodox Culture" was introduced as a regional component of education.